Hibito–Cholon languages
| Híbito–Cholón | |
|---|---|
| Cholónan | |
| (tentative) | |
| Geographic distribution | Peru |
| Extinct | late 1990s, with the death of Natividad Grández del Castillo (Híbito)[1] >2 rememberers (2021) |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | hibi1242 |
The moribund or extinct Híbito–Cholón or Cholónan languages form a proposed and widely accepted[2] language family that links two languages of Peru, Hibito and Cholón. This family was believed have gone extinct in the 1990s, but in 2021 a semispeaker was identified; she is Martha Pérez Valderrama, and she is currently the only known speaker of this language family (specifically from the Cholón).[3][4] They may also be related to the extinct Culle and Chirino languages, and perhaps to the language of the Chachapoya, but the data for all of these languages is poor.[5] This hypothetical group of languages has been termed the Cholonoid languages.[6]
Language contact
[edit]Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Leko, Mapudungun, Mochika, Kandoshi, Muniche, and Barbakoa language families due to contact.[7]
Lexicon
[edit]Several basic Hibito and Cholon words appear to be related, though the data on both languages is poor. The following examples are given in the ad hoc orthography of the three sources we have on these languages:
gloss tree water daughter son Cholón mech / meš cot / quõt / köta ñu / -ñu pul / -pul Hibito mixs / mitš cachi / otšj ñoo pool
English gloss
(translated)Hibito Cholon comparisons Martínez Compañón Tessmann animal animal (Sp.) tree mixs mees-ñgup drink vvic nig sky puxam senta heart thuo-suic aluñač God dioschu (Sp.) pain calac ysiam water cachi otšj kot Tessmann: oč, köta stars cuichas ke-nak woman etlec udū, alū yla Tessmann: udú, hilá fire ucche olho, utšj vet Tessmann: olmó, utmo daughter ñoo añu son pool apul flower chucchum ñuñap river cecllutcachi kot-ysokot brother moscaá azot Katakao: aszat 'man' fruit llagna keniya joy musug vem augilubaktam grass quiac pullo man nuum nūm, nun num Tessmann: núm, lúno moon cuiñá winžö peel Tessmann: winžö, pel eat lop̄quem amok sea lapomcachi sokotlol mother queec appan death huanc mikol die calguesquim ñgoli-čo bird cumcoc̓hi zuksill waves omium ypixsimam father cotc appa cry atzacquem yo-yam rain laamchus llisiak fish cazop asua branch mixnul pučup laugh coɥam časam sister moscaá akiñiu sun ñim nim, nijm musak Tessmann: nim, mušápo earth caloch lluspey trunk sangoch sangoč wind coctom mam meat amaà čep
Rivet (1949)
[edit]| French gloss | English translation | Hibito | Cholon |
|---|---|---|---|
| J'achète | I buy | a-msan | |
| J'ai achète | I bought | a-mzi | |
| Aiguille | Needle | kaxá | |
| Aimer | to love | a-gol'an |
References
[edit]
- ↑ Alexander-Bakkerus, Astrid (2024-12-31), "Híbito and Cholón", in Urban, Matthias (ed.), The Oxford Guide to the Languages of the Central Andes (1 ed.), Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 392–418, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198849926.003.0013, ISBN 978-0-19-884992-6, retrieved 2026-02-26
- ↑ Campbell, Lyle (2024-06-25), "Indigenous Languages of South America", The Indigenous Languages of the Americas (1 ed.), Oxford University PressNew York, pp. 182–279, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0004, ISBN 978-0-19-767346-1, retrieved 2026-03-07
- ↑ "Cholon | The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America". ailla.utexas.org. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
- ↑ "The Cholon Language Collection of Luis Miguel Rojas Berscia | The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America". ailla.utexas.org. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
- ↑ Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge (G.B.): Cambridge University press. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7.
- ↑ Urban, Matthias (2021). "Cholón and the linguistic prehistory of Northern Peru: triangulating toponymy, substrate lexis, and areal typology". Linguistic Discovery. 17 (1). doi:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.513. ISSN 1537-0852.
- ↑ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- ↑ Loukotka, Čestmír. 1949. Sur Quelques Langues Inconnues de l'Amerique du Sud. Lingua Posnaniensis I: 53-82.
- ↑ Mata, Fr. Pedro de la. 1748. Arte de la lengua Cholona. Trujillo. Manuscript held at the British Museum in London. (Republished in Inca (1923), vol. 1, pp. 690-750. Lima.)
- ↑ Tessmann, Günter. 1930. Die Indianer Nordost-Perus: grundlegende Forschungen für eine systematische Kulturkunde. Hamburg: Friederichsen, de Gruyter.
- ↑ Rivet, Paul (1949). "Les Langues De L'ancien Diocèse De Trujillo". Journal de la Société des américanistes. 38: 1–51. ISSN 0037-9174.