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Draft:Seed sector development

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Seed Sector Development

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Seed sector development refers to efforts to improve the actors, institutions, policies and markets through which farmers access quality seed of preferred crops and varieties.[1][2]

Seed sector development is therefore closely linked to the functioning of seed systems, because farmers’ access to seed is shaped by both the policy environment and farmers’ own choices when obtaining seed.[3]

The topic is commonly discussed in relation to formal and informal seed systems, integrated development approaches, public and private sector roles, seed regulation, and debates over farmer access and plant breeders’ rights

Formal and informal seed systems

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Informal seed market in the Philippines

Formal and informal seed systems differ mainly in how seed is produced, controlled and exchanged. In formal seed systems, seed, before it is planted, usually moves through organized channels such as research institutions, seed producers, certification bodies and commercial distributors. [3] These systems often focus on improved or uniform varieties and include procedures for quality control before seed reaches farmers. Informal seed systems, by contrast, are based on farmers’ own practices of saving, selecting, exchanging and buying seed through local networks and markets.[4] They are often less formally regulated, but remain important because they provide access to seed that is locally available, familiar to farmers and suited to particular crops or growing conditions. [4]

In practice, the distinction between formal and informal systems is not always clear-cut. Farmers may use certified or commercial seed for some crops while relying on saved seed, neighbours or local markets for others.[5] For this reason, seed sector development literature increasingly treats formal and informal systems as connected parts of the wider seed sector rather than as completely separate systems.[6]

Approaches to seed sector development

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Depending on the crops, farmers, markets and institutions involved, seed sector development may take different forms. Some interventions focus on formal seed systems, such as plant breeding, variety registration, quality control and commercial seed distribution.[6][7] Other interventions focus on informal seed systems by supporting local seed selection, seed saving, exchange networks, community-based seed production and local seed enterprises.[8]

Integrated seed sector development aims to connect formal and informal seed systems, rather than treat them as separate or competing models. It has been described as a way to create coherence between seed practices, programmes and policies.[9] In this perspective, seed sector development is approached in a pluralistic way, with different actors contributing to different seed value chains.[10]

Actors and institutions

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Seed sector development involves a range of public, private and non-governmental actors. Public institutions often contribute through plant breeding research, varietal maintenance, training, quality control and consumer protection, whereas private firms and other enterprises may be involved in seed production, marketing and distribution, especially for commercial seed markets.[11]

Other actors, including cooperatives, non-governmental organizations and farmers, may also participate in seed supply systems.[12] Some non-governmental organizations and donors support locally driven seed-sector initiatives, including local entrepreneurship, seed banking, community-based seed production and seed villages.[13]

Many early seed-sector development programmes in developing countries relied heavily on public seed corporations and state seed farms. These institutions were often established to produce and distribute better varieties, but they did not always meet the many crop and varietal needs of farmers.[14]

Seed access and breeders' rights

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A related issue in seed sector development concerns the relationship between formal seed regulation and informal seed systems. Seed laws are often intended to protect seed quality and varietal identity, but in many developing countries they are written mainly with the formal commercial seed sector in mind.[15] This can create difficulties for farmers who continue to save, exchange or sell seed through informal systems.[16] Plant variety protection and plant breeders’ rights are one part of this broader issue. These rules are often justified as a means of stimulating investment in plant breeding, promoting the development of domestic seed sectors and providing access to foreign technology.[17] In developing countries, however, stronger protection can also raise concerns about restrictions on farmer seed saving and exchange.[18] More recent work has therefore discussed regulatory flexibility as a way to connect formal and informal seed systems while maintaining seed quality standards.[19]

References

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  1. ^ Louwaars, Niels P.; Manicad, Gigi (2022). "Seed Systems Resilience—An Overview". Seeds. 1 (4): 340–356. doi:10.3390/seeds1040028. p. 340.
  2. ^ Inclusive Seed Sector Development for Sustainable Agricultural Transformation in Africa (Report). AfricaSeeds. 2023. pp. 1–3.
  3. ^ a b Louwaars, Niels; Le Coent, Philippe; Osborn, Tom. Seed Systems and Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 7–8.
  4. ^ a b McGuire, Shawn; Sperling, Louise (2016). "Seed systems smallholder farmers use". Food Security. 8 (1): 179–195. doi:10.1007/s12571-015-0528-8. pp. 179–180.
  5. ^ McGuire, Shawn; Sperling, Louise (2016). "Seed systems smallholder farmers use". Food Security. 8 (1): 179–195. doi:10.1007/s12571-015-0528-8. pp. 180–181.
  6. ^ a b Louwaars, Niels P.; de Boef, Walter Simon (2012). "Integrated Seed Sector Development in Africa: A Conceptual Framework for Creating Coherence Between Practices, Programs, and Policies". Journal of Crop Improvement. 26 (1): 39–59. Bibcode:2012JCrIm..26...39L. doi:10.1080/15427528.2011.611277. pp. 39–42.
  7. ^ Jaffee, Steven; Srivastava, Jitendra (1994). "The Roles of the Private and Public Sectors in Enhancing the Performance of Seed Systems". The World Bank Research Observer. 9 (1): 97–117. doi:10.1093/wbro/9.1.97. pp. 97–98.
  8. ^ Thijssen, Marja H.; Bishaw, Zewdie; Beshir, Abdurahman; de Boef, Walter S., eds. (2008). Farmers, Seeds and Varieties: Supporting Informal Seed Supply in Ethiopia. Wageningen: Wageningen International. ISBN 978-90-8585-215-5. pp. 21–22.
  9. ^ Louwaars, Niels P.; de Boef, Walter Simon (2012). "Integrated Seed Sector Development in Africa: A Conceptual Framework for Creating Coherence Between Practices, Programs, and Policies". Journal of Crop Improvement. 26 (1): 39–59. Bibcode:2012JCrIm..26...39L. doi:10.1080/15427528.2011.611277. p. 41.
  10. ^ Louwaars, Niels P.; de Boef, Walter Simon (2012). "Integrated Seed Sector Development in Africa: A Conceptual Framework for Creating Coherence Between Practices, Programs, and Policies". Journal of Crop Improvement. 26 (1): 39–59. Bibcode:2012JCrIm..26...39L. doi:10.1080/15427528.2011.611277. p. 43.
  11. ^ Jaffee, Steven; Srivastava, Jitendra (1994). "The Roles of the Private and Public Sectors in Enhancing the Performance of Seed Systems". The World Bank Research Observer. 9 (1): 97–117. doi:10.1093/wbro/9.1.97. pp. 97–98, 106, 111–112.
  12. ^ Jaffee, Steven; Srivastava, Jitendra (1994). "The Roles of the Private and Public Sectors in Enhancing the Performance of Seed Systems". The World Bank Research Observer. 9 (1): 97–117. doi:10.1093/wbro/9.1.97. pp. 97–98.
  13. ^ McGuire, Shawn; Sperling, Louise (2016). "Seed systems smallholder farmers use". Food Security. 8 (1): 179–195. doi:10.1007/s12571-015-0528-8. pp. 179–180.
  14. ^ Jaffee, Steven; Srivastava, Jitendra (1994). "The Roles of the Private and Public Sectors in Enhancing the Performance of Seed Systems". The World Bank Research Observer. 9 (1): 97–117. doi:10.1093/wbro/9.1.97. p. 97
  15. ^ Visser, Bert (2017). The Impact of National Seed Laws on the Functioning of Small-Scale Seed Systems: A Country Case Study (Report). Sowing Diversity=Harvesting Security / Oxfam Novib. pp. 5, 7, 14.
  16. ^ Visser, Bert (2017). The Impact of National Seed Laws on the Functioning of Small-Scale Seed Systems: A Country Case Study (Report). Sowing Diversity=Harvesting Security / Oxfam Novib. pp. 5, 14.
  17. ^ Tripp, Robert; Louwaars, Niels; Eaton, Derek (2007). "Plant variety protection in developing countries: A report from the field". Food Policy. 32 (3): 354–371. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.09.003. p. 355.
  18. ^ Tripp, Robert; Louwaars, Niels; Eaton, Derek (2007). "Plant variety protection in developing countries: A report from the field". Food Policy. 32 (3): 354–371. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.09.003. pp. 355, 362.
  19. ^ Kuhlmann, Katrin; Dey, Bhramar (2021). "Using Regulatory Flexibility to Address Market Informality in Seed Systems: A Global Study". Agronomy. 11 (2): 377. Bibcode:2021Agron..11..377K. doi:10.3390/agronomy11020377. pp. 1, 23.
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