Draft:Hondaea
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Hondaea is a genus of thraustochytrid marine protists[1]. During the evolution, this group lost its chloroplasts and became dependent on heterotrophic nutrition, deriving energy primarily by decomposing organic debris[1]. Thraustochytrids are widely distributed in various habitats especially turbid waters. They typically occur as colonizers within the leaf litter in subtropical mangrove ecosystems. A 2018 study collected Hondaea from mangroves on the island of [1][2]
Etymology
[edit]This genus was established to honor Dr. Daisuke Honda's outstanding contributions to the study of the morphology, physiology, and molecular biology of Euglena[1].
Type of species
[edit]Hondaea fermentalgiana Cagnac & Amato 2018[1][3]
History of knowledge
[edit]Species in Hondaea were initially clarified in the genus Aurantiochytrium[1]. The two genera are virtually indistinguishable morphologically but exhibit significant genetic differences. It was not until 2018 that Dellero et al. established Hondaea as a distinct genus through phylogenomic, lipid metabolism and phylogenetic analyses[1].
At the genetic level, the genome size of H. fermentalgiana (38.7 Mb) is smaller and more compact than that of A. limacinum (60.93 Mb)[1]. Differences in lipid accumulation further confirm that Hondaea and Aurantiochytrium do not belong to the same genus. According to the results of lipid metabolism studies, A. limacinum is capable of accumulating higher levels of total fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), DHA, carotenoids, and squalene, whereas H. fermentalgiana exhibits lower lipid accumulation and a distinct fatty acid and sterol composition[1]. This difference indicates variations in their regulatory mechanisms, supporting the classification of Hondaea as a distinct new genus.
Description of the organism
[edit]Morphology
[edit]Hondaea can form colonies of varying sizes, it resembles a bunch of grapes. The vegetative cells are spherical or subspherical, with a diameter of approximately 3.3–10.7 μm, and are either uninucleate or multinucleate[1]. Motile sporangia release 8–16 heterokinetically motile spores, which are 2.2–3.7 μm wide and 3.9–6.3 μm long[1]. When cultured extensively in nutrient-rich media, the cells appear beige to pale yellow[1]. No extracellular reticulate structures were observed, nor were any amoeboid cells detected. Mature sporangia release motile cells with the typical strame heterokinetospores[1].
Life cycle
[edit]The life cycle of Hondaea primarily consists of a vegetative cell stage, a multinucleate stage, and a motile spore stage, accompanied by distinct changes in lipid composition[1]. During growth, vegetative cells gradually transition to the multinucleate stage, subsequently forming motile spore cysts and releasing motile spores with heterokont flagella[1]. Concurrently, its lipid metabolism exhibits stage-specific changes, with fatty acid content peaking during the early exponential growth phase and then gradually declining[1].
Genome
[edit]The genome of Hondaea fermentalgiana is approximately 38.7 Mb in size[1]. Genomic analysis also indicates that this species has undergone at least two whole-genome duplications during its evolutionary history[1].
Habitat and ecology
[edit]Since there are few direct ecological studies on Hondaea, the characteristics described of thraustochytrids may also apply to this genus[1]. Thraustochytrids can be inferred that they are primarily found in marine or coastal environments, particularly mangrove forests[1].
However, the biodiversity of this group and its specific habitat requirements remain to be further investigated.
Practical Importance
[edit]Since organisms belonging to the thraustochytrids are capable of synthesizing a variety of lipids and bioactive compounds, these compounds hold significant potential for applications in the production of nutritinal supplements, fish feed, and health products[4].
For example, the DHA they produce aids in immune regulation. They are rich in compounds such as squalene, sterols, and carotenoids, which possess potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating effects[4].
However, studies indicate that there are significant differences in metabolic capabilities among different species of thraustochytrids. Compared to closely related species, Hondaea has a lower capacity to accumulate substances such as TAGs, and its biotechnological potential is relatively limited1. Its practical application value still depends on specific metabolic regulatory mechanisms and cultivation conditions, and further research is needed[1].
List of species
[edit]Hondaea fermentalgiana Cagnac & Amato 2018[1][3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Dellero, Younès; Cagnac, Olivier; Rose, Suzanne; Seddiki, Khawla; Cussac, Mathilde; Morabito, Christian; Lupette, Josselin; Aiese Cigliano, Riccardo; Sanseverino, Walter; Kuntz, Marcel; Jouhet, Juliette; Maréchal, Eric; Rébeillé, Fabrice; Amato, Alberto (November 2018). "Proposal of a new thraustochytrid genus Hondaea gen. nov. and comparison of its lipid dynamics with the closely related pseudo-cryptic genus Aurantiochytrium". Algal Research. 35: 125–141. Bibcode:2018AlgRe..35..125D. doi:10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.018.
- ^ Raghukumar, S.; Sharma, Sumita; Raghukumar, Chandralata; Sathe-Pathak, Veena; Chandramohan, D. (October 1994). "Thraustochytrid and fungal component of marine detritus. IV. Laboratory studies on decomposition of leaves of the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata Blume". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 183 (1): 113–131. Bibcode:1994JEMBE.183..113R. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(94)90160-0.
- ^ a b "Welcome to the NCBO BioPortal | NCBO BioPortal". bioportal.bioontology.org. Retrieved 23 April 2026.
- ^ a b Fossier Marchan, Loris; Lee Chang, Kim J.; Nichols, Peter D.; Mitchell, Wilfrid J.; Polglase, Jane L.; Gutierrez, Tony (January 2018). "Taxonomy, ecology and biotechnological applications of thraustochytrids: A review". Biotechnology Advances. 36 (1): 26–46. Bibcode:2018BiotA..36...26F. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.09.003. PMID 28911809.