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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhy was the Eton Choirbook in a relationship? It was a harmony.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

O Maria salvatoris, from the Eton Choirbook

The Eton Choirbook (Eton College MS. 178) is a richly illuminated manuscript collection of English sacred music composed during the late 15th century. It was one of very few collections of Latin liturgical music to survive the English Reformation, and hence is an important source for the English votive style. It originally contained music by 24 different composers; however, many of the pieces are damaged or incomplete. It is one of three large choirbooks surviving from early-Tudor England (the others are the Lambeth Choirbook and the Caius Choirbook).

The Choirbook was compiled between approximately 1500 and 1505 for use at Eton College; its present binding dates from the mid 16th century. 126 folios remain of the original 224, including the index. In the original, there were a total of 93 separate compositions; however only 64 remain either complete or in part. Some of the 24 composers are known only because of their inclusion in the Eton Choirbook. John Browne has the most compositions (15), followed by Walter Lambe (12) and Richard Davy (10).

Stylistically, the music contained in the Eton Choirbook shows three phases in the development of the English votive style. The first phase is represented by the music of Richard Hygons, William Horwood and Gilbert Banester. Most of the music of this early phase is polyphonic but non-imitative, with contrast achieved by alternation of full five-voice texture with sections sung by fewer voices. The second phase, which includes music by John Browne, Richard Davy and Walter Lambe, uses imitation, cantus firmus techniques, and frequent cross-relations (a feature which was to become a distinctive sound in early Tudor polyphony). The final phase represented in the choirbook includes music by William Cornysh and Robert Fayrfax, composed around 1500. Points of imitation are frequent and cantus firmus techniques disappear. Melisma features prominently in practically all works in the choirbook.

Contents

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Eton College.

All of the compositions in the book are sacred vocal music in Latin. According to the index, it initially contained 93 works. However, part of its content was lost and only 64 works have survived, a few of them incomplete. They consist of:

The following inventory represents the contents as enumerated by the index, with folio numbers for the works that survive.

  1. f. 1v-4: O Maria salvatoris mater - John Browne (i)
  2. f. 4v-8: Gaude flore virginali - Hugh Kellyk
  3. f. 8v-9v: O Maria plena gratiae - Walter Lambe
  4. f. 10-11: Gaude flore virginali - Richard Davy
  5. f. 11v-14: Stabat mater dolorosa - ?John Browne (ii)
  6. f. 14v: O regina caelestis gloriae - Walter Lambe
  7. f. 15-17: Stabat virgo mater Christi - ?John Browne (i)
  8. f. 17v-19: Stabat juxta Christi crucem - ?John Browne (i)
  9. f. 19v-22: O regina mundi clara - ?John Browne (i)
  10. f. 22v-25: Gaude virgo mater Christi - Sturton
  11. f. 25v: O virgo prudentissima - Robert Wilkinson [incomplete]
  12. missing: Gaude flore virginali - Robert Wilkinson
  13. missing: Salve regina vas mundiciae - Fawkner
  14. f. 26: Gaude flore virginali - William Cornysh (senior) [incomplete]
  15. f. 26v-29: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Wilkinson
  16. f. 29v-30: Salve regina mater misericordiae - William Brygeman
  17. f. 30v-32: Salve regina mater misericordiae - William Horwood
  18. f. 32v-34: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Richard Davy
  19. f. 34v-36: Salve regina mater misericordiae - ?William Cornysh (senior)
  20. f. 36v-38: Salve regina mater misericordiae - ?John Browne (ii)
  21. f. 038v-40: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Walter Lambe
  22. f. 40v-042: Salve regina mater misericordiae - John Sutton
  23. f. 42v-44: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Hacomplaynt
  24. f. 44v-46: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Nicholas Huchyn
  25. f. 46v-48: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Wilkinson
  26. f. 48v-50: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Robert Fayrfax
  27. f. 50v-52: Salve regina mater misericordiae - Richard Hygons
  28. f. 52v-54: Salve regina mater misericordiae - ?John Browne (i)
  29. f. 54v-56: Salve regina mater misericordiae - John Hampton
  30. f. 56v-59: O Domine caeli terraeque creator - Richard Davy
  31. f. 59v-62: Salve Jesu mater vera - Richard Davy
  32. f. 62v-65: Stabat mater dolorosa - Richard Davy
  33. f. 65v-68: Virgo templum trinitatis - Richard Davy
  34. f. 68v-71: In honore summae matris - Richard Davy
  35. f. 71v-74: O Maria et Elisabeth - Gilbert Banester
  36. f. 74v-76: Gaude flore virginali - William Horwood
  37. f. 76v-77v: Gaude virgo mater Christi - William Horwood
  38. missing: O regina caelestis gloriae - Walter Lambe
  39. missing: Gaude flore virginali - Walter Lambe
  40. missing: Virgo gaude gloriosa - Walter Lambe
  41. missing: Stabat mater dolorosa - Robert Fayrfax
  42. missing: Ave cuius conceptio - Robert Fayrfax
  43. missing: Quid cantemus innocentes - Robert Fayrfax
  44. missing: Gaude flore virginali - John Dunstaple
  45. missing: Ave lux totius mundi - ?John Browne (i)
  46. missing: Gaude flore virginali - ?John Browne (i)
  47. missing: Stabat mater dolorosa - ?William Cornysh (senior)
  48. f. 78-80: Stabat mater dolorosa - ?William Cornysh (senior)
  49. f. 80v-82: Gaude virgo salutata - Fawkner
  50. f. 82v-85: Gaude rosa sine spina - Fawkner
  51. f. 85v-87: Gaude flore virginali - Edmund Turges
  52. f. 87v-88: Nesciens mater virgo virum - Walter Lambe
  53. f. 88v: Salve decus castitatis - Robert Wilkinson
  54. f. 89: Ascendit Christus hodie - Nicholas Huchyn
  55. f. 89v-91v: O mater venerabilis - ?John Browne (i)
  56. missing: Ad te purissima virgo - ?William Cornysh (senior)
  57. f. 92v-93v: Ave lumen gratiae - Robert Fayrfax
  58. missing: O virgo virginum praeclara - Walter Lambe
  59. f. 94-95: Gaude virgo mater Christi - Robert Wilkinson
  60. f. 95v-97: Stabat virgo mater Christi - ?John Browne (i)
  61. f. 97v-99: Stella caeli extirpavit que lactavit - Walter Lambe
  62. f. 99v-101: Ascendit Christus hodie - Walter Lambe
  63. f. 101v-103: Gaude flore virginali - Walter Lambe
  64. f. 103v-105: Gaude flore virginali - Edmund Turges
  65. f. 105v-106: Ave Maria mater Dei - ?William Cornysh (senior)
  66. f. 106v-108: Gaude virgo mater Christi - ?William Cornysh (senior)
  67. f. 108v-110v: Gaude virgo salutata - Holynborne
  68. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i)
  69. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Richard Davy
  70. f. 111: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Nesbet
  71. f. 111v-113: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Horwood
  72. f. 113v-116: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Hugh Kellyk
  73. f. 116v-118: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Walter Lambe
  74. f. 118v: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i)
  75. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Fayrfax
  76. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Brygeman
  77. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Wilkinson
  78. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Mychelson
  79. f. 119-119v: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Robert Wilkinson
  80. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Cornysh (Junior)
  81. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i)
  82. f. 120-120v: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Sygar
  83. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Browne (i)
  84. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Edmund Turges
  85. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Edmund Turges
  86. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Baldwin
  87. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Sygar
  88. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - John Baldwin
  89. missing: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Edmund Turges
  90. f. 121: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - Richard Davy
  91. f. 121v-123: Magnificat: Et exultavit spiritus meus - William Stratford
  92. f. 124-126: Passio Domini - Richard Davy
  93. f. 126v: Jesus autem transiens - Robert Wilkinson

The composers represented in the manuscript are: John Browne (15 works), Walter Lambe (12), Richard Davy (10), Robert Wilkinson (7), William Cornysh (5), William Horwood (4), Robert Fayrfax (6), John Fawkyner (2), Nicholas Huchyn (2), Hugh Kellyk (2), Edmund Turges (2), Gilbert Banester, William Brygeman (1), Robert Hacomplaynt (1), John Hampton (1), Holynborne (1), Richard Hygons (1), Nesbet (1), Edmund Sturton (1), John Sutton (1), John Sygar (1) and William Stratford (1).

Other composers as Baldwyn, John Dunstable and Mychelson also appear in the index, but their works were lost.

Sources

[edit]
  • Harold Gleason and Warren Becker, Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana. Frangipani Press, 1986. ISBN 0-89917-034-X
  • "Sources, MS, Renaissance Polyphony", from Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed April 24, 2005), (subscription access) Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  • Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4

Recordings

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Harry Christophers, The Sixteen: Eton Choirbook Volumes I-V

  • The Rose and The Ostrich Feather, CORO: CD COR16026.
  • The Crown of Thorns, CORO: CD COR16012.
  • The Pillars Of Eternity, CORO: CD COR16022.
  • The Flower of All Virginity, CORO: CD COR16018.
  • Voices of Angels, CORO: CD COR16002.

Stephen Darlington, Choir of Christ Church Cathedral Oxford: Music from The Eton Choir Book, volumes 1–5

  • More Divine Than Human, Avie: AV2167.
  • Choirs of Angels, Avie: AV2184.
  • Courts of Heaven, Avie: AV2314
  • The Sun Most Radiant, Avie: AV2359
  • The Gate of Glory, Avie: AV2376

Other groups:

  • Music from the Eton Choirbook, Tonus Peregrinus, Antony Pitts, Dir. Naxos 8.572840
  • Richard Davy: Passion According To St. Matthew. (Eton Choirbook, Record 1). Purcell Consort of Voices, Choristers of All Saints, Margaret Street, Dir. Grayston Burgess. Vinyl LP, Argo ZRG 558.
  • Eton Choirbook, Record 2. Purcell Consort of Voices, Choristers of All Saints, Margaret Street, Dir. Grayston Burgess. Vinyl LP, Argo ZRG 557.
  • The Eton Choirbook Huelgas Ensemble, Dir. Paul Van Nevel. 2012 DHM: CD 88765408852.
  • William Cornysh: Stabat Mater. The Tallis Scholars, Dir. Peter Phillips. Gimell CDGIM 014.
  • John Browne: Music from the Eton Choirbook. The Tallis Scholars, Dir. Peter Phillips. Gimell CDGIM 036.

Bibliography

[edit]

For a comprehensive description of the MS, and images, see Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music

  • Benham, Hugh: Latin Church Music in England c. 1460-1575 (London, 1977), 58ff, passim [CCM descriptor(s): DpLpTpFpDis]
  • Bent, Margaret; Bent, Ian; Trowell, Brian (eds.): John Dunstable complete works, Musica Britannica Vol. VIII (London, 1970) [2nd revised edn], X-XII
  • Bent, Margaret; Bent, Ian: 'Dufay, Dunstable, Plummer-A New Source' Journal of the American Musicological Society XXII (1969), 394 - 424
  • Blume, Friedrich (ed.): Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik (Kassel, 1949–79) [Cited by volume and column number], II, 1591–5, Tafel 48
  • Bowers, Roger. 'Composers of the Eton Choirbook', in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2006)
  • Cheung, Vincent C.K., Tudor Dedications to the Blessed Virgin: History, Style, and Analysis of Music from the Eton Choirbook.
  • Curtis, Gareth; Wathey, Andrew: 'Fifteenth-Century English Liturgical Music: A List of the Surviving Repertory' RMA Research Chronicle 27 (1994), 1–69
  • Fitch, Fabrice: 'Hearing John Browne's motets: registral space in the music of the Eton Choirbook', Early Music 36(1) (2008), 19–40
  • Harrison, Frank Ll.: Music in Medieval Britain (London, 1963), 307–29
  • Harrison, Frank Llewellyn: 'The Eton Choirbook: Its Background and Contents (Eton College Library ms. 178)' Annales Musicologiques I (1953), 151–75
  • Harrison, Frank Llewellyn: 'The Eton College Choirbook (Eton College MS 178)', in International Musicological Society: Report of the 4th Congress, Utrecht 1952 (1952), 224–32
  • Heminger, A. Music Theory at Work: The Eton Choirbook, Rhythmic Proportions and Musical Networks in Sixteenth-Century England. Early Music History, 37, (2018) 141–182.
  • Hughes, Dom Anselm: 'The Eton Manuscript' Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association LIII (1926–7), 67–83
  • James, Montague Rhodes: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Eton College (Cambridge, 1895), 108–12
  • Kirsch, Winfried: Die Quellen der mehrstimmigen Magnificat- und Te Deum Vertonungen bis zur Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts (Tutzing, 1966), 135
  • Phillips, Peter: 'Performance Practice in 16th-Century English Choral Music' Early Music VI (1978), 195-9 [CCM descriptor(s): FpDis]
  • Phillips, Peter: 'Eton encounters; reflections on the Choirbook'. Musical Times 1939 (2017), 3-60.
  • Sandon, Nicholas: 'Fragments of Medieval Polyphony at Canterbury Cathedral' Musica Disciplina XXX (1976), 37–53, 51–3
  • Squire, W. Barclay: 'On an early Sixteenth Century MS. of English Music in the Library of Eton College' Archaeologia LVI (1898), 89–102
  • Warren, Edwin B.: Life and Works of Robert Fayrfax, MSD Vol. 22 (American Institute of Musicology, 1969), 42
  • Westrup, J. A.; et al., (eds.): New Oxford History of Music (London, New York, and Toronto, 1954-), III, Plate III
  • Williams, Carol J.: 'The Salve Regina Settings in the Eton Choirbook' Miscellanea Musicologica [Adelaide] X (1979), 28-37 [CCM descriptor(s): LpDis]
  • Williamson, Magnus: The Eton Choirbook, Facsimile with introductory study (Oxford: DIAMM Publications, 2010)
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