Draft:Sampson Perry

Sampson Perry from an engraving by Cosway.

Sampson Perry

Sampson Perry Esq  c. 1747 – 1823 (aka Captain Perry aka Samson Perry) was a prominent radical reformer, surgeon, author of historical, political and medical texts, militia captain, campaigner for civil and religious liberties, journalist and newspaper proprietor of The Argus 1789 -1793, and of The Argus or General Observer 1796.

He was, wrote Professor Iain McCalman,

“… one of the most important, yet neglected, of the 1790’s British Radical journalists and pamphleteers.  His significance derives from having been one of a small cluster of British ultraradicals who witnessed, participated in and analysed the course of the French Revolution during its most tumultuous phase, the years of Terror….”^[1]

Early Years

Only one birth entry has been located in the name of Sampson (not Samson) Perry and that is in Aston Birmingham. Ongoing research makes this entry unlikely as three Sampson Perrys have been identified in London during this period.  A possible clue comes from Lord Robert Seymour who identified him as a “West Indian”^[2] and his daughter Charlotte as “an heiress” suggesting connections to the slave and sugar trade of the Caribbean possibly St Kitts and Nevis^[3].   He switched between Samson until 1775, then Sampson and back to Samson after his release from Newgate.

Education

To date nothing is known of Perry’s education. His fluency in French and his long association with France indicates that his education occurred in England and France. He undertook medical studies in Paris ^[4], a city to which he maintained a very strong connection throughout his entire life.  His daughter Charlotte was educated at the English Benedictine convent in Rue St Jacques. His brother was William Perry^[5], lexicographer and naval surgeon, indicating the family accessed education to a high level. Sampson’s careers were medical, military and writing.

Medical Writings

Perry, along with other liberal intellectuals of this period such as James Parkinson, advocated for reform to the medical examination process in an effort to counter patronage which was rife in the profession. Perry’s medical publications and theories suffer from neglect possibly emanating from his radical politics.  Michael Moran^[6] wrote the following of Perry in his chapter entitled “Enlightened Minds and Stone Diseases”:-

He [Perry] believes all the centers of stones are these nuclei and that they all form in the kidney. Bladder stones form from stones that began in the tubules of the kidneys and have passed down the ureters to the bladder. This is also a remarkably modern concept. He is not the chemist that Priestley, Hales, Scheele, or Marggraf is, so he does not know that stones are formed from different chemical components, but he essentially is getting to the modern notions of nucleation, fixed particle retention, and supersaturation. Almost no one credits his writings as a physician in the modern era.

Perry published his first “Disquisition of the Stone and Gravel and other diseases of the bladder, kidneys Etc” in 1772 under the pseudonym of William Adams now known to be his relative which he reveals in the 10 Edition of the Disquisition -  “he was my relation and fellow pupil…. appointed to sell it [Adams’s solvent] under his name with a considerable profit” ^[7].  The disquisition was written as an accompaniment to Adams’s Solvent, Perry’s “pharmacological” alternative to highly dangerous surgery for bladder and kidney stones.  Perry credits a talented apothecary, Richard Lane^[8], with assisting him in its development.   Further disquisitions and medical tracts were to follow until 1815.  In 1789 he published Further observations of the Stone, Gravel and all other calculous obstructions.

First identified as practising from Aldersgate Street opposite the Three Cups Inn^[9], he then moved to The Strand and finally to Argyle Street from 1775 - 1792.  In 1778, the solvent was launched in France under the title of “Dissolvent specifique de M. Perry” with an accompanying text entitled Recherches sur le calcul et la gravelle traduites de l’anglois printed in 1778. The solvent enjoyed wide recognition and was sold throughout Britian, Ireland, France and America forming the basis of his prosperity.  It is believed he had numerous business interests namely - book agent, farming at Attimore Hall, Hertfordshire and as a contributing writer to newspapers and journals. Directions and Observations. Relative to Food Exercise and Sleep which the Wellcome Library had attributed to William Adams was possibly written by Sampson Perry in 1772.

Military Career - Eastern Battalion of Middlesex Militia

Perry was appointed Lieutenant on 1 May, 1777 to the East Middlesex Militia, as surgeon on April 9, 1778, and finally Captain on 28 March, 1780 under Colonel George Tufnell.  Perry was requested to raise a volunteer company of Grenadiers at his own expense for defence of his country during the American War of Independence^[10] resulting in his presentation to George III through the auspices of Duke of Bedford. It is likely that Perry may have served overseas as a surgeon during this war.  

He attributes his conversations with Tufnell regarding the American War as igniting his interest in political reform. Most certainly his friendship with Thomas Paine^[11] can be attributable to his desire for political reform, away from the entrenched system of privilege enjoyed by the few and towards a more meritocratic/democratic society. Paine articulated the political ideas that Perry found palatable. Such a monumental undertaking as campaigning for political reform in the eighteenth century is a dangerous move for the power of vested interests is never relinquished without a vicious struggle. Perry was to experience such opposition when he became the sole proprietor of The Argus.

The Argus

In March, 1789 Perry invested in the perfect vehicle for disseminating reform ideas - The Argus newspaper, established at a cost of £4,000 with Perry as one of three shareholders. A firsthand account written by Alexander Stephens survives:-

“The Argus was perhaps the boldest in its opposition of any publication in any age.  Prosecution did not abate the devotion of its editor; but rather increased his zeal in the cause of democracy and reform.  Its opposition to government was manifested in every way – by argument and by ridicule in prose and in verse.  It was assisted by the pungent reasonings of Thomas Paine and by the satirical epigrams of Robert Merry; in short, it was the rendezvous of all the partisans and literary guerillas then in alliance against that system of government which has continued its ascendancy as far beyond the period assigned to by Paine, Tooke”^[12]

Pitt’s government could neutralise Perry through its use of legal processes which it controlled, the consequences of which was a sustained and vicious campaign against Perry through indictments for libels resulting in several prison sentences and substantial fines.  All his libels cases were before Lord Chief Justice Kenyon.

Libel Cases

1. A libel related to Nootka Sound stock-jobbing^[13].  Perry printed an article warning the public of stockjobbing at the ‘Change noting that agents of Pitt’s ministers were involved in the practice. In essence he was accusing Pitt and his ministers of trading on forward knowledge regarding the outcome of Nootka Sound negoitations and for publishing a false Gazette.  The Argus, 5 November 1790; Fined £100 and detained in the Marshalsea until paid.
2. Two libels on John and William Walter of The Times^[14]. “It [ The Times] was a vehicle of fraud and oppression by extorting money from individuals under false representations i.e. printing puffs”. Perry refused to apologise to the Walter’s saying that he valued his reputation/character more than imprisonment. The Argus, 8 October 1790, 30 December, 1790, 7 January 1791; convicted to 6 months in the Marshalsea July 1791 – January 1792.
3. A libel on Lady Fitzgibbon concerning her conduct^[15].  The Earl of Westmoreland (a friend of Pitt) was caught in bed with Lady Fitzgibbon. Perry claimed insertion if the offending article “was one of those evils to which a newspaper was exposed” and that he knew nothing of the matter until it was brought to his notice. Perry was insinuating that another party had inserted it. Perhaps his business partner ( sub editor?) John ”Jew” King was the culprit. King specialised in blackmail amongst other activities. The Argus, 26 February 1791; Fined £200, 6 months in the Marshalsea following expiration of the previous sentence.
4. A libel related to the House of Commons not being representative of the people^[16]. The Argus of the Constitution, 8 May 1792. Perry found guilty in absentia but never sentenced.

The following formed part of a “barrage of libels” which Perry believed awaited him if he did not leave England – imprisonment without end.

1. A libel related to an article signed as Titus^[17]  in The Argus of the Constitution #1044  11 July 1792; charged also was William Adams his publisher.
2. A libel related to an article to the conditions (Dungeon of Misery) in the Fleet Prison^[18] printed in The Argus of the People, 13 November 1792. Perry was found guilty in absentia but never sentenced.
3. A libel related to an Address to the French National Convention^[19]. The Argus of the People, 16 November 1792; found guilty in absentia but never sentenced.
4. A letter to the Editor in The Argus of the Constitution, 24 November, 1792, signed “Hampden”^[20].  Potential libel found within the Treasury Solicitors files.

Fortunately, Perry left a record for posterity of these legal tactics to be found at the beginning of his two volume “Historical Sketches of the French Revolution” entitled “The particulars of S. Perry’s case”.  In 1833, 10 years after his death, a letter was published in the Morning Advertiser on 11 January extolling Perry’s commitment to reform:-

“None suffered more than the late Sampson Perry….who underwent prosecutions, confiscations, and imprisonment. In endeavouring to effect the great object we have now obtained. …. He was imprisoned in Newgate for nearly eight years for declaring that the House of Commons did not bona fide reresent the People!”

While conducting The Argus, he fought a duel against the notorious Captain Williamson who was negatively implicated in the death of Captain James Cook.  The duel concerned information alleging a threat against George III.  Pitt and his spymaster Evan Nepean were aware of the allegations but chose to acknowledge nothing.  It is a matter which has yet to be explored by historians.

Perry’s courageous declaration in The Argus that the House of Commons was not representative of the people, which of course it wasn’t, brought down the full ire of Pitt’s government.   Prior to his trial before Chief Justice Kenyon on 8 December, 1792 he was urged to leave London by Bland Burgess until matters had “quietened down” (another ploy of Pitt’s government). He departed in late November 1792, via Brighthelmstone to Dieppe then on to Paris.

Tried in absentia on 8 December 1792 and found guilty of a libel on the House of Commons, his flight and his subsequent absence gave Pitt’s government the scope to proceed to outlawry.  Proceedings commenced in May 1793 and, as he failed to attend being called four times (6 June, 4 July,1 August and finally 28 August), he was duly outlawed “concerning trespasses, contempts and misdeamours whereof he is impeached”. This action placed Perry beyond the protection of English law should he ever return – hopefully not.  Pitt’s government had confiscated his property – The Argus (rebadged The True Briton ) in Catherine Street and his home in Argyle Street – in late 1792, early 1793 hoping that this action would effectively pauperise Perry rendering his campaigning no longer effectual.

Flight to France and his participation in the French Revolution

The French revolution which Perry believed necessary to wrought political change in France was about to enter a brutal period from 1793. The full extent of his revolutionary involvement is uncertain though Rachel Rogers^[21] is bringing it to life and has done much commendable work on Perry’s time in France.  His life appeared to be a heady brew of revolutionary fervour to which he gave full vent. Upon his arrival in Paris, he dined at Hotel de Ville at the invitation of Thomas Paine and “other revolutionaries”. He witnessed the dreams of the reformers dissolve under Robespierre’s power.  Giving his residence near Cour de Commerce just “two doors down from Danton” he was in the orbit of Desmoulins, of Jean-Paul Marat and his printing press and Huruge, the head of the Sans Culottes across the road. He participated in, as well chronicled, these turbulent events. His two volume book “Historical Sketches of the French Revolution” must be one of the first serious attempts to analyse the French Revolution.  His advantage was his long association with France from his medical studies in the 1760s, to his regular visits to his daughter Charlotte a boarder in the English Benedictine Convent and his business interests. His fluency in French in association with his many connections, were vital for cultural and social observations, make his writing more valid. We can assume that he attended the Convention, possibly wrote for newspapers, stated his intention to get The Argus published in Paris but, as yet, no record has been found. At some stage he commenced compiling, in collaboration with his brother William Perry, a French – English Pronouncing Dictionary credited as the first of its kind.  He claimed that his income was coming from England through Switzerland.  However, he may have practised medicine / surgery as well as supervising sales and distribution of his “Solvent Specifique”.  He alleges that, at the request of Herault de Seychelles, two women residing with him conveyed a letter from Seychelles to Sheridan in England – to date unconfirmed.

Despite his claim of citizenship by acclamation in March 1793, another bout of imprisonment under the Law of Suspect commenced in September 1793.  Imprisonment took him on a tour of French prisons from Madelonnettes and ending in the squalor of The Luxembourg with his friend Thomas Paine for company.

Perry Returns to England

Released from The Luxembourg on 11 November 1794, he was taken to his cottage at 225 Rue de petit Vaugirard where the seals were cut by order of the Committee of Safety and there he stayed until March 1795 when foreigners were ordered to leave France. He crossed the Channel into England in April 1795 and was immediately betrayed by a servant in the home of a friend at Frederick Street, Tottenham Court^[22] for a reward of £100.  Arrested on a writ dated 27 March 1795, he was incarcerated in Newgate on 3 April 1795 and “ordered to remain until discharged by due course of the law” - a period of almost eight years without trial on a charge of “Certain Misdeamours” and as a debtor^[23].

His Newgate Prison writings 1795 -1801

Pitt’s government incarcerations over reform inadvertently established a vibrant community of radicals / reformers in Newgate and they were highly productive.  Perry especially so, publishing books, pamphlets, fighting his Outlawry and writing journal articles.

It was announced that on Saturday 27^th October 1795 will be published by H.D. Symonds (also in Newgate) The Prospectus for The Argus or General Observer.  Designed to come out monthly, it contains a marvellous recollection of Thomas Paine “this studier of men, this reformer of governments…”

In January, 1796 Perry’s An Historical Sketch of the French Revolution was published, again by H.D. Symonds. Comprising two volumes, Historical Sketch must have been written over a long period, perhaps while Perry was in France then smuggled into England a section at a time. At the end of 1796 he came close to death from typhus which would have pleased the Pitt government enormously.  How he survived financially while in Newgate is unknown.  The financial support for his large family remains a mystery during this period despite writing for newspapers and journals notably for Sir Richard Phillips, keeping production and distribution of Adams’s solvent viable and from the farm property.

The long battle to seek his freedom was fought through the courts and in publications. Unfortunately, his efforts were stymied at every turn by Lord Chief Justice Kenyon who Perry identifies as the culprit of his long imprisonment – “[Kenyon] appeared to have harboured the most inhuman and rancorous malice against me”^[24].  This allegation was taken up by the Morning Post of 14 July 1801 -  “as long as the Chief Justice deems the reason for reversal not satisfactory …” even though his outlawry was occupying “… the consideration of some of our first lawyers”. The obfuscation by Kenyon raised comparisons with the Wilkes / Lord Mansfield case where “ Lord Mansfield pointed out errors in the proceedings…”  wrote the Morning Post and went on to write “What has the sufferer to expect by imprisonment for life? A punishment the Legislature unquestionably never intended”.  

Less than two weeks after the death of Kenyon, he received a Free Pardon on 17 May 1802. Why is it called a "free pardon"?  the answer lies in history.  There was a time when it was thought unwise to admit publicly that the High Court was capable of injustice and so the free pardon was a device whereby the court's authority and dignity was upheld and ultimate justice could still be done to the wrongly convicted person.^[25]   

What sustained Perry psychologically when all hope of freedom appeared lost?  From the commencement of his imprisonment on the Felon side of Newgate, he wrote to his readers on April 25, 1795

“My mind on its own centre stands unmov’d

And stabile as the fabric of the world”

His son, James Perry entered the French Army voluntarily on 21 May 1800 and was destined to have an illustrious career in Napoleon’s Irish Legion^[26] and then, following the disbanding of the Irish Legion in 1815, in the regular French army. He twice received the Légion d’Honneur as well as the French Ordre du Mérite Militaire and applied for and received French citizenship.

Post Newgate

After Newgate, one would assume that he would return to a quieter life; not so. He took up residence at 9 Southampton Street, Bloomsbury.  From there he conducted his medical practice, political activities, and family life. His ten years of imprisonment in England and France had not diminished his ardour for political reform. Tracing his life from this point until his death in July 1823 is problematic as only fragments can be located.  

Financially, Adams’s solvent was still being manufactured and sold extensively.  The lease on Attimore Hall was viable until 1813, he was involved with William Perry on the Pronouncing Dictionary and was William’s book agent in London.  He consulted several days a week at Southampton Street.

He married Sussanah Patience on 3 October 1809 declaring himself a Widower and her a Spinster – why did he wait so long to marry? Three months later he was at the bedside of the notorious Stoney Bowes^[27] pleading for the provisioning of Bowes’ partner and then attending Bowes’s funeral.  The death of Sussanah occurred at Chapel Lodge, Hainault Forest on 16 April, 1813 and her body was brought back to London and buried in St George’s cemetery, Bloomsbury – an expensive gesture .

On 15 October, 1814, Perry attended a meeting of the Liberty of the Press at the Crown and Anchor the purpose of which was to render pecuniary assistance to Daniel Lovell, the persecuted proprietor of The Statesman newspaper. It was possibly at this time that Perry’s involvement with The Statesman commenced.

His private life was just that, private but interesting. Perry was involved with Barbara Ogle, very much younger than he, whom he married on 24 November, 1814 at St Brides, London.  It would appear that Barbara had given birth to two children illegitimately.  At the conclusion of the 10^th edition of his Disquisition published in 1815, Perry sketched out “a faint picture of his chequered life”^[28].  While individual events may be correct, the accuracy of his timeline appears not so. Blurring of these details can be attributed to his age compounded by the negative effects of long, harsh imprisonments and political persecution.

A libel action was initiated by Perry against Lewis Goldsmith but credible information related to this matter has yet to be found. The action appears to involve distorted extracts of Goldsmith’s espionage reports though anything involving Goldsmith needs to be read with greatest of caution.  Despite age and his health, he purchased, in conjunction with another partner, The Statesman^[29] from Daniel Lovell in 1818 just prior to Lovell’s death in December. Like Perry, Lovell had endured long, vicious persecution at the hands of the British Government.

In support of the victims of the Peterloo massacre in August 1819 a meeting was held to raise funds on Thursday 2 September 1819 to which the Proprietors of The Statesman donated £5/5/- (five guineas).   Perry’s foray as one of the proprietors of The Statesman was short lived, ending in December, 1819 and inevitably resulted in debt resulting in another bout of imprisonment.  At the point of being discharged as an insolvent debtor from Whitecross prison, Perry had stopped by his home on his return to prison when he suffered a fatal heart attack on 23 July, 1823 at the age of 78. His pregnant wife Barbara and their small children were left in financial difficulty with, according to probate, only ₤40. The Times of 25 July, 1823 recorded a Coroner’s verdict as having “died by the visitation of God”.  Perry’s obituaries were published widely throughout Great Britain and in America.

He was buried on Wednesday 30 July, 1823 at St George’s Bloomsbury^[30] alongside his former wife Susannah. Major John Cartwright, a long-time campaigner for parliamentary reform, was among those men who attended the burial.  His life was marked as “preserving consistency through a long public life which marked the integrity by which it was dictated”^[31].

Recorded Marriages

Marriage was of great importance to the Georgians for it cemented business and personal connections, money and property.  One of his obituaries claims that he had married three times. In the documents relating to his marriage to Mary Armstrong in 1775 he declared on oath that he was a bachelor.  If so, it indicates that he never married Mary, the mother of his first daughter Charlotte. Of this Mary we know nothing.

No marriage has been found after Mary Armstrong’s death in 1779 until his subsequent marriage to Susannah Patience in 1809.   It is inconceivable that he did not marry in the intervening 30 years.  Sussanah Patience had accompanied him to Paris, and was known to be living at his home in Argyll Street^[32] prior to his flight to France in late 1792, and she visited Perry while he was incarcerated in Newgate^[33]… why did he wait so long to legitimatise their relationship?  The only reason which comes to mind is that he was married to someone else….but to whom?

The evidence of a marriage to Sarah Patience, supposedly the mother of his son James Perry, has proven elusive.

1. Mary (mother of Charlotte West nee Perry ) - no record has yet been found. (Died between 1769 – 1774?).  Charlotte was christened at St Catherine Cree, Leadenhall Street, in 1769.
2. Mary Armstrong (a minor), 1775 at St Jame’s Piccadilly - died in November 1779 possibly from childbirth; buried at St James Piccadilly. (No marriage for another 30 years –  improbable.)
3. Sussanah Patience 1809 – 1814 (mistress from at least 1790 until they married at St Andrews Undershaft in 1809 suggesting that Perry may have been married.)  Buried at St George’s Bloomsbury.
4. Barbara Ogle (b. 1784) married in 1814 at St Brides, Fleet Street. Together until his death in 1823.

Publications of Sampson Perry

Medical

Adams, William, Surgeon. A Disquistion of the Stone and Gravel and other diseases of the Bladder, Kidneys etc.. (First Edition). London: P. Shatwell, undated. (1771?)

Adams, William.  A Disquisition of the Stone and Gravel and other diseases of the Bladder, Kidney etc.  (Second Editon). London: P. Shatwell, 1772.

Adams, William, Surgeon. A Disquistion of the Stone and Gravel and other diseases of the Bladder, Kidneys etc.. (Third Edition). London: P. Shatwell, undated. (1772-3?).

Adams, William, Surgeon. A Disquistion of the Stone and Gravel and other diseases of the Bladder, Kidneys etc Of Carunclae and Excressences of the Passages. (Fourth Edition). London: P. Shatwell, 1775.

Perry, S. A Disquisition of the Stone and Gravel and other diseases of the Kidneys, Bladder etc..   (Fifth Edition). London: T. Beckett, 1777.

Perry, S. Recherches sur le Calcul et la Gravelle. Paris: Chez Didot le jeune, Libraire, rue des Mathurine, 1778.

Perry, S. A Disquisition of the Stone and Gravel together with strictures on the gout when combined with those disorders. Sixth Edition. London: T. Becket, 1779.

Perry, S.  A Disquisition of the Stone and Gravel with strictures on the gout when combined with those disorders.   Seventh edition improved and enlarged. London: H. Reynell, 1785.

Perry, S.  A Dissertation on the Lues Venerea, Gonorrhoea and Tabes Dorsalis or Gleet in which the Theory of these diseases.  London. 1786.

Perry, S. Further Observations of the Stone, Gravel and all other Calculous Obstructions of the Urinary Passages with additional proofs of the efficacy of a new discovery in the cure of this disease.  London: J. Murray, 1789.

Perry, S.  A Disquisition of the Stone and Gravel with Observations on the &c &c..   Tenth edition. London: Sherwood, Seely and Jones, 1815.

(The disquisitions went to 10 editions with the last edition being published in 1815)

Newspapers, Pamphlets and Periodicals

The Argus. 1789 - 1792.

The Argus of the Constitution. 1792.

The Argus of the People. 1792.

The Argus, or General Observer: a Political Miscellany. Containing the most important events in Europe and the Principal Occurrences in England, from the Meeting of the Parliament, October 29, 1795, to its dissolution, May 18, 1796. With a variety of Original Letters and Reflections on the interesting and critical Situation of the British Empire. London: H. D. Symonds, 1796.

Perry, S.  Prospectus: on Saturday the 27^th of October 1795 will be published by H.D. Symonds – a new and interesting work to be called The Argus, or, General Observer of the moral, political and commercial world.  London, 1795.

Historical

Perry, S. An Historical Sketch of the French Revolution Commencing with its Predisposing Causes and Carried on to the Acceptation of the Constitution in 1795. (2 vols.). London: H.D. Symonds, 1796.

Political

Perry, S.  Oppression!!! The Appeal of Captain Perry (late editor of the Argus) to the People of England, containing a justification of his principles and conduct which have rendered him obnoxious to ministerial tyranny; with a few remarks on the people of France, to refute the base calumnies of those interested in their ruinous crusade against the liberty and happiness of man, London: Printed for Citizen Lee, at the British tree of Liberty, No. 47 Haymarket, 1795.

Perry, S. The Origin of Government Compatible with and Founded on the Rights of Man with a few words on the constitutional object of the Corresponding Society: the whole addressed to the common sense of every Englishman. London: J.S. Jordan, 1797.

(Professor Iain McCalman alludes to Perry having written for Swainson’s pamphlet and other forms of literary expression which have not been cited. Evidence that Perry did write for Swainson has been confirmed as the matter was mentioned in the Maitland letters^[34].  Perry’s literary output is also alluded to in one of the many obituaries and personal profiles that were printed after his death.  It was stated that his writing career spanned forty years and many of his articles were anonymous and written for magazines, journals and such like in the eighteenth century and possibly through to his death in 1823.)

References

^[1]       Iain McCalman, “Sampson Perry.” British Reform Writers 1789-1832.  Ed Gary Kelly and Edd Applegate.  Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 158. (Detroit: Gale Research, 1966) Literature Resource Center. Gale. H1200007022.

^[2]      Murrays Magazine p.485

^[3]      Perry of Antigua on Internet

^[4]      Wallis, P.J. and R.V. Eighteenth century Medics. Project for Historical Biobibliography Newcastle on Tyne 1988

^[5]      William Perry aka Perry of Kelso published the Royal Standard English Dictionary in 1775 and continued to publish dictionaries throughout his life. He also published the Standard French and English Pronouncing Dictionary in 1795; allegedly the first of its kind.

^[6]      Moran, Michael E. Urolithrasis: A comprehensive history.  Springer, New York 2014. p 62

^[7]      Perry wrote the disquisition using Adams’ name.  Adams lived at 2 Princes Street Cornhill. Disquisition of the Stone and Gravel, 10^th Edition, London, 1815, 10^th edition, p.218.

^[8]      Little is known of Richard Lane unfortunately.  Perry, S. Disquisition of the Stone and Gravel, 10^th Edition, London, 1815. p218.

^[9]      There is reason to believe his practice was on, or very near, the corner of Aldersgate Road and Carthusian Street.  It is the same address as John Perry

^[10]    See 10^th Disquisition Conclusion

^[11]    see Clio Rickman, Life of Thomas Paine, 1819 available on Internet

^[12]    “Stephensiana - No. XIV.” The Monthly Magazine & British Register. 54. Iss. 375. London: R. Phillips (December, 1822): 426-427.

^[13]    TNA KB 28/356 Ro38; TS11/41 Part 4 Fo 3-14.

^[14]    TNA KB 28/357 Ro238.

^[15]    TNA KB 28/358 Ro7.

^[16]    TNA KB 28/363 Ro2; TS11/41 Part 4 Fo 15, 16, 17-20.

^[17]    TNA KB 10/48 Fo2; TS11/41 Part 4 Fo 17-20.

^[18]    TNA KB 28/363 Ro39; KB 10/48 Fo3; TS11/41 Part 4 Fo 31-35.

^[19]    TNA KB 28/363 Ro38; KB 10/48 Fo4; TS11/41 Part 4 Fo 24-30.

^[20]    TNA KB 10/48 Fo1; TS11/41 Part 4 Fo 36-49.

^[21]    It is possible to access some of Rachel Rogers’ work on the internet. See Friends of the Revolution: The British Radical community in Early Republican Paris 1792-1794, Londres Breviary Stuff Publications 2021. Another suggestion is Self and community in radical defence in the French revolutionary era: the example of Oppression!!! The Appeal of Captain Perry to the People of England (1795).

^[22]    Current opinion is that this address is the home of Celia Ogle, mother of Barbara Ogle his last wife.

^[23]    Could be confusion with another Sampson Perry who was listed as a debtor at this time.

^[24]    In his 10^th Disquisition.

^[25]   UK Parliament, Hansard, “Free Pardon” Proposed Legislation Vol 445 21/11/1983 Lord Airedale

^[26]    See Nicholas Dunne Lynch “The Irish Legion of Napoleon 1803-1815” in Academia.edu

^[27] Andrew Robinson Stoney later renamed Andrew Robinson Stoney-Bowes tricked the heiress Mary Eleanor Bowes into marriage and he mistreated her dreadfully.  Much has been written about this abusive marriage. Also see Jesse Foot, a London doctor for comments on the Bowes funeral.

^[28]    Perry, S. Disquisition on the Stone and Gravel, 10^th edition p. 217

^[29]   The Statesman located at Salisbury Court, Fleet Street.

^[30]    The cemetery is now a park behind Coram Fields.  Tombstones line the boundary.

^[31]    An obituary “The late Mr S. Perry” Morning Chronicle 27 September, 1823. London.

^[32]    See the Rates Notice for Argyll Street, London, 1791, 1792 in which “Sussanah” is noted.

^[33]    Maitland, Penelope.  Letters to Charlotte West dating between 1782-1805. Maitland-Perry MSS, The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford dated 4 May 1795.

^[34]    Maitland, Penelope.  Letters to Charlotte West dating between 1782-1805. Maitland-Perry MSS, The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.