Edge Rewrite
everything Source code View original
// HTMLRewriter · presentation

This page was redesigned at the edge.

Cloudflare fetched the original article and streamed it through HTMLRewriter to apply an entirely new visual system without rebuilding the source page.

// request.cf · coarse context

A page that knows where it met you.

Only coarse request metadata is shown. This demo does not display or persist visitor IP addresses.

Country
US
Cloudflare location
CMH
Connection
HTTP/2
Language
Not provided

Ray ID: a41d0c4cfb3d386c

Jump to content

Erbium compounds

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Erbium compounds are compounds containing the chemical element erbium (Er). As with most of the later lanthanides, the chemistry of erbium is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, corresponding to the Er3+ ion with a 4f11 electron configuration. Erbium(III) compounds are generally highly ionic, and many hydrated salts and coordination compounds are pink or rose-coloured owing to characteristic f–f electronic transitions. Lower oxidation states are much less common, although +2, +1 and formally 0 oxidation states have been reported in specialized inorganic and organometallic systems.[1]

A wide range of binary erbium compounds are known. These include erbium(III) oxide and other chalcogenides, the four trihalides ErF3, ErCl3, ErBr3 and ErI3, hydrides, borides, carbides, silicides and pnictides. Many of these compounds display magnetic ordering at low temperatures as a result of the localized 4f electrons of Er3+. Erbium also forms numerous hydrated oxoacid salts and coordination compounds, as well as organometallic complexes containing cyclopentadienyl, alkyl and aryl ligands.

The characteristic optical transitions of Er3+, particularly those in the near-infrared region, make erbium compounds important in optical and photonic materials. Erbium-containing fluorides, oxides and glasses are widely studied for infrared emission and upconversion luminescence, while erbium silicides and nitrides have also attracted interest for electronic, magnetic and semiconductor applications.

Properties of erbium compounds

[edit]
Formula Appearance Crystal system Space group No. a (nm) b (nm) c (nm) Density
(g/cm3)
Er2O3 pale pink cubic Ia3 206 1.05376[2] 8.69[2]
ErF3 pink orthorhombic Pnma[3] 62 0.6320[3] 0.6822[3] 0.4385[3] 7.81
ErCl3 violet monoclinic C2/m[4] 12 0.6804[5] 1.17456[5] 0.63187[5] 3.79[6]
ErBr3 violet trigonal R3[7] 148 0.7005[7] 0.7005[7] 1.889[7] 4.93[8]
ErH2 cubic Fm3m 225 0.51287[9]
ErB4 tetragonal P4/mbm 127 0.70705[10] 0.399710[10]
ErC2 tetragonal I4/mmm[11] 139 0.3622[11] 0.6106[11]
ErN cubic Fm3m[12] 225 0.4839[13] 10.63[13]
ErP cubic Fm3m[14] 225 0.5595[15]
ErAs cubic Fm3m[14] 225 0.5732[15]
ErSb cubic Fm3m 225 0.6106[16]
ErBi cubic Fm3m 225 0.6206[16]
Er2Se3 orthorhombic Fddd[17] 70 0.8085[17] 1.1346[17] 2.4140[17]
Er2Te3 orthorhombic Fddd[18] 70 1.2134[18] 0.8579[18] 2.5737[18]

Chalcogenides

[edit]

Oxides

[edit]
A mound of pale pink powder with small, crumbly clumps on a grey surface.
Erbium(III) oxide, a compound of erbium

Erbium(III) oxide (Er2O3), also known as erbia, is the principal oxide of erbium. It was first isolated in impure form by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843, and was obtained in pure form in 1905 by Georges Urbain and Charles James.[19] At ambient conditions it adopts the cubic bixbyite structure characteristic of many rare-earth sesquioxides, in which Er3+ occupies two crystallographically distinct six-coordinate sites.[20] Other polymorphs of Er2O3 can be produced under appropriate conditions.[21]

Erbium(III) oxide can be prepared by burning erbium metal in oxygen, and is also produced by thermal decomposition of several erbium salts.[22] It is a pale pink solid that is insoluble in water but dissolves in mineral acids.

Other chalcogenides

[edit]

Several sulfides of erbium are known. Erbium(III) sulfide, Er2S3, occurs in several structural modifications. The δ modification is monoclinic, with space group P21/m, and is isostructural with δ-Ho2S3. Its structure contains erbium atoms in several different sulfur coordination environments.[23] A second modification, F-Er2S3, is monoclinic and can be obtained by chemical vapour transport in the presence of niobium and chlorine. In this structure the erbium atoms have coordination numbers of six, seven and eight.[24] The monosulfide ErS is also known and adopts the sodium chloride structure. Nanocrystals of ErS have been observed to form from Er2S3 under electron-beam irradiation.[23]

The erbium–selenium system contains several binary phases, including ErSe, Er2Se3 and ErSe2. ErSe adopts the cubic sodium chloride structure. Er2Se3 crystallizes in an orthorhombic structure of the Sc2S3 type, space group Fddd, which may be regarded as a vacancy-ordered derivative of the sodium chloride structure.[17] In this structure both crystallographically independent erbium sites are approximately octahedrally coordinated by selenium.[17] ErSe2 has more than one structural modification and undergoes a phase transition on heating. Intermediate compositions also occur between Er2Se3 and more erbium-rich phases.[25]

Erbium(III) telluride, Er2Te3, can be prepared by direct reaction of erbium with tellurium or by chemical vapour transport using erbium(III) chloride as the transport agent. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic Sc2S3 structure type, space group Fddd.[18] It is a semiconductor with a measured band gap of 0.77(5) eV and is paramagnetic between 5 and 300 K.[18]

Halides

[edit]
Pink granules and clumps in the centre of a round, shallow glass dish.
Erbium(III) chloride hydrate

Erbium forms the four trihalides ErF3, ErCl3, ErBr3 and ErI3. They can be obtained by direct reaction of erbium metal with the corresponding halogen.[26]

Erbium(III) fluoride is a pink solid. It can be prepared by precipitation from an aqueous erbium(III) salt with a fluoride source; reaction of erbium(III) nitrate with ammonium fluoride, for example, has been used to prepare ErF3 micro- and nanostructures.[3] At ambient pressure it crystallizes in the orthorhombic β-YF3 structure, space group Pnma, in which the erbium atoms are nine-coordinate. At approximately 9.8 GPa it undergoes a reversible transformation to a trigonal LaF3-type structure.[27] ErF3 exhibits characteristic Er3+ luminescence and has consequently been studied in infrared and upconversion optical materials.[3]

Erbium(III) chloride, ErCl3, is a violet solid. Anhydrous ErCl3 can be prepared from erbium(III) oxide by the ammonium chloride route. Heating the oxide with ammonium chloride first produces an ammonium chloridoerbium intermediate, which decomposes on further heating under vacuum to give the anhydrous chloride.[28][29] Anhydrous ErCl3 adopts the monoclinic AlCl3 structure type.[4]

The hexahydrate ErCl3·6H2O is also monoclinic. In its crystal structure the erbium centre is eight-coordinate, with six water molecules and two chloride ions forming the first coordination sphere, while a further chloride ion remains outside it.[30]

Erbium(III) bromide and erbium(III) iodide are likewise violet trihalides. Unlike ErCl3, which has an AlCl3-type arrangement, ErBr3 and ErI3 crystallize in closely related layered structures of the BiI3 type. In these compounds the Er3+ ions form two-dimensional honeycomb layers separated by halide ions.[31]

The three heavier trihalides also display related low-temperature magnetic behaviour. ErCl3 develops three-dimensional antiferromagnetic order below about 350 mK, whereas ErBr3 and ErI3 show long-range two-dimensional magnetic order between approximately 280 and 400 mK, followed by only short-range three-dimensional correlations at lower temperatures. These differences arise from the different stacking of the erbium honeycomb layers in their crystal structures.[31]

Hydrides

[edit]

Erbium forms two principal binary hydrides, erbium dihydride (ErH2) and erbium trihydride (ErH3). At low hydrogen concentrations, hydrogen forms a solid solution in metallic erbium while retaining the hexagonal close-packed structure of the metal. With increasing hydrogen content, a cubic dihydride phase appears, followed at still higher concentrations by the trihydride phase.[32]

ErH2 adopts the cubic calcium fluoride structure, in which the erbium atoms form a face-centered cubic sublattice and hydrogen occupies the tetrahedral interstitial sites.[32] It is metallic, and its electronic structure differs substantially from that of elemental erbium because hybridized erbium–hydrogen bands occur below the Fermi level.[33]

At higher hydrogen concentrations the cubic dihydride coexists with a hydrogen-richer phase until an H/Er ratio of about 2.7, above which the trihydride phase predominates.[34] ErH3 has a hexagonal erbium sublattice and adopts a structure related to the HoD3 type, with hydrogen occupying several kinds of interstitial site.[32] The transition from ErH2 to ErH3 is accompanied by a metal–insulator transition, a characteristic feature of several rare-earth hydride systems.[32]

Under pressure, erbium trihydride undergoes a transformation from its ambient-pressure hexagonal structure to a cubic phase.[34] On heating, hydrogen-rich ErH3 decomposes through progressively hydrogen-poorer phases, passing through the dihydride region before returning to metallic erbium.[35]

Borides

[edit]

Several borides of erbium are known, including ErB2, ErB4, ErB12 and the boron-rich compound ErB66. The existence and stability of erbium hexaboride, ErB6, have been questioned because of difficulties reproducing earlier syntheses. However, in 2012, single-crystalline ErB6 nanowires were reported among the products of palladium-nanoparticle-assisted chemical vapour deposition, together with ErB4 nanoplatelets. Transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction identified cubic and tetragonal structures for the nanowires and nanoplatelets, respectively.[36]

Erbium diboride (ErB2) crystallizes in a hexagonal structure. Single crystals have been grown from molten erbium-rich flux at temperatures around 1750 °C.[37] It is a metallic magnetic compound and exhibits easy-plane ferromagnetic ordering at low temperatures.[38]

Erbium tetraboride (ErB4) adopts the tetragonal UB4 structure type, space group P4/mbm. Like other rare-earth tetraborides, its structure contains a two-dimensional network of rare-earth atoms interspersed with boron units.[39] ErB4 is metallic and orders antiferromagnetically below approximately 15–16 K. It is strongly magnetically anisotropic, with the easy axis parallel to the crystallographic c axis; increasing magnetic field produces successive magnetic transitions before a field-polarized state is reached.[40][41]

Erbium dodecaboride (ErB12) crystallizes in the cubic UB12 structure type, space group Fm3m. In this structure the erbium atoms form an fcc sublattice within a three-dimensional boron framework built from B12 clusters.[42] It is a metallic antiferromagnet with a Néel temperature of about 6.6–6.7 K and exhibits a complex magnetic phase diagram and strong anisotropy in its magnetotransport properties.[43]

The boron-rich compound ErB66 crystallizes in the cubic space group Fm3c, with a lattice parameter of a = 2.3408(3) nm. Its boron framework contains B12 icosahedra grouped into larger supericosahedral units, with erbium atoms located in cavities within the framework.[44] Electrical resistivity measurements between 300 and 1000 K are consistent with variable-range hopping conduction. The Seebeck coefficient is approximately 700 μV/K near room temperature and decreases markedly with increasing temperature.[44]

Carbides and silicides

[edit]

Erbium forms several binary compounds with carbon and silicon. The best-characterized carbide is erbium dicarbide, ErC2, while the erbium–silicon system contains a substantially larger number of stable phases.

Erbium dicarbide (ErC2) crystallizes at room temperature in a tetragonal structure, space group I4/mmm. Its structure contains discrete C2 units, and neutron diffraction measurements give a C–C distance of approximately 1.275 Å, consistent with substantial multiple-bond character.[11] ErC2 can be prepared by arc melting the constituent elements.[11] Carbon-coated nanoparticles containing ErC2 have also been produced by arc discharge and have been investigated for their magnetocaloric and microwave-absorption behaviour.[45]

The erbium–silicon system contains at least five established binary silicides: Er5Si3, Er5Si4, ErSi1-x, ErSi and the silicon-deficient disilicide ErSi2-δ.[46] ErSi2-δ is dimorphous, and the various silicides exhibit metallic electrical conductivity.[46]

The most extensively studied erbium silicide is ErSi2-δ, commonly referred to as erbium disilicide. It contains a substantial concentration of silicon vacancies rather than being perfectly stoichiometric ErSi2.[47] Epitaxial films can be produced on silicon by co-deposition of erbium and silicon followed by solid-phase epitaxy. Such films are metallic, with room-temperature resistivities of approximately 35 μΩ cm, and show anomalies in their electrical transport at low temperature associated with magnetic ordering of the erbium atoms.[47]

In epitaxial ErSi2-δ grown on Si(111), the structure consists of alternating erbium and silicon layers. Ordering of silicon vacancies produces a reconstructed surface and interface structure, with the vacancies helping to accommodate the lattice mismatch between the silicide and the silicon substrate.[48] Erbium disilicide has consequently been studied extensively as a contact material to silicon: silicide formation can occur at comparatively low temperatures, and Er–Si contacts form characteristic Schottky barriers on both n- and p-type silicon.[49]

Pnictides

[edit]

Erbium forms binary compounds with the pnictogens nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. The monopnictides ErN, ErP, ErAs, ErSb and ErBi adopt the cubic sodium chloride structure, as is common among the heavier rare-earth monopnictides.[14] Erbium nitride (ErN) is a semiconducting rare-earth nitride with magnetic and optical properties. It crystallizes in the face-centered cubic sodium chloride structure, with a lattice constant of approximately 4.84–4.85 Å.[12] It can be prepared by heating erbium metal in nitrogen and has also been grown as crystals by physical vapour transport at high temperatures.[12] ErN readily oxidizes on exposure to air, forming Er2O3 at the surface.[50] Its electronic structure has been investigated because of potential applications of rare-earth nitrides in spintronic and thermoelectric materials.[51]

Erbium phosphide (ErP) can be formed by direct reaction of erbium and phosphorus. It crystallizes in the cubic sodium chloride structure, space group Fm3m. ErP, together with ErN and ErAs, has been studied for its pressure-dependent electronic and magnetic properties; calculations indicate a transition from the sodium chloride structure to a caesium chloride-type structure under sufficiently high pressure.[14]

Erbium arsenide (ErAs) also adopts the sodium chloride structure and is a semimetal. Its electronic properties are strongly affected by the localized 4f electrons of erbium.[14]

The erbium–antimony system contains several binary compounds. In addition to the monopnictide erbium antimonide (ErSb), the phases Er5Sb3 and ErSb2 are known.[52] Er5Sb3 occurs in two structural modifications: a low-temperature hexagonal form of the Mn5Si3 type and a high-temperature orthorhombic form of the β-Yb5Sb3 type.[53]

Other compounds

[edit]
Pink crystalline flakes and granules filling the bottom of a glass beaker, viewed from above.
Erbium(III) sulfate octahydrate crystals

Erbium(III) hydroxide, Er(OH)3, is a pink solid. On heating it dehydrates through an oxyhydroxide phase, ErOOH, and ultimately forms erbium(III) oxide, Er2O3.[54] Erbium oxyhydroxide can also be obtained together with erbium oxide by precipitation from aqueous solution.[55]

Erbium(III) nitrate, Er(NO3)3, forms pink, water-soluble hydrates. The pentahydrate Er(NO3)3·5H2O has been structurally characterized; it is more accurately described as [Er(H2O)4(NO3)3]·H2O, with four water molecules and three bidentate nitrate ions directly coordinated to Er3+, and one additional lattice water molecule.[56] Erbium nitrate salts are commonly used as soluble precursors for the preparation of erbium-containing oxides and coordination compounds.[57]

Erbium(III) sulfate, Er2(SO4)3, forms hydrated and anhydrous phases. Anhydrous Er2(SO4)3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn. Several erbium hydrogensulfates are also known, including two polymorphs of Er(HSO4)3 and the mixed sulfate–hydrogensulfate Er(SO4)(HSO4).[58] The different hydrogensulfate phases can be obtained under differing sulfuric-acid concentrations and temperatures.[58]

Erbium(III) oxalate forms a hexahydrate, Er2(C2O4)3·6H2O. On heating, it loses water stepwise between about 90 and 370 °C to give an anhydrous oxalate. Further decomposition produces carbonate and oxycarbonate intermediates, including Er2O2CO3, before crystalline Er2O3 is formed near 600 °C.[59] The overall decomposition pathway is similar in air and nitrogen, although the crystallinity of the resulting oxide increases with further heating.[59]

Pale pink powder with several larger clumps scattered across a grey surface.
Erbium(III) acetate tetrahydrate powder

Erbium(III) acetate, Er(CH3COO)3, is a light pink solid and forms a tetrahydrate. The tetrahydrate begins to lose its water of crystallization at about 90 °C:

Er(CH3COO)3·4H2O → Er(CH3COO)3 + 4 H2O

Further heating causes stepwise decomposition of the acetate groups. At about 310 °C, ketene is evolved:

Er(CH3COO)3 → Er(OH)(CH3COO)2 + CH2=C=O

The resulting basic acetate loses acetic acid on further heating and passes through oxyacetate and oxycarbonate intermediates, including Er2O2CO3, before forming Er2O3 at approximately 590 °C.[60] Erbium acetate has also been used as a precursor in the preparation of erbium-containing optical materials.[61]

Organoerbium compounds

[edit]

Organoerbium chemistry is dominated by Er3+, and the Er–C bonds in alkyl and aryl complexes are highly polar and reactive, as is typical for the heavier lanthanides. Such compounds are generally air- and moisture-sensitive, and their bonding is largely ionic with little π backbonding.[62]

A common class of organoerbium compounds contains cyclopentadienyl ligands. Tris(cyclopentadienyl)erbium, Er(C5H5)3, is a well-established volatile organometallic compound and has been used as a starting material for other erbium complexes.[63] Reaction of Er(C5H5)3 with substituted pyrazoles can replace the cyclopentadienyl ligands and form tris(pyrazolato)erbium complexes containing additional neutral donor ligands.[64] Some of these complexes sublime without decomposition and have therefore been investigated as molecular precursors for chemical-vapour deposition of erbium-containing materials.[64]

Erbium also forms σ-bonded alkyl complexes. For example, reaction of an erbium β-diketiminato chloride complex with trimethylsilylmethyl lithium gives first a mixed chloro–alkyl dimer and, with excess reagent, the four-coordinate dialkyl complex Er(L)(CH2SiMe3)2, where L is a bulky β-diketiminato ligand.[65] These low-coordinate compounds illustrate the use of bulky ligands to stabilize otherwise highly reactive Er–C bonds.[65]

Low-valent organoerbium chemistry is much less extensive, but erbium has also been studied in metal–arene complexes prepared by metal-vapour methods. Zero-valent lanthanide bis(arene) sandwich complexes of the general form Ln(arene)2 established that formally zero oxidation states can be stabilized for many lanthanides under highly reducing conditions.[66] Such species are highly unusual compared with conventional Er3+ organometallic compounds and are stabilized by strong interaction with bulky aromatic ligands.

Applications

[edit]
Optical fibre wound around a white spool, glowing bright green on a dark laboratory bench.
Erbium-doped optical fibre illuminated with green laser light

The best-known applications of erbium compounds arise from the optical properties of Er3+. In glass and crystalline hosts, Er3+ exhibits an important transition near 1.55 μm, within the low-loss telecommunications window of silica optical fibre. Erbium-doped fibres are consequently used as gain media in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and fibre lasers. They are commonly pumped near 980 or 1480 nm and can directly amplify optical signals in the 1.5 μm region without conversion to an electrical signal.[67] These properties have made erbium-doped materials important in optical telecommunications and in tunable and narrow-linewidth fibre laser systems.[67]

Er3+ is also widely used as an active ion in solid-state lasers. One important example is erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG), which emits strongly near 2.94 μm. Radiation at this wavelength is strongly absorbed by water, making Er:YAG lasers useful for the ablation of water-rich biological tissues.[68] In dentistry, Er:YAG lasers have been used for procedures involving enamel, dentin and other hard dental tissues.[69]

Three transparent rectangular glass bars, yellow-green, faint pink and colourless from left to right.
ZBLAN glass samples doped with praseodymium (left), erbium (centre), and undoped (right)

Erbium-containing fluorides, glasses and nanocrystalline materials are extensively studied for upconversion luminescence. In such materials, Er3+ can absorb two or more lower-energy photons, often with sensitization by Yb3+, and emit visible light. Fluoride hosts are particularly effective because of their relatively low phonon energies, which reduce non-radiative relaxation.[70] Erbium-doped upconversion materials have been investigated for optical thermometry, imaging, displays, solar-energy conversion and anti-counterfeiting technologies.[71]

Some erbium compounds have also been studied for electronic applications. In particular, erbium silicides form comparatively low Schottky barrier contacts to n-type silicon and have therefore been investigated as contact materials for silicon-based electronic devices.[49] Erbium nitride and related rare-earth nitrides have likewise attracted research interest because of their combination of semiconducting and magnetic properties, including possible spintronic and thermoelectric applications.[51]

Erbium(III) oxide has traditionally been used as a pink colorant in glass, ceramics and enamel. Erbium-containing glasses can also absorb selected visible and infrared wavelengths, and have been used in specialised optical filters and protective glasses.[22]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
  2. 1 2 Constantin, Ana Maria; Mele, Francesco; Cauzzi, Daniele Alessandro; Maggi, Raimondo; Villa, Elena; Cerveri, Alessandro; Righi, Lara (2025). "X-ray diffraction study of the polymorphism in Er 2 O 3 driven by ball milling". RSC Mechanochemistry. 2 (6): 901–910. doi:10.1039/D5MR00033E. ISSN 2976-8683.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Linna Guo, Yuhua Wang, Zehua Zou, Bing Wang, Xiaoxia Guo, Lili Han, Wei Zeng (2014). "Facile synthesis and enhancement upconversion luminescence of ErF3 nano/microstructures via Li+ doping". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2 (15): 2765–2772. doi:10.1039/C3TC32540G.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. 1 2 Templeton DH, Carter GF (1954). "The Crystal Structure of Yttrium Trichloride and Similar Compounds". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 58 (11): 940–943. Bibcode:1954JPhCh..58..940T. doi:10.1021/j150521a002.
  5. 1 2 3 "Triangular antiferromagnetic order in the honeycomb layer lattice of ErCl3". The European Physical Journal B. 18 (1): 39–47. 2000. doi:10.1007/s100510070075.
  6. ↑ Calculated as molar mass divided by the room-temperature molar volume: 273.61 g/mol ÷ 72.11 cm3/mol. The molar volume is given in Table 1, p. 9294, of Wasse, Jonathan C; Salmon, Philip S (1999-11-29). "Structure of molten trivalent metal chlorides studied by using neutron diffraction: the systems TbCl 3 , YCl 3 , HoCl 3 and ErCl 3". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 11 (47): 9293–9302. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/11/47/313. ISSN 0953-8984.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Wessler, Christian; Roessli, Bertrand; Krämer, Karl W.; Stuhr, Uwe; Wildes, Andrew; Braun, Hans B.; Kenzelmann, Michel (2022). "Dipolar spin-waves and tunable band gap at the Dirac points in the 2D magnet ErBr3". Communications Physics. 5 185. arXiv:2206.10168. doi:10.1038/s42005-022-00965-5.
  8. ↑ Calculated as molar mass divided by the room-temperature molar volume: 406.97 g/mol ÷ 82.56 cm3/mol. The molar volume is given in Table 1, p. 9540, of Wasse, Jonathan C.; Salmon, Philip S.; Delaplane, Robert G. (2000). "Structure of molten trivalent metal bromides studied by using neutron diffraction: the systems DyBr3, YBr3, HoBr3 and ErBr3". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 12 (46): 9539–9550. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/12/46/302.
  9. ↑ Rodriguez, Mark A.; Ferrizz, Robert M.; Snow, Clark S.; Browning, James F. (2008). "X-ray powder diffraction data for ErH2−xDx". Powder Diffraction. 23 (3): 259–264. doi:10.1154/1.2959575.
  10. 1 2 Brunt, Daniel; Ciomaga Hatnean, Monica; Petrenko, Oleg A.; Lees, Martin R.; Balakrishnan, Geetha (2019-04-19). "Single-Crystal Growth of Metallic Rare-Earth Tetraborides by the Floating-Zone Technique". Crystals. 9 (4): 211. Bibcode:2019Cryst...9..211B. doi:10.3390/cryst9040211. ISSN 2073-4352.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Jones, D.W.; McColm, I.J.; Yerkess, J. (1991). "Tetragonal and cubic crystal structures of some binary and ternary metal dicarbides in the series Ce-Er, Ce-Lu, U-La, and U-Ce". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 92 (2): 301–311. Bibcode:1991JSSCh..92..301J. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(91)90338-I.
  12. 1 2 3 Al Atabi, Hayder A.; Al Auda, Zahraa F.; Padavala, B.; Craig, M.; Hohn, K.; Edgar, James H. (2018). "Sublimation Growth and Characterization of Erbium Nitride Crystals". Crystal Growth & Design. 18 (7): 3762–3766. Bibcode:2018CrGrD..18.3762A. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.7b01543.
  13. 1 2 Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns (Report). NBS Monograph. National Bureau of Standards.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Pandit, Premlata; Srivastava, Vipul; Rajagopalan, M.; Sanyal, Sankar P. (2010). "Structural and electronic properties of Er-monopnictides under high pressure". Physica B: Condensed Matter. 405 (9): 2245–2250. Bibcode:2010PhyB..405.2245P. doi:10.1016/j.physb.2010.02.020.
  15. 1 2 Rare-Earths and Actinides in High Energy Spectroscopy. Springer. 2015.
  16. 1 2 Khalid, Shoaib; Sharan, Abhishek; Janotti, Anderson (2020). "Hybrid functional calculations of electronic structure and carrier densities in rare-earth monopnictides". Physical Review B. 101 (12) 125105. arXiv:1911.06184. Bibcode:2020PhRvB.101l5105K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.101.125105.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fang, C. M.; Meetsma, A.; Wiegers, G. A. (1995). "Crystal structure of erbium sesquiselenide, Er2Se3". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 218 (2): 224–227. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)01394-2.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stöwe, Klaus (1998). "Kristallstruktur, Leitfähigkeit und magnetische Suszeptibilität von Er2Te3". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 624 (5): 872–876. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(199805)624:5<872::AID-ZAAC872>3.0.CO;2-J.
  19. ↑ Aaron John Ihde (1984). The Development of Modern Chemistry. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 378–379. ISBN 978-0-486-64235-2.
  20. ↑ Adachi, Gin-ya; Imanaka, Nobuhito (1998). "The Binary Rare Earth Oxides". Chemical Reviews. 98 (4): 1479–1514. doi:10.1021/cr940055h. PMID 11848940.
  21. ↑ Li, Z.; Hahn, H.; Siegel, R. W. (1988). "New phases of erbium oxides". Materials Letters. 6 (10): 342–346. Bibcode:1988MatL....6..342L. doi:10.1016/0167-577X(88)90119-X.
  22. 1 2 Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 136–139. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
  23. 1 2 Landa-Cánovas, A. R.; Amador, U.; Otero-Díaz, L. C. (2001). "Crystal structure and microstructure of δ-Er2S3". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 323–324: 91–96. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(01)00981-1.
  24. ↑ Fang, C.M.; Meetsma, A.; Wiegers, G.A.; Boom, G. (1993). "Synthesis and crystal structure of F-type erbium sesquisulfide, F-Er2S3". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 201 (1–2): 255–259. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(93)90893-R.
  25. ↑ Haase, D. J.; Steinfink, H.; Weiss, E. J. (1965). "The Phase Equilibria and Crystal Chemistry of the Rare Earth Group VI Systems. I. Erbium-Selenium". Inorganic Chemistry. 4 (4): 538–540. doi:10.1021/ic50026a020. ISSN 0020-1669.
  26. ↑ "Erbium: reactions of elements". WebElements.
  27. ↑ Li, Wentao; Ren, Xiangting; Huang, Yanwei; Yu, Zhenhai; Mi, Zhongying; Tamura, Nobumichi; Li, Xiaodong; Peng, Fang; Wang, Lin (September 2016). "Phase transformation and fluorescent enhancement of ErF3 at high pressure". Solid State Communications. 242: 30–35. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2016.05.014.
  28. ↑ Brauer, G., ed. (1963). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
  29. ↑ Meyer, G. (1989). "The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides—The Example of YCl3". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 25. pp. 146–150. doi:10.1002/9780470132562.ch35. ISBN 978-0-470-13256-2.
  30. ↑ Graebner EJ, Conrad GH, Duliere SF (1966). "Crystallographic data for solvated rare earth chlorides". Acta Crystallographica. 21 (6): 1012–1013. Bibcode:1966AcCry..21.1012G. doi:10.1107/S0365110X66004420.
  31. 1 2 Krämer, K. W.; Güdel, H. U.; Roessli, B.; Fischer, P.; Dönni, A.; Wada, N.; Fauth, F.; Fernandez-Diaz, M. T.; Hauss, T. (2000). "Magnetic ordering in the erbium honeycomb lattices of ErX3 (X=Cl, Br, I)". Physica B: Condensed Matter. 276–278: 674–675. doi:10.1016/S0921-4526(99)01724-X.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Joubert, J.-M.; Crivello, J.-C. (2012). "Stability of erbium hydrides studied by DFT calculations". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 37 (5): 4246–4253. Bibcode:2012IJHE...37.4246J. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.005.
  33. ↑ Gupta, M. (1978). "Electronic structure of ErH2". Solid State Communications. 27 (12): 1355–1359. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(78)91571-5.
  34. 1 2 Palasyuk, T.; Tkacz, M. (2004). "Pressure induced hexagonal to cubic phase transformation in erbium trihydride". Solid State Communications. 130 (3–4): 219–221. Bibcode:2004SSCom.130..219P. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2004.01.040.
  35. ↑ Ma, Mingwang; Wang, Lei; Wan, Ruiyun; Tang, Binghua; Tan, Xiaohua (2023). "Phase-structural transformation of erbium trihydride studied by thermal desorption spectroscopy". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 48 (37): 13913–13921. Bibcode:2023IJHE...4813913M. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.328.
  36. ↑ Gernhart, Zane C.; Jacobberger, Robert M.; Wang, Lu; Brewer, Joseph R.; Dar, Mushtaq A.; Diercks, David R.; Mei, Wai Ning; Cheung, Chin Li (December 2012). Mullins, W. (ed.). "Existence of Erbium Hexaboride Nanowires". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 95 (12): 3992–3996. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05427.x. ISSN 0002-7820.
  37. ↑ Castellano, R. N. (1972). "Crystal growth of TmB2 and ErB2". Materials Research Bulletin. 7 (4): 261–265. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(72)90202-4.
  38. ↑ Tong, A; Nuzhina, D; Resch, C; Benka, G; Bauer, A; Pfleiderer, C (2025-05-12). "Electrical resistivity of ErB 2 under pressure". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 37 (19): 195806. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/adc77a. ISSN 0953-8984. PMID 40164105.
  39. ↑ Schäfer, W.; Will, G.; Buschow, K.H.J. (1976). "The symmetries of magnetic structures in rare earth tetraborides". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 3 (1–2): 61–66. Bibcode:1976JMMM....3...61S. doi:10.1016/0304-8853(76)90013-5.
  40. ↑ Etourneau, J.; Mercurio, J.P; Berrada, A.; Hagenmuller, P.; Georges, R.; Bourezg, R.; Gianduzzo, J.C (1979). "The magnetic and electrical properties of some rare earth tetraborides". Journal of the Less Common Metals. 67 (2): 531–539. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(79)90038-9.
  41. ↑ Gianduzzo, J.; Georges, R.; Chevalier, B.; Etourneau, J.; Hagenmuller, P.; Will, G.; Schafer, W. (1981). "Anisotropy and magnetic phase transitions in the rare earth tetraborides TbB4, HoB4 and ErB4". Journal of the Less Common Metals. 82: 29–35. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(81)90194-6.
  42. ↑ Pluzhnikov, V.; Shitsevalova, N.; Dukhnenko, A.; Czopnik, A.; Nizhankovskii, V.; Settai, R.; Ōnuki, Y. (2008). "De Haas–van Alphen effect and magnetization in dodecaborides HoB12, ErB12 and TmB12". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 320 (9): 1597–1604. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.01.012.
  43. ↑ Krasikov, K.M.; Bogach, A.V.; Demishev, S.V.; Voronov, V.V.; Shitsevalova, N.Yu.; Filipov, V.B.; Sluchanko, N.E. (2022). "Magnetoresistance anisotropy in ErB12 antiferromagnetic metal: The evidence for dynamic charge stripes". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 545 168796. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168796.
  44. 1 2 Mori, Takao (2005-05-01). "High temperature thermoelectric properties of B12 icosahedral cluster-containing rare earth boride crystals". Journal of Applied Physics. 97 (9) 093703. doi:10.1063/1.1883726. ISSN 0021-8979.
  45. ↑ Rong, Huawei; Zhang, Zhenqian; Li, Yixing; Zhang, Xuefeng; Li, Lingwei (2019). "Significant magnetocaloric and microwave absorption performances in ultrafine ErC2@C core-shell structural nanocomposites". Composites Communications. 12: 123–127. doi:10.1016/j.coco.2019.01.011.
  46. 1 2 Luzan, S.P.; Listovnichii, V.E.; Buyanov, Yu.I.; Martsenyuk, P.S. (1996). "Phase diagram of the binary erbium-silicon system and physical properties of erbium silicides up to 1050°C". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 239 (1): 77–82. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(95)01977-4.
  47. 1 2 Arnaud d'Avitaya, F.; Badoz, P.-A.; Campidelli, Y.; Chroboczek, J. A.; Duboz, J.-Y.; Perio, A.; Pierre, J. (1990). "Growth, characterization and electrical properties of epitaxial erbium silicide". Thin Solid Films. 184 (1–2): 283–293. Bibcode:1990TSF...184..283A. doi:10.1016/0040-6090(90)90424-C.
  48. ↑ Lohmeier, M.; Huisman, W.J.; Vlieg, E.; Nishiyama, A.; Nicklin, C.L.; Turner, T.S. (1996). "Interface structure of Si(111)-(√3 × √3)R30°-ErSi2−x". Surface Science. 345 (3): 247–260. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(95)00875-6.
  49. 1 2 Thompson, R. D.; Tu, K. N. (1982). "Comparison of the three classes (rare earth, refractory and near-noble) of silicide contacts". Thin Solid Films. 93 (3–4): 265–274. Bibcode:1982TSF....93..265T. doi:10.1016/0040-6090(82)90131-6.
  50. ↑ Kneisel, Kiersten; Maddah, Mohsen; Chan, Jay; Xu, Ying; Casey-Stevens, Caitlin; Van Koughnet, Kiri; Holmes-Hewett, William; Trodahl, Harry Joseph; Natali, Franck (2024). "Synthesis, Structural, and Raman Investigation of Lanthanide Nitride Powders (Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Lu)". ACS Omega. 9 (48): 47842–47847. doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c08638. PMC 11618419. PMID 39651084.
  51. 1 2 Upadhya, Krithika; Kumar, Rajendra; Baral, Madhusmita; Tripathi, Shilpa; Jha, S. N.; Ganguli, Tapas; Saha, Bivas (2022). "Electronic structure of rare-earth semiconducting ErN thin films determined with synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy and first-principles analysis". Physical Review B. 105 (7) 075138. Bibcode:2022PhRvB.105g5138U. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.105.075138.
  52. ↑ Zeng, Lingmin; Tan, Lizhen (2002). "The 773 K isothermal section of Er–Ni–Sb phase diagram". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 346 (1–2): 197–199. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00522-4.
  53. ↑ Zelinska, Mariya; Zhak, Olga; Oryshchyn, Stepan; Babizhetskyy, Volodymyr; Pivan, Jean-Yves; Guérin, Roland (2007). "Erbium-rich region of the ternary Er–Ni–Sb system: Solid state phase equilibria at 1073 K and crystal structures of the new ternary compound Er5Sb3−xNix (x = 0.48) and both modifications of Er5Sb3". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 437 (1–2): 133–139. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.07.087.
  54. ↑ 《无机化学丛书》. 第七卷 钪 稀土元素. 易宪武 等主编. 科学出版社. P168~171. (2)氢氧化物
  55. ↑ Chavez Portillo, M.; Portillo Moreno, O.; Rubio Rosas, E.; Zamora Tototzintle, M.; Palomino Merino, R.; Hernández Téllez, G.; Gutiérrez Pérez, R. (2015). "Optical and structural properties of Er2O3–ErOOH powder grown by chemical bath". Materials Letters. 151: 134–137. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2015.03.042.
  56. ↑ Klein, Wilhelm (2022). "Crystal structure of tetraaqua-tris(nitrato-κ2 O,O′) erbium(III) monohydrate, Er(NO3)3·5H2O, H10ErN3O14". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures. 237 (2): 265–266. doi:10.1515/ncrs-2021-0484.
  57. ↑ "[N,N′-Bis(3-methoxy-2-oxidobenzylidene)ethane-1,2-diaminium-κ4O,O′,O′′,O′′′]tris(nitrato-κ2O,O′)erbium(III)". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 2010.
  58. 1 2 Wickleder, Mathias S. (1998). "Sulfate und Hydrogensulfate des Erbiums: Er(HSO4)3-I, Er(HSO4)3-II, Er(SO4)(HSO4) und Er2(SO4)3". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 624 (8): 1347–1354. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(199808)624:8<1347::AID-ZAAC1347>3.0.CO;2-W.
  59. 1 2 Balboul, Basma A. A. (2000). "Thermal decomposition study of erbium oxalate hexahydrate". Thermochimica Acta. 351 (1–2): 55–60. Bibcode:2000TcAc..351...55B. doi:10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00353-1.
  60. ↑ Hussein, G. A. M. (2001). "Erbium oxide from erbium acetate hydrate; formation, characterization and catalytic activity". Powder Technology. 118 (3): 285–290. doi:10.1016/S0032-5910(00)00384-3.
  61. ↑ Choi, Mu Hee; Ma, Tae Young (2008). "Erbium concentration effects on the structural and photoluminescence properties of ZnO:Er films". Materials Letters. 62 (12–13): 1835–1838. Bibcode:2008MatL...62.1835C. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2007.10.014.
  62. ↑ Mortis, Alexandros; Anwander, Reiner (2024). "Rare-Earth-Metal Alkyl and Aryl Compounds in Organic Synthesis". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 27 (17) e202400127. Bibcode:2024EJIC...27E0127M. doi:10.1002/ejic.202400127.
  63. ↑ Hohm, Uwe; Loose, Achim (2001). "Mean dipole-polarizability of the tris(cyclopentadienides) of neodymium, samarium and erbium, Nd(C5H5)3, Sm(C5H5)3, and Er(C5H5)3". Chemical Physics Letters. 348 (5–6): 375–380. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(01)01167-8.
  64. 1 2 Pfeiffer, Dirk; Ximba, Bhekumusa J.; Liable-Sands, Louise M.; Rheingold, Arnold L.; Heeg, Mary Jane; Coleman, David M.; Schlegel, H. Bernhard; Kuech, Thomas F.; Winter, Charles H. (1999). "Synthesis, Structure, and Molecular Orbital Studies of Yttrium, Erbium, and Lutetium Complexes Bearing η2-Pyrazolato Ligands: Development of a New Class of Precursors for Doping Semiconductors". Inorganic Chemistry. 38 (20): 4539–4548. doi:10.1021/ic990319o. PMID 11671168.
  65. 1 2 Johnson, Kevin R. D.; Côté, Adrien P.; Hayes, Paul G. (2010). "Four-coordinate erbium organometallic and coordination complexes: Synthesis and structure". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 695 (25–26): 2747–2755. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.07.033.
  66. ↑ Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chemical Society Reviews. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017.
  67. 1 2 Bellemare, Antoine (2003). "Continuous-wave silica-based erbium-doped fibre lasers". Progress in Quantum Electronics. 27 (4): 211–266. Bibcode:2003PQE....27..211B. doi:10.1016/S0079-6727(02)00025-3.
  68. ↑ Hibst, Raimund; Keller, Ulrich (1989). "Experimental studies of the application of the Er:YAG laser on dental hard substances: I. Measurement of the ablation rate". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 9 (4): 338–344. doi:10.1002/lsm.1900090405. PMID 2761329.
  69. ↑ Bader, Carl; Krejci, Ivo (2006). "Indications and limitations of Er:YAG laser applications in dentistry". American Journal of Dentistry. 19 (3): 178–186. PMID 16838484.
  70. ↑ Hao, Yingxin; Lv, Shichao; Ma, Zhijun; Qiu, Jianrong (2018). "Understanding differences in Er3+–Yb3+ codoped glass and glass ceramic based on upconversion luminescence for optical thermometry". RSC Advances. 8 (22): 12165–12172. Bibcode:2018RSCAd...812165H. doi:10.1039/C8RA01245H. PMC 9079277. PMID 35539388.
  71. ↑ Anand P. J.; Jain, Rakshitha K.; Sunil, Dhanya (2026). "Advances in lanthanide-doped upconversion nanomaterials in security inks: a comprehensive review". Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. 23 (3): 1239–1260. doi:10.1007/s11998-025-01227-z.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erbium_compounds&oldid=1376787479"