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Employment Promotion Housing (雇用促進住宅, Koyō Sokushin Jūtaku), also described as accommodation for relocating workers, was a Japanese government rental-housing programme established through the employment-insurance welfare system. It provided temporary, low-rent accommodation to workers who had to move to take up employment. The programme was separate from municipal public housing and from rental housing operated by the Urban Renaissance Agency.[1]
Construction began after the establishment of the Employment Promotion Corporation in 1961. The estates were generally composed of reinforced-concrete apartment buildings, with units commonly arranged as 2K to 3DK apartments. In August 2006 the system comprised 1,532 housing complexes, 3,838 buildings and 141,722 dwellings across Japan.[1][2]
The government subsequently decided to dispose of or close the housing by the end of fiscal year 2021. Most of the remaining stock was sold in two large transactions in 2016 and 2017 to affiliates of Fortress Investment Group, and was subsequently operated as the Village House rental-housing portfolio.[3][4]
History and purpose
[edit]The Employment Promotion Corporation was created in 1961. Its enabling legislation authorized it to establish and operate accommodation for people who relocated after being placed in work through wide-area employment services provided by Japan's public employment offices.[5]
One early function of the housing was to accommodate workers displaced by the closure and rationalisation of coal mining operations. The programme was later used by people moving away from other declining industries, including shipbuilding. Housing applications were handled through public employment offices.[6]
Eligibility was widened in October 1973 to include people regarded as equivalent to relocating workers, where securing accommodation was considered necessary for employment stability. The share of tenants who met the programme's original relocating-worker category declined from 89 per cent at the end of fiscal 1975 to 32 per cent at the end of fiscal 1981.[6] Tenancies were generally granted for two years, although renewed agreements were sometimes offered depending on demand and local circumstances.
Administration passed through a succession of public bodies, including the Employment and Human Resources Development Organization of Japan. When that organisation was dissolved in October 2011, responsibility for temporarily managing and disposing of the remaining housing passed to the Japan Organization for Employment of the Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Job Seekers (JEED).[7]
Abolition and disposal
[edit]A government rationalisation plan adopted in 2001 called for the programme to be ended while taking account of existing tenants. A Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare review published in 2007 found that only 405 of the 1,532 complexes were considered readily marketable with the buildings in place. The review considered sales to existing residents, municipalities and private investors, as well as demolition and sale of cleared land.[1]
The employment-welfare provision under which the housing had operated was removed from the Employment Insurance Act in 2007. Government plans subsequently required transfer or closure of the housing to be completed by the end of fiscal year 2021. Sales were made both to local governments and to private-sector purchasers.[1]
Implementation was adjusted during periods of exceptional housing need. Following widespread job losses during the 2007–2008 financial crisis, the ministry made units that had not yet been formally closed available to workers who had also lost employer-provided accommodation.[8] The disposal timetable was modified in 2009 to permit continued use of some properties.[9] Employment Promotion Housing was also used as temporary accommodation for people displaced by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[10]
Bulk sales and subsequent use
[edit]In 2016, JEED offered two large regional portfolios for sale. The western portfolio comprised 626 complexes, 1,638 buildings and 59,904 dwellings across 27 prefectures. An affiliate of Fortress Investment Group was the sole bidder and acquired the portfolio for ¥36.622 billion.[3][11]
The eastern portfolio initially received no bids. In June 2017, a Fortress affiliate acquired the portfolio after a new tender for ¥24.824826 billion.[4] The combined transactions covered approximately 106,000 dwellings and had a purchase price of approximately ¥61.4 billion.[12]
The acquired properties were renamed and offered as Village House rental housing, managed by Village House Management. A 2019 trade-publication report described a combined portfolio of 1,149 properties and 106,318 dwellings, many dating from the 1960s onward.[13]
In 2026, The Asahi Shimbun reported that approximately ¥100 billion had been spent on renovations, including conversion of Japanese-style rooms, replacement of older bathing equipment, air-conditioner installation and seismic reinforcement. It reported that average occupancy had risen from about 30 per cent at acquisition to about 80 per cent, and that approximately one quarter of residents were foreign nationals.[12] A television report that year also examined the use of the housing by foreign workers and the multilingual communities that had developed at some estates.[14]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 3 4 雇用促進住宅の譲渡・廃止に向けた方針について [Policy concerning the transfer and abolition of Employment Promotion Housing] (in Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 28 February 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- ↑ 特殊法人等から移行した独立行政法人の業務運営の状況について [Operational status of incorporated administrative agencies converted from special public corporations] (in Japanese). Board of Audit of Japan. 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- 1 2 兵庫含む西日本の雇用促進住宅落札 東京の会社 [Tokyo company wins bid for western Japan employment-promotion housing, including Hyogo]. Kobe Shimbun (in Japanese). 13 October 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- 1 2 「雇用促進住宅」等の一括売却に係る入札結果について [Results of the bulk-sale tender for Employment Promotion Housing and related properties] (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Organization for Employment of the Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Job Seekers. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- ↑ 雇用促進事業団法 [Employment Promotion Corporation Act] (in Japanese). House of Representatives. 6 June 1961. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- 1 2 会計検査院昭和55年度検査報告 [Board of Audit report for fiscal 1980] (in Japanese). Board of Audit of Japan. 1980. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- ↑ 雇用・能力開発機構の廃止について [On the abolition of the Employment and Human Resources Development Organization] (PDF) (in Japanese). Government of Japan. 24 December 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- ↑ ハローワークにおける住宅確保のための相談支援 [Housing consultation and support through public employment offices] (in Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- ↑ 雇用・能力開発機構中期目標の変更について [Revision of the medium-term objectives of the Employment and Human Resources Development Organization] (in Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- ↑ "The Great East Japan Earthquake and Records on Employment and Labor". Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training. 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- ↑ "Fortress acquiring 60,000 employment promotion housing units for ¥37bn". Nikkei Real Estate Market Report. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- 1 2 Endo, Kazuki (9 January 2026). 雇用促進住宅をアフォーダブル住宅に 先を見た米投資ファンドの一手 [Employment Promotion Housing becomes affordable housing: a forward-looking move by a U.S. investment fund]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- ↑ ビレッジハウス・マネジメント、築古賃貸10万戸を買い取りリフォームで次々再生 [Village House Management renovates 100,000 acquired older rental units]. Reform Sangyo Shimbun (in Japanese). 15 July 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
- ↑ 「外国人400万人突破」のリアル…新大久保商店街と愛知の団地が挑む“多国籍ニッポン” [The reality of Japan's foreign population exceeding four million]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 19 June 2026. Retrieved 14 September 2026.