The term suffragettes was coined in January 1906 to refer to Emmeline Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), a women-only group formed in Manchester, England, in 1903, to campaign for "votes for women". Unlike other women's-suffrage campaigners (known as "suffragists"), the WSPU was willing to engage in civil disobedience and direct action; their motto was "deeds, not words". The term suffragette was also used by groups that broke away from the WSPU, such as the Women's Freedom League and the East London Federation of Suffragettes.