Edge Rewrite
everything Source code View original
// HTMLRewriter · presentation

This page was redesigned at the edge.

Cloudflare fetched the original article and streamed it through HTMLRewriter to apply an entirely new visual system without rebuilding the source page.

// request.cf · coarse context

A page that knows where it met you.

Only coarse request metadata is shown. This demo does not display or persist visitor IP addresses.

Country
US
Cloudflare location
CMH
Connection
HTTP/2
Language
Not provided

Ray ID: a448d6dc892dfa14

Jump to content

Draft:Aged garlic extract

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  • Comment: Several sections, namely "Production", "Standardisation", and "Regulatory status" cite no sources. Make sure each and every claim has a source. Cheers! Commandant Quacks-a-lot (talk) 03:27, 8 May 2026 (UTC)


Aged garlic extract is a garlic preparation created by aging and extracting raw garlic (Allium sativum L.). During the aging process, unstable sulfur compounds present in fresh garlic are decreased through chemical reactions, resulting in a preparation rich in newly formed water-soluble organosulfur compounds. Characterized by reduced odor and lower gastrointestinal irritation compared to raw garlic, it is used as a preparation for pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements.[1][2][3]

History

[edit]

Although garlic has been used since ancient times as food and medicine, its strong odor and gastrointestinal irritation have historically presented obstacles to its continuous consumption. In the 1950s, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (the then Wakunaga Yakuhin Co., Ltd.) in Japan initiated research into garlic processing technologies to overcome these undesirable features while enhancing the formation of beneficial bioactive compounds. This work resulted in the development of a preparation method involving the long-term aging and extraction of raw garlic, leading to the development of Aged garlic extract as a garlic preparation with reduced odor and irritation.[4] In 1960, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical launched LEOPIN (now KYOLEOPIN), a pharmaceutical product containing Aged garlic extract, in Japan.

From the 1970s onward, products containing Aged garlic extract have been marketed internationally under the brand name Kyolic by Wakunaga of America Co., Ltd. Beginning in the 1980s, extensive experimental and clinical research on Aged garlic extract was initiated, leading to its widespread recognition as one of the principal garlic-derived preparations.[4]

Since the 2000s, garlic preparations and products using terms such as "aged garlic extract" or "aged black garlic extract" have also been commercialized by several manufacturers. However, their chemical compositions and compound concentrations vary depending on the aging and manufacturing processes used.[5]

Research

[edit]

A variety of studies have been conducted on so-called aged garlic extracts, reporting their pharmacological effects. However, because the aged garlic extracts used among different studies may vary in their manufacturing methods—such as aging conditions and manufacturing processes—caution is required when interpreting and comparing these research findings.[5]

To date, numerous studies have been conducted both experimentally and clinically using the Aged garlic extract developed by Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The following summarizes the significant findings, including compositional changes during aging, pharmacological effects, and safety profile associated with this preparation.

Changes in chemical composition during aging

[edit]

During the long-term aging process, the concentration of allicin, which is primarily responsible for the characteristic odor and gastrointestinal irritation of fresh garlic, decreases. Concurrently, there is an increase in water-soluble sulfur-containing amino acids such as S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine (S1PC[a]), S-allylcysteine (SAC), and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC). These amino acids have been shown to possess beneficial bioactive properties.[1][3][6]

Clinical evidence

[edit]

Aged garlic extract has been investigated in various fields, including cardiology, immunology, and dentistry, backed by multiple human clinical trials to date. The main clinical findings are summarized below.

Research area Reported effects Meta-analysis(MA) /Systematic review(SR)
Blood pressure ・Reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with hypertension, including uncontrolled hypertension.[7][8][9] SR & MA[10]
Atherosclerosis ・Reduced progression of coronary artery calcification.[11]

・Reduction of pericardial adipose tissue in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors.[12] ・Reduction of low-attenuation plaque in patients with metabolic syndrome.[13]

 SR & MA [14]

SR [15]

Vascular function ・Improved flow-mediated dilation in patients with coronary artery disease.[16]

・Improved pulse wave velocity and digital thermal monitoring in firefighters exposed to occupational stress.[17] ・Improved cardio-ankle vascular index in patients with type 2 diabetes.[18]

 SR & MA [10]
Lipid metabolism ・Reduction of LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol in individuals with hypercholesterolemia.[19][20] MA [21][22]
Inflammation ・Reduced serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels in obese adults.[23]

・Reduced serum IL-6 levels in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors.[24]
Immune function ・Enhanced NK-cell and γδ T-cell activity and reduced severity of common cold symptoms in  adults.[23]

・Improved immune cell populations in the peripheral blood of obese adults.[25]
Oral health ・Improvement in gingivitis and gingival bleeding scores in healthy adults.[26]

・Improvement in periodontal pocket depth in healthy adults.[27][28]
Gut microbiota ・Increased and improved gut microbial diversity in patients with hypertension.[29] SR & MA [10]

Safety

[edit]

Aged garlic extract has been used as an ingredient in pharmaceutical products and dietary supplements for decades, underpinned by an extensive history of human consumption. In addition, multiple randomized controlled trials in patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired immune function, and periodontal disease have reported no serious adverse events following continuous intake for up to approximately one year.[30]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ "S1PC" is a registered trademark of Wakunaga Holdings Co., Ltd. (Registration No. US7435338, etc.). https://branddb.wipo.int/en/brand/US502022079359410

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 Kodera, Yukihiro; Kurita, Masahiro; Nakamoto, Masato; Matsutomo, Toshiaki (February 2020). "Chemistry of aged garlic: Diversity of constituents in aged garlic extract and their production mechanisms via the combination of chemical and enzymatic reactions". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 19 (2): 1574–1584. doi:10.3892/etm.2019.8393. ISSN 1792-0981. PMC 6966121. PMID 32010342.
  2. ↑ Amagase, Harunobu (March 2006). "Clarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic". The Journal of Nutrition. 136 (3 Suppl): 716S–725S. doi:10.1093/jn/136.3.716S. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 16484550.
  3. 1 2 Amagase, H.; Petesch, B. L.; Matsuura, H.; Kasuga, S.; Itakura, Y. (March 2001). "Intake of garlic and its bioactive components". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (3s): 955S–62S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.3.955S. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 11238796.
  4. 1 2 "History of Wakunaga Pharmaceutical". www.wakunaga.co.jp. Retrieved 18 September 2026.
  5. 1 2 Jiménez-Amezcua, Ignacio; Díez-Municio, Marina; Ruiz-Matute, Ana Isabel; Soria, Ana Cristina (August 2024). "A Comparative Study of LC-MS and FIA-(ESI)MS for Quantitation of S-Allyl-L-Cysteine in Aged Garlic Supplements". Foods. 13 (17). Basel, Switzerland: 2645. doi:10.3390/foods13172645. ISSN 2304-8158. PMC 11394311. PMID 39272411.
  6. ↑ Kodera, Yukihioro; Ushijima, Mitsuyasu; Amano, Hirotaka; Suzuki, Jun-Ichiro; Matsutomo, Toshiaki (31 March 2017). "Chemical and Biological Properties of S-1-Propenyl-l-Cysteine in Aged Garlic Extract". Molecules. 22 (4). Basel, Switzerland: 570. doi:10.3390/molecules22040570. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6154623. PMID 28362335.
  7. ↑ Ried, Karin; Frank, Oliver R.; Stocks, Nigel P. (October 2010). "Aged garlic extract lowers blood pressure in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomised controlled trial". Maturitas. 67 (2): 144–150. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.06.001. ISSN 1873-4111. PMID 20594781.
  8. ↑ Ried, K.; Frank, O. R.; Stocks, N. P. (January 2013). "Aged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: a dose-response trial". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 67 (1): 64–70. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.178. ISSN 1476-5640. PMC 3561616. PMID 23169470.
  9. ↑ Ried, Karin; Travica, Nikolaj; Sali, Avni (2016). "The effect of aged garlic extract on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in uncontrolled hypertensives: the AGE at Heart trial". Integrated Blood Pressure Control. 9: 9–21. doi:10.2147/IBPC.S93335. ISSN 1178-7104. PMC 4734812. PMID 26869811.
  10. 1 2 3 Ried, Karin (February 2020). "Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive subjects, improves arterial stiffness and gut microbiota: A review and meta-analysis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 19 (2): 1472–1478. doi:10.3892/etm.2019.8374. ISSN 1792-0981. PMC 6966103. PMID 32010325.
  11. ↑ Budoff, Matthew J.; Takasu, Junichiro; Flores, Ferdinand R.; Niihara, Yutaka; Lu, Bin; Lau, Benjamin H.; Rosen, Robert T.; Amagase, Harunobu (November 2004). "Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study". Preventive Medicine. 39 (5): 985–991. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.012. ISSN 0091-7435. PMID 15475033.
  12. ↑ Zeb, Irfan; Ahmadi, Naser; Flores, Ferdinand; Budoff, Matthew J. (June 2018). "Randomized trial evaluating the effect of aged garlic extract with supplements versus placebo on adipose tissue surrogates for coronary atherosclerosis progression". Coronary Artery Disease. 29 (4): 325–328. doi:10.1097/MCA.0000000000000587. ISSN 1473-5830. PMID 29140808.
  13. ↑ Matsumoto, Suguru; Nakanishi, Rine; Li, Dong; Alani, Anas; Rezaeian, Panteha; Prabhu, Sach; Abraham, Jeby; Fahmy, Michael A.; Dailing, Christopher; Flores, Ferdinand; Hamal, Sajad; Broersen, Alexander; Kitslaar, Pieter H.; Budoff, Matthew J. (February 2016). "Aged Garlic Extract Reduces Low Attenuation Plaque in Coronary Arteries of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in a Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Study". The Journal of Nutrition. 146 (2): 427S–432S. doi:10.3945/jn.114.202424. ISSN 1541-6100. PMID 26764322.
  14. ↑ Gadidala, Sai Kumar; Johny, Ebin; Thomas, Christy; Nadella, Mounika; Undela, Krishna; Adela, Ramu (June 2023). "Effect of garlic extract on markers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Phytotherapy research: PTR. 37 (6): 2242–2254. doi:10.1002/ptr.7729. ISSN 1099-1573. PMID 36640154.
  15. ↑ Murali, Shashank; Smith, Edward R.; Tiong, Mark K.; Tan, Sven-Jean; Toussaint, Nigel D. (5 December 2023). "Interventions to Attenuate Cardiovascular Calcification Progression: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials". Journal of the American Heart Association. 12 (23) e031676. doi:10.1161/JAHA.123.031676. ISSN 2047-9980. PMC 10727339. PMID 38014685.
  16. ↑ Williams, Michael J. A.; Sutherland, Wayne H. F.; McCormick, Maree P.; Yeoman, David J.; de Jong, Sylvia A. (April 2005). "Aged garlic extract improves endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease". Phytotherapy research: PTR. 19 (4): 314–319. doi:10.1002/ptr.1663. ISSN 0951-418X. PMID 16041725.
  17. ↑ Larijani, Vahid Nabavi; Ahmadi, Naser; Zeb, Irfan; Khan, Faraz; Flores, Ferdinand; Budoff, Matthew (January 2013). "Beneficial effects of aged garlic extract and coenzyme Q10 on vascular elasticity and endothelial function: the FAITH randomized clinical trial". Nutrition. 29 (1). Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.: 71–75. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.03.016. ISSN 1873-1244. PMC 4277702. PMID 22858191.
  18. ↑ Hamal, Sajad; Cherukuri, Lavanya; Birudaraju, Divya; Matsumoto, Suguru; Kinninger, April; Chaganti, Bhanu T.; Flores, Ferdinand; Shaikh, Kashif; Roy, Sion K.; Budoff, Matthew J. (February 2020). "Short-term impact of aged garlic extract on endothelial function in diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 19 (2): 1485–1489. doi:10.3892/etm.2019.8377. ISSN 1792-0981. PMC 6966134. PMID 32010327.
  19. ↑ Steiner, M.; Khan, A. H.; Holbert, D.; Lin, R. I. (December 1996). "A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 64 (6): 866–870. doi:10.1093/ajcn/64.6.866. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 8942410.
  20. ↑ Yeh, Y. Y.; Liu, L. (March 2001). "Cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: human and animal studies". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (3s): 989S–93S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.3.989S. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 11238803.
  21. ↑ Ried, Karin; Toben, Catherine; Fakler, Peter (May 2013). "Effect of garlic on serum lipids: an updated meta-analysis". Nutrition Reviews. 71 (5): 282–299. doi:10.1111/nure.12012. ISSN 1753-4887. PMID 23590705.
  22. ↑ Zeng, Tao; Guo, Fang-Fang; Zhang, Cui-Li; Song, Fu-Yong; Zhao, Xiu-Lan; Xie, Ke-Qin (July 2012). "A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials for the effects of garlic on serum lipid profiles". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 92 (9): 1892–1902. doi:10.1002/jsfa.5557. ISSN 1097-0010. PMID 22234974.
  23. 1 2 Nantz, Meri P.; Rowe, Cheryl A.; Muller, Catherine E.; Creasy, Rebecca A.; Stanilka, Joy M.; Percival, Susan S. (June 2012). "Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and γδ-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled nutrition intervention". Clinical Nutrition. 31 (3). Edinburgh, Scotland: 337–344. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.11.019. ISSN 1532-1983. PMID 22280901.
  24. ↑ Wlosinska, Martiné; Nilsson, Ann-Christin; Hlebowicz, Joanna; Hauggaard, Anders; Kjellin, Maria; Fakhro, Mohammed; Lindstedt, Sandra (29 April 2020). "The effect of aged garlic extract on the atherosclerotic process - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial". BMC complementary medicine and therapies. 20 (1): 132. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02932-5. ISSN 2662-7671. PMC 7191741. PMID 32349742.
  25. ↑ Xu, Changjie; Mathews, Anne E.; Rodrigues, Camila; Eudy, Brandon J.; Rowe, Cheryl A.; O'Donoughue, Alison; Percival, Susan S. (April 2018). "Aged garlic extract supplementation modifies inflammation and immunity of adults with obesity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial". Clinical nutrition ESPEN. 24: 148–155. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.11.010. ISSN 2405-4577. PMID 29576354.
  26. ↑ Zini, Avraham; Mann, Jonathan; Mazor, Sigal; Vered, Yuval (June 2018). "The Efficacy of Aged Garlic Extract on Gingivitis - A Randomized Clinical Trial". The Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 29 (2): 52–56. ISSN 0895-8831. PMID 30211991.
  27. ↑ Zini, Avraham; Mann, Jonathan; Mazor, Sigal; Vered, Yuval (November 2020). "Beneficial effect of aged garlic extract on periodontitis: a randomized controlled double-blind clinical study". Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition. 67 (3): 297–301. doi:10.3164/jcbn.20-52. ISSN 0912-0009. PMC 7705088. PMID 33293771.
  28. ↑ Zini, Avraham; Zecharyahu, Lital; Gonen, Hila; Vered, Yuval (April 2025). "Efficacy of aged garlic extract on periodontal pockets: An 18-month dose response study". Biomedical Reports. 22 (4): 76. doi:10.3892/br.2025.1954. ISSN 2049-9442. PMC 11904753. PMID 40083603.
  29. ↑ Ried, Karin; Travica, Nikolaj; Sali, Avni (2018). "The Effect of Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract on Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Markers in Hypertensives: The GarGIC Trial". Frontiers in Nutrition. 5: 122. doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00122. ISSN 2296-861X. PMC 6297383. PMID 30619868.
  30. ↑ Ried, Karin (February 2016). "Garlic Lowers Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Individuals, Regulates Serum Cholesterol, and Stimulates Immunity: An Updated Meta-analysis and Review". The Journal of Nutrition. 146 (2): 389S–396S. doi:10.3945/jn.114.202192. ISSN 1541-6100. PMID 26764326.
[edit]

PubMed search: aged garlic extract]

Category:Garlic Category:Dietary supplements

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Aged_garlic_extract&oldid=1377136466"