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Duduk

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Duduki)
Duduk
Duduk
Woodwind instrument
Classification Wind instrument with double reed
InventorArmenians
Related instruments
Closely related instruments include the Mey (Turkey), Balaban (Azerbaijan, Iran), Yasti Balaban (Dagestan), Duduki (Georgia), Duduk (Armenia), Hichiriki (Japan), Piri (Korea), Guanzi (China)
Musicians
Djivan Gasparyan, Gevorg Dabaghyan, Vache Hovsepyan, Levon Minassian, Pedro Eustache
Sound sample
Duduk music
Melody performed with a duduk by SERGO.TEL.
Duduk and its music
Two Armenian boys playing the duduk
CountryArmenia
DomainsPerforming arts (music)
Reference00092
RegionEurope and North America
Inscription history
Inscription2008 (3rd session)
ListRepresentative

The Armenian duduk (/duːˈduːk/ doo-DOOK; Armenian: դուդուկ IPA: [duˈduk])[1] or Tsiranapogh (Armenian: ծիրանափող, meaning "apricot-made wind instrument"), is a double reed woodwind instrument made of apricot wood originating from Armenia.[2][3] Variations of the Armenian duduk appear throughout the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Middle East.[4][5] The duduk, balaban and mey are almost identical, except for historical and geographical differences.[6]

It is commonly played in pairs: while the first player plays the melody, the second plays a steady drone called dum, and the sound of the two instruments together creates a richer, more haunting sound. The unflattened reed and cylindrical body produce a sound closer to the English horn than the oboe or bassoon. Unlike other double reed instruments like the oboe or shawm, the duduk has a very large reed proportional to its size.

UNESCO proclaimed the Armenian duduk and its music as a Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005 and inscribed it in 2008.[7][8] Duduk music has been used in a number of Hollywood films.

Etymology

[edit]

Both the Russian book Musical Instruments Encyclopedia (Музыкальные инструменты. Энциклопедия) and American book Musical Instruments, A Comprehensive Dictionary give an ultimate origin of the word duduk as Persian, from tutak.[9][10]

According to some, the name for the instrument may be derived from the Turkish düdük, meaning "reed pipe".[a] Yaşar Çağbayır and Gerard Clauson derive düdük from Old Turkic tütek, which etymologically means "something which steams or smokes", and in practice "a spout" or more generally "a tube", "a pipe as a musical instrument" and "water-pipe".[18][17] The word düdük can also mean "whistle" in Turkish expressions.[12]: 4 

In Armenia, the instrument is also known as tsiranapogh (ծիրանափող [hy]), which means apricot pipe.[7]

Overview

[edit]
A duduk reed

The duduk is a double reed instrument with ancient origins, having existed since at least the fifth century, while there are Armenian scholars who believe it existed more than 1,500 years before that.[3]: 334  The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today, the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed, with the body made from aged apricot wood.[19]

The particular tuning depends heavily on the region in which it is played. An eight-hole duduk (not counting the thumb hole on the lower side) can play ten successive notes of a diatonic scale with simple fingering, or sixteen consecutive notes of a chromatic scale by half-covering holes. For example, an A duduk can play all the notes from F♯ to the A more than an octave higher.[20][21] (Another reference gives different information.[22]) By using the lips to "bend" notes and partially covering holes any pitch in this range can be produced, as required for Oriental music.[23] The instrument's body has different lengths depending upon the range of the instrument and region. The reed (Armenian: եղեգն, eġegn), is made from one or two pieces of cane in a duck-bill type assembly. Unlike other double-reed instruments, the reed is quite wide, helping to give the duduk both its unique, mournful sound, as well as its remarkable breathing requirements. The duduk player is called dudukahar (դուդուկահար) in Armenian.

The performers use air stored in their cheeks to keep playing the instrument while they inhale air into their lungs. This "circular" breathing technique is commonly used with all the double-reed instruments in the Middle East.[24]

Duduk "is invariably played with the accompaniment of a second dum duduk, which gives the music an energy and tonic atmosphere, changing the scale harmoniously with the principal duduk."[25]

History

[edit]

Armenian musicologists cite evidence of the duduk's use as early as 1200 BC, though Western scholars suggest it is 1,500 years old.[26][unreliable source?] Variants of the duduk can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The history of the Armenian duduk music is dated to the reign of the Armenian king Tigran the Great, who reigned from 95 to 55 B.C.[8] According to ethnomusicologist Dr. Jonathan McCollum, the instrument is depicted in numerous Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Ages, and is "actually the only truly Armenian instrument that's survived through history, and as such is a symbol of Armenian national identity ... The most important quality of the duduk is its ability to express the language dialectic and mood of the Armenian language, which is often the most challenging quality to a duduk player."[27]

Balkan duduk

[edit]

While "duduk" most commonly refers to the double reed instrument described on this page, there is a very similar instrument played in northwestern Bulgaria. This is a blocked-end flute known as a kaval, resembling the Serbian frula, or kavalče in a part of North Macedonia,[28] and as duduk in northwest Bulgaria.[29][30] Made of maple or other wood, it comes in two sizes: 700–780 millimetres (28–31 in) and 240–400 millimetres (9.4–15.7 in) (duduce). The blocked end is flat.

[edit]

The sound of the duduk has become known to wider audiences through its use in popular film soundtracks. Starting with Peter Gabriel's score for Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ, the duduk's archaic and mournful sound has been employed in a variety of genres to depict such moods. Djivan Gasparyan played the duduk in Gladiator, Syriana, and Blood Diamond, among others.[31][32] It was also used extensively in Battlestar Galactica.[33] In the TV series Avatar: The Last Airbender, its sound was combined with the flicking of a trombone bell to create the fictitious Tsungi horn, most notably played by Iroh and often being featured in the show's soundtrack.[34][35] With many of the members who worked on ATLA now working on The Dragon Prince, the duduk regularly appears in its soundtrack as well. The sound of the duduk was also used in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe for a lullaby which Mr. Tumnus plays on a fictitious double flute, and was featured in the theme song of the Dothraki clan during the TV adaptation Game of Thrones.[36][37]

Armenia's entry in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest, "Apricot Stone", featured Armenian musician Djivan Gasparyan playing the duduk.

Selected film soundtracks

[edit]

The Armenian duduk has been used in a number of films, especially "to denote otherworldliness, loneliness, and mourning or to supply a Middle Eastern/Central Asian atmosphere".[38]

Benik Ignatyan playing the duduk at the Armenian Genocide memorial complex in Yerevan, Armenia, 1997.
Duduk player at the Forom des langues du monde [fr] in Toulouse, France.

Television soundtracks

[edit]

Video game scores

[edit]
[edit]

Anime soundtracks

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Attributed to multiple references.[11][12]: 17 [13][14][15][16][17]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Moore, J. Kenneth (2006). "Book Reviews: Andy Nercessian, The Duduk and National Identity in Armenia". Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society. 32. American Musical Instrument Society: 183–186. p. 183: ... the duduk (pronounced doo-dook) ...
  2. ↑ At’Ayan, Robert; McCollum, Jonathan (25 May 2016). "Duduk (i)". Grove Music Online. Vol. 1. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2294080.
  3. 1 2 Hargopian, Harold (1999). "Armenia: The Sorrowful Sound". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (eds.). World Music: The Rough Guide. Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. London: Rough Guides. pp. 332–337. ISBN 978-1-85828-635-8. p. 335: ... there is one – the duduk (double reed flute) – which is indigenous to Armenia .... (Link – via Google Books. Archived 2018-05-09 at the Wayback Machine.)
  4. ↑ Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2008). Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Vol. 1. Facts On File. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6. One of the oldest indigenous Armenian instruments is the duduk, a woodwind instrument usually made from apricot wood, with a double reed.
  5. ↑ "Armenian duduk and other Armenian folk instruments" (PDF). UNESCO. June 2003. p. 32. Retrieved 16 March 2014. Duduk is considered to be the most Armenian of all folk instruments for its Armenian origin and honest expression. It has a 1500–year history and is native to Armenia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
  6. ↑ Karahasanoğlu, Songül (2008). "A Comparativ View of the Mey, Balaban and Duduk as Organological Phenomena". The Journal of Academic Studies – CANAS Ataturk Kultor (in English and Turkish) (37): 437–447. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  7. 1 2 "Sounds of Armenian duduk". UNESCO. November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Duduk and its music were inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 (originally proclaimed in 2005). The duduk, or dziranapogh in Armenian, is a double-reed woodwind instrument made of apricot wood, conventionally called the "Armenian oboe".
  8. 1 2 "Duduk and its Music". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014. The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95–55 BC)
  9. ↑ Marcuse, Sibyl (1964). "Duduk". Musical Instruments, A Comprehensive Dictionary. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. 157.
  10. ↑ Есипова М. В. [Esipova, M. V.], ed. (2008). Дудук (свистковая флейта и язычковый духовой инструмент) [Duduk (whistle flute and reed wind instrument)]. Музыкальные инструменты. Энциклопедия [Musical instruments Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Moscow: Дека-ВС [Deca-Sun]. pp. 207–209. ISBN 978-5-901951-40-8.
  11. ↑ Latham, Alison, ed. (2011). The Oxford Companion to Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. A term, derived from the Turkish düdük, used for a family of double-reed instruments of ancient Armenian origin.
  12. 1 2 Nercessian, Andy (2001). The Duduk and National Identity in Armenia. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781461672722.
  13. ↑ Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov, Aleksandr, ed. (1973). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. Michigan: Macmillan. p. 438.
  14. ↑ Горбачевич, Кирилл Сергеевич [Gorbachevich, Kirill Sergeevich], ed. (1991). Словарь современного русского литературного языка [Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language] (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moscow: Ру́сский язы́к. p. 4.
  15. ↑ Евгеньевой А. П. [Evgenyeva, A. P.], ed. (1999). Дудук [Duduk]. Словарь русского языка [Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Moscow: Ру́сский язы́к. In 4 volumes.
  16. ↑ Kuznetsov, S. A. (1998). Большой толковый словарь русского языка: А-Я [Comprehensive Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: A–Z] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Норинт [Norint].
  17. 1 2 Clauson, Gerard (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 455.
  18. ↑ Çağbayır, Yaşar (2017). Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük 5 Cilt. Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat. p. 1318.
  19. ↑ Andrea L. Stanton; Edward Ramsamy; Peter J. Seybolt, eds. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. p. 167. ISBN 9781412981767.
  20. ↑ "Duduk Fingering Chart". ArmenianDuduk.am.
  21. ↑ "HOW TO PLAY DUDUK 3: Playing a scale". YouTube. DudukLessons.com. 3 February 2014.
  22. ↑ Vartan, John (2000). "Armenian Duduk An Instructional Book For Beginners" (PDF). American Recording Productions. Archived from the original on January 18, 2006.
  23. ↑ David Brown (27 April 2017). "The Duduk & Mey: History, Info and Set-Up". Lark in the morning.
  24. ↑ Albright, Ch. (15 December 1988). "BĀLĀBĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014.
  25. ↑ "WWW.DUDUK.CO.UK - Professional Armenian Duduks, Zurnas, Ghamish by Master Arthur Grigoryan". Archived from the original on 2006-03-04. Retrieved 2006-02-20. Duduk Info at Ethnicinstruments.co.uk
  26. ↑ "Gasparyan, Djivan | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011.
  27. ↑ Turpin, Andy (12 February 2010). "Nothing Sounds Armenian Like a Duduk: ALMA Lecture". Armenian Weekly. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  28. ↑ www.macedoniadirect.com/instruments/supelki.htm Archived 2006-05-25 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ "Дудук : Horo.bg - българският сайт за народни хора, песни, танци, обичаи, фолклор" (in Bulgarian). Horo.bg. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
  30. ↑ For a detailed description of the instrument (in Bulgarian), see "Бит и култура | Речник на остарели, редки, чуждици и диалектни думи ДЛ-ДУ". Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  31. ↑ Tsioulcas, Anastasia (6 July 2021). "Jivan Gasparyan, Armenian Musician Beloved By Rock Stars And Hollywood, Has Died". NPR. Retrieved 4 February 2026.
  32. ↑ Zakoyan, Lilit (14 July 2021). "Nectar for the Bitter World". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 4 February 2026.
  33. ↑ "Bear McCreary – Official site". www.bearmccreary.com. 28 September 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  34. 1 2 Acastus (12 August 2006). "Music Interview with the Track Team (part 3 of 3)". Avatar Spirit. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
  35. ↑ Firriolo, Andrew (19 November 2025). "Composer Jeremy Zuckerman Reveals How He Brought Aang's World To Life In "Avatar"". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 4 February 2026.
  36. ↑ "Harry Gregson-Williams Talks Narnia & Narnian Lullaby Clip". Archived from the original on July 21, 2012.
  37. ↑ Kalus, Ruben (22 April 2016). "No flutes allowed: Composer Ramin Djawadi on the music of Game of Thrones". Deutsche Welle. Archived 2016-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  38. ↑ Hung, Eric (2011). Leonard, Kendra Preston (ed.). Buffy, Ballads, and Bad Guys Who Sing: Music in the Worlds of Joss Whedon. Lanham, Maryland, US: Scarecrow Press. p. 259. ISBN 9780810877658.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 "Chris Bleth Movie Credits". Chrisbleth.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014.
  40. ↑ Brennan, Mike (2 December 2005). "The Chronicles of Narnia Review". Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. These include the use of the duduk as Mr. Tumnus' pipe in "A Narnia Lullaby"...
  41. ↑ King, Darryn (22 October 2021). "How Hans Zimmer Conjured the Otherworldly Sounds of 'Dune'". The New York Times.
  42. ↑ Broxton, Jonathan (8 March 2024). "DUNE, PART TWO– Hans Zimmer | MOVIE MUSIC UK". New York Times.
  43. ↑ "Gladiator (Soundtrack) by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard". www.tracksounds.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  44. ↑ "Hotel Rwanda Film Music: Rupert Gregson-Williams, Andrea Guerra: Film Music on the Web CD Reviews April 2006". Archived from the original on 2011-11-29. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
  45. ↑ "Hulk: Editorial Review". Filmtracks. 8 June 2003. Archived from the original on 22 July 2003.
  46. ↑ Savita Gautham. "inese rhapsody". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2004-02-25. Retrieved 2003-10-23.
  47. ↑ "Instruments of Battlestar Galactica: Duduk". Bearmccreary.com. 2006-09-28. Archived from the original on 2010-05-31. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  48. ↑ "Duduk: The Instrument That Makes Hollywood Cry". Galactica-station.blogspot.com. 2004-02-26. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  49. ↑ "Battlestar Galactica: Season Two". Musicweb-international.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  50. ↑ "Children of Dune". Cinemusic.net. Archived from the original on November 15, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  51. ↑ "Game of Thrones Composer Ramin Djawadi: 'I'm Just Trying to Create Something Magical' (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. 15 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-12-25. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
  52. ↑ "Jeff Beal - Interview". www.soundtrack.net. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  53. ↑ "The Role of Orchestration and Instrumentation in The Dragon Prince: Piano and Death". Max Luo. Retrieved 2021-01-11.
  54. ↑ "Civ5in". Michaelcurran.net. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
  55. ↑ "Rome - Augustus Caesar War - "Ancient Roman Melody Fragments" by Geoff Knorr". ISSUU. Archived from the original on 2015-04-22. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
  56. ↑ Bloodworth, Daniel (2012-04-09). "BackTrack: Composing Mass Effect – Jack Wall Interview, Part 1 | Side Mission". GameTrailers. Archived from the original on 2012-06-05. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
  57. ↑ Ohtani, Tomoya (7 December 2022). Sonic Frontiers Original Soundtrack Stillness & Motion (booklet). Tokyo, Japan: Wave Master Entertainment. p. 11-12. WWCE-31540~5.
  58. ↑ Benoit Basirico (2005-11-14). "Gedo Senki (Les Contes de Terremer)". Cinezik.org. Archived from the original on 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2010-02-15.


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