Drooling
| Drooling | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Salivation, driveling, dribbling, slobbering, sialorrhea |
 | |
| A baby drooling | |
Drooling, or slobbering, is the flow of saliva outside the mouth. Drooling can be caused by excess production of saliva, inability to retain saliva within the mouth (incontinence of saliva), or problems with swallowing (dysphagia or odynophagia).
There are some frequent and harmless cases of drooling – for instance, a numbed mouth from either benzocaine, or when going to the dentist's office.
Isolated drooling in healthy infants and toddlers is normal and may be associated with teething.[1] It is unlikely to be a sign of disease or complications. Drooling in infants and young children may be exacerbated by upper respiratory infections and nasal allergies. Some people with drooling problems are at increased risk of inhaling saliva, food, or fluids into the lungs, especially if drooling is secondary to a neurological problem. However, if the body's normal reflex mechanisms (such as gagging and coughing) are not impaired, this is not life-threatening.
Causes
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Drooling or sialorrhea can occur during sleep. It is often the result of open-mouth posture from CNS depressants intake or sleeping on one's side. Sometimes while sleeping, saliva does not build up at the back of the throat and does not trigger the normal swallow reflex, leading to the condition. Freud conjectured that drooling occurs during deep sleep, and within the first few hours of falling asleep, since those who are affected by the symptom experience the most severe harm while napping, rather than during overnight sleep.[2]
A sudden onset of drooling may indicate poisoning – especially by pesticides or mercury – or reaction to snake or insect venom. Excess capsaicin can cause drooling as well, an example being the ingestion of particularly high Scoville Unit chili peppers. Some neurological problems cause drooling. Medication can cause drooling, either due to primary action or side-effects; for example the pain-relief medication Orajel can numb the mucosa.[citation needed]
Causes include:
- exercise, especially cardiovascular exercise[3]
- stroke and other neurological pathologies
- intellectual disability
- adenoid hypertrophy
- cerebral palsy[4]
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract
- Parkinson's disease[5]
- rabies
- mercury poisoning
Drooling associated with fever or trouble swallowing may be a sign of an infectious disease including:
- retropharyngeal abscess
- peritonsillar abscess
- tonsillitis
- mononucleosis
- strep throat
- obstructive diseases (tumors, stenosis)
- inability to swallow due to neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
Treatment
[edit]A comprehensive treatment plan depends on the cause and incorporates several stages of care: Correction of reversible causes, behavior modification, medical treatment, and surgical procedures.[citation needed]
Atropine sulfate tablets are used in some circumstances to reduce salivation. The same for anticholinergic drugs which can be also a benefit because they decrease the activity of the acetylcholine muscarinic receptors and can result in decreased salivation. They may be prescribed by doctors in conjunction with behavior modification strategies. Other drugs used are glycopyrrolate and botulinum toxin A – botox injection in salivary glands to diminish saliva production.[6][7][8]
In general, surgical procedures are considered after clear diagnosis of the cause and evaluation of non-invasive treatment options. Severe cases can be sometimes be treated by surgical intervention – salivary duct relocalization, or in extreme cases resection of salivary glands.[9]
Popular culture
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Increased production of saliva, for which drooling is a convenient visual representation, is an autonomic response to noticing (or thinking of) desirable food; cf. the adjective "mouthwatering".[10][11] Based on this association, the scope of the meaning of the term drool in popular use has expanded to include any occasion wherein someone highly desires something.[12][13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Common Baby Teething Symptoms & Signs Kute Keiki. Retrieved on 2019-12-05
- ↑ Almeida, Cristiana; Almeida, Isabel; Vasconcelos, Carlos (2015). "Quality of life in systemic sclerosis". Autoimmunity Reviews. 14 (12): 1087–1096. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.012. PMID 26212726.
- ↑ Ligtenberg, Antoon J. M.; Brand, Henk S.; van den Keijbus, Petra A. M.; Veerman, Enno C. I. (2015-11-01). "The effect of physical exercise on salivary secretion of MUC5B, amylase and lysozyme". Archives of Oral Biology. 60 (11): 1639–1644. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.07.012. ISSN 0003-9969.
- ↑ Weiss-Lambrou, R.; Tetreault, S.; Dudley, J. (1989). "The relationship between oral sensation and drooling in persons with cerebral palsy". American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 43 (3): 155–161. doi:10.5014/ajot.43.3.155. PMID 2735376. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
- ↑ Kalf, J.G. (2009). "Prevalence and definition of drooling in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review". Journal of Neurology. 256 (9): 1391–1396. doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5098-2. PMC 2733191. PMID 19288042.
- ↑ Ellies Maik (2004). "Reduction of salivary flow with botulinum toxin: Extended report on 33 patients with drooling, salivary fistulas, and sialadenitis". The Laryngoscope. 114 (10): 1856–1860. doi:10.1097/00005537-200410000-00033. PMID 15454785. S2CID 8507758.
- ↑ Lipp, A.; Trottenberg, T.; Schink, T.; Kupsch, A.; Arnold, G. (2003). "A randomized trial of botulinum toxin A for treatment of drooling". Neurology. 61 (9): 1279–1281. doi:10.1212/WNL.61.9.1279. PMID 14610139. S2CID 42377134. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
- ↑ Mier, Richard J.; Bachrach, Steven J.; Lakin, Ryan C.; Barker, Tara; Childs, Judith; Moran, Maria (2000). "Treatment of Sialorrhea With GlycopyrrolateA Double-blind, Dose-Ranging Study". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 154 (12): 1214–8. doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.12.1214. PMID 11115305. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
- ↑ Hockstein, Neil G.; Samadi, Daniel S.; Gendron, Kristin; Handler, Steven D. (2004-06-01). "Sialorrhea: A Management Challenge". American Family Physician. 69 (11): 2628–2635. ISSN 1532-0650.
- ↑ Thompson, Andrea (3 February 2013). "Why Do Our Mouths Water?". Live Science.
- ↑ Horowitz, Kate (6 January 2021). "Why Does Seeing Food Make Your Mouth Water?". Mental Floss.
- ↑ "Definition of DROOL". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
- ↑ "DROOL | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
External links
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