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// Workers AI · dad joke modeDoes Canada's foreign relations have a border-line personality?

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Canadian foreign aid)

Foreign relations data[1]
Diplomatic missions aboard[2]291
Countries with missions[2]189
Foreign missions in Canada[2]396
Free trade agreements[3]15
Countries with free trade agreements[3]51
Countries with sanctions
imposed by Canada[4]		24
Foreign direct investment
(2025)[5]		$1.6T
Canadian investment abroad (2025)[5]$2.4T
Value of goods and services exchanged with largest trading partner - USA (2024)[6]$1.3T
United Nations funding (2024)[7]$2.2B
Peacekeeping funding (2025)[8]$147M
Foreign aid (2024)[9]$12B
Military donations to Ukraine
(since 2022)[10]		$6.5B
Domestic support for Canada's role on the global stage[11]High
Positive international reputation[12]High

Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in global affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions.[13] Globalization has significantly influenced Canadian foreign policies,[14] with the country promoting its domestically shared values of democratization,[15] human rights,[16] diversity,[17] the rule of law,[18] and aid to developing nations[19] through participation in multiple international organizations.[20]

The "golden age of Canadian diplomacy" refers to a period in Canadian history, typically considered to be the mid-twentieth century, when Canada experienced a high level of success in its foreign relations and diplomatic efforts.[21] Canada's leading role in the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,[22] and its development of modern peacekeeping during this period played a major role in the country's positive global image.[23] Notwithstanding, Canada has faced controversy over its involvement in some foreign countries, notably the 1993 Somalia affair.[24]

Canada and the United States have a long, complex, and intertwined relationship,[25] historically close allies, co-operating regularly on military campaigns and humanitarian efforts.[26] However, Canada has long been reluctant to participate in American-led military interventions that are not sanctioned by the United Nations.[27] Canada also maintains traditional ties to the United Kingdom and to France,[28] along with both countries' former colonies through its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.[29] Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.[30]

Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and formed the North American Aerospace Defense Command together with the United States in 1958.[31] Canada has membership in the World Trade Organization, the Five Eyes, the G7 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[32] Canada acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1976,[33] joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990,[34] and seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).[35] Canada has diplomatic and consular offices in over 270 locations in approximately 189 countries,[2] and is a signatory to 15 free trade agreements with 51 different countries.[36]

Post cold war history

[edit]

The foreign policies of Canada and its predecessor colonies were under British control until the 20th century. This included wars with the United States in 1775-1783 and 1812–1815. Economic ties with the U.S. were always close. Political tensions arose in the 19th century from anti-British sentiment in the U.S. in the 1860s. Boundary issues caused diplomatic disputes resolved in the 1840s over the Maine boundary and in the early 20th century over the Alaska boundary. There is ongoing discussion regarding the Arctic. Canada-US relations have been friendly in the 20th and 21st centuries.[37]

Canada participated in Britain's wars, especially the Boer war, World War I and World War II. However, there was a bitter dispute between Francophone and Anglophone Canada during the First World War. Canada had its own seat in the League of Nations but played a small role in world affairs until the 1940s.[38]

Contemporary multilateralism

[edit]
The Canadian Delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco, May 1945.

The "golden age of Canadian diplomacy" refers to a period in Canadian history, typically considered to be the mid-twentieth century, when Canada experienced a high level of success in its foreign relations and diplomatic efforts.[39] In the early Cold-War years, Canada served as a mediator in international conflicts,[40] and has since fostered a very positive reputation on the world stage, widely viewed as a responsible and ethical country.[41]

Canada's foreign policies with a tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions have been implemented since the end of World War II.[42][43][44][45] Canada's central role in the development of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in late 1940s,[46][47] and peacekeeping in the mid-1950s gave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the "common good" of all nations,[48] with the notion of peacekeeping becoming deeply embedded in Canadian culture and a distinguishing feature that Canadians feel sets their foreign policy apart from its closest ally, the United States.[49][50][51]

Canada has been engaged with the United Nations, NATO and the European Union (EU) in promoting its middle power status into an active role in world affairs.[52][53] Canada promotes its domestically shared values such as health, education, food security, climate action, gender equality, economic stability, human rights, and democracy through multilateral organizations, including World Bank Group, World Food Programme, UNICEF, and the Global Fund,[54] as well as Canadian organizations like Nutrition International, Grand Challenges Canada, and Save the Children.[55] Approximately 80% to 90% of Canadians "strongly support" maintaining an active role on the global stage.[56]

Militarily, Canada has long been reluctant to participate in operations that are lacking UN Security Council approval,[57][27] such as the Vietnam War, the 2003 Iraq War and 2026 Iran war.[57][27] Canada has participated in US-led, UN-sanctioned operations such as the first Gulf War, in Afghanistan and Libya.[57][27] The country also participates with its NATO allies in UN-sanctioned missions, such as the Kosovo Conflict and in Haiti.[57][27]

Foreign aid

[edit]
Former Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the Haiti Ministerial Preparatory Conference addressing earthquake relief in Montreal, 25 January 2010

Canada's foreign aid is deeply related to multilateralism, with funding of official development assistance directed through multilateral and bilateral organizations.[58] Canada provides assistance with the aim of reducing global poverty and sustainable development that promotes stability, as outlined by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.[59]

In the 2023-2024 fiscal year, Canada spent $12 billion on foreign aid.[60] Canada is the 6th-largest overall contributor of official development assistance and the fifteenth largest when measured as a proportion of its gross national income.[61] In 2024, Canada's ODA reached approximately CAD$9.6 billion (US$7.4 billion), representing 0.34% of its GNI,[62] making it a significant donor among OECD countries.[63][64]

In the 2023-2024 fiscal year, Canada allocated $2.2 billion to multiple UN organizations including those related to peacekeeping, policing, research, training, climate change and humanitarian efforts such as medicine and food distribution.[7] Canada also provided $2 billion in the form of loans to Ukraine for urgent payments needs in support of its economic stability,[65] with a multi-year pledge totaling $6.5 billion in military support for the Russo-Ukrainian war.[10]

A 2024 survey by Abacus Data indicated that Canadians generally support Canada's global engagement, particularly in providing international assistance.[66] A separate poll by CanWaCH found that 81% of Canadians support Canada providing Official Development Assistance funding.[67] Furthermore, 77% of Canadians believe it's important for Canada to help other countries in need.[67]

Contemporary bilateralism

[edit]

Canada maintains bilateral relations with numerous countries, characterized by diplomatic, economic, cultural, and security dimensions.[68] One important difference between Canadian and American bilateral foreign policies has been in relations with communist governments.[69] Canada established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (13 October 1970) long before the Americans did (1 January 1979).[70] It also has maintained trade and diplomatic relations with communist Cuba, despite pressures from the United States.[71]

Largest trading partner

[edit]
President Donald Trump and Prime Minister Mark Carney, May 2025

The trade relationship between Canada and the United States is one of the largest in the world.[72] In 2023, the goods and services trade between the two countries totalled US$916 billion with U.S. exports valued at US$440 billion and Canadian exports at US$476 billion, resulting in a United States US$36 billion trade deficit with Canada.[73] In 2024, every day, around 328,000 people and $3.6 billion (US$2.6 billion) in goods and services crossed the Canada–U.S. border resulting in around $1.3 Trillion annually.[6] Canada has historically held a trade deficit with the United States in every year since 1985 in net trade of goods, excluding services.[74]

The close economic partnership was facilitated by shared economic interests and previously strong bilateral trade agreements.[75] Cross-border projects, such as communications, highways, bridges, and pipelines, have led to shared energy networks and transportation systems.[76] Despite these facts, historic and recurring disputes have included trade disagreements on natural resources such as softwood lumber, uncertainty over oil exports, illegal immigration, terrorism threats, and illicit drug trafficking. During President Donald Trump's second term beginning in 2025, the U.S. initiated a trade war with Canada and issued threats of annexation that have strained bilateral relations,[77] with 2025 surveys showing increased and unprecedented distrust and negative views of the United States government by Canadians.[78][79][80] Historically, a majority of Canadians have held mostly favorable views of the United States.[78]

Free trade agreements

[edit]
  Canada
  Countries and territories with free trade agreements

Canada is a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1 January 1995, having been an original GATT member since 1 January 1948.[81] Canada has concluded free trade agreements with 51 countries,[36] recently with South Korea, which represents Canada's first FTA with a partner in the Asia-Pacific region. Canada has two other significant overseas multilateral trade agreements: the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with the European Union and the 11-nation Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) with 10 other Pacific-Rim countries.[82]

Canadian exports account for roughly 2.4% of the total value of goods exported worldwide, projected at US$23.926 trillion for 2024.[83] Of that total trade, roughly 70% to 75% is done with countries that are part of free trade agreements with Canada—primarily the United States through the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreemen being the largest.[84][85]

Top 15 trading partners of Canada (2025)[83]
United StatesUS$403.6 billion (72.5%)
United Kingdom$33.4 billion (6%)
mainland China$24.4 billion (4.4%)
Japan$10.4 billion (1.9%)
Netherlands$6.8 billion (1.2%)
Germany$6.5 billion (1.2%)
Mexico$6.3 billion (1.1%)
South Korea$5.1 billion (0.9%)
France$3.6 billion (0.6%)
Italy$2.8 billion (0.5%)
India$2.76 billion (0.5%)
Hong Kong$2.71 billion (0.5%)
Belgium$2.7 billion (0.5%)
Australia$2.4 billion (0.4%)
Singapore$2.3 billion (0.4%)

Territorial and boundary disputes

[edit]
A bottle of cognac and cans of pork and fruit left by Danish forces on Hans Island in 2003

In addition to sharing the world's largest land border with the United States—spanning 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi)[a]—Canada shares a short (1,280 metres (4,200 ft)) land border with Greenland (and hence the Kingdom of Denmark) to the northeast, on Hans Island,[87] and a maritime boundary with France's overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon to the southeast.[88]

Canada and the United States have negotiated the boundary between the countries over many years, with the last significant agreement having taken place in 1984 when the International Court of Justice ruled on the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Maine.[89] Likewise, Canada and France had previously contested the maritime boundary surrounding the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, but accepted a 1992 International Court of Arbitration ruling.[90]

The Whisky War was an amicable border dispute between the Kingdom of Denmark and Canada over Hans Island.[91] Between 1973 and 2022, the island was under dispute between the two nations, although never in direct conflict or violence.[92] Both countries agreed on a process in 2005 to resolve the issue,[93] which was finally settled in 2022, resulting in the creation of a land border on the island between the two states.[94]

Remaining disputes include managed maritime boundary disputes with the US (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Machias Seal Island).[95][96]

Arctic disputes

[edit]
Northwest Passage routes

The Canadian government considers the Northwestern Passages part of Canadian Internal Waters,[97] but the United States and various European countries maintain they are an international strait or transit passage, allowing free and unencumbered passage.[98]

Administration

[edit]

In 1982, responsibility for trade was added with the creation of the Department of External Affairs and International Trade. In 1995, the name was changed to Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.

Global Affairs Canada's headquarters, the Lester B. Pearson Building in Ottawa

Canada has often carried out its foreign policy through coalitions and international organizations, and through the work of numerous federal institutions (e.g.: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police International Peace Operations Branch [99] or deployments of personnel by the Correctional Service of Canada[100]). Under the aegis of Canadian foreign policy, various departments and agencies conduct their own international relations and outreach activities. For example, the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence conduct defence diplomacy in support of national interests, including through the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés,[101] participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g., the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation,[102] and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.

Canada's international relations are the responsibility of the Department of Global Affairs, which is run by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Traditionally the Prime Minister has played a prominent role in foreign affairs decisions. Foreign aid, formerly delivered through the Canadian International Development Agency, has been administered by DFATD since March 2013.[103]

Federalism and foreign relations

[edit]

The provinces have a high level of freedom to operate internationally, dating to 1886 and Quebec's first representative to France, Hector Fabre. Alberta has had representatives abroad, starting with Alberta House in London (37 Hill Street), since 1948, and British Columbia around 25 years before that.[104] By 1984, Quebec had offices in ten countries including eight in the United States and three in other Canadian provinces while Ontario had thirteen delegations in seven countries.[105]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Canada maintains diplomatic relations with by date:

# Country Date[106]
1 United Kingdom 1 July 1926
2 United States 18 February 1927[107]
3 France 31 January 1928
4 Japan 31 January 1928
5 Belgium 3 January 1939
6 Netherlands 3 January 1939
7 Ireland 11 September 1939
8 New Zealand 11 September 1939
9 South Africa 11 September 1939
10 Australia 2 November 1939
11 Argentina 14 November 1940
12 Brazil 14 November 1940
13 Chile 9 October 1941
14 Serbia 9 February 1942
15 Norway 9 February 1942
16 Poland 9 February 1942
17 Russia 12 June 1942
18 Czech Republic 5 November 1942
19 Greece 5 November 1942
20 Sweden 2 July 1943[108]
21 Mexico 30 January 1944
22 Peru 30 January 1944
23 Turkey 4 August 1944
24 Luxembourg 3 January 1945
25 Cuba 16 March 1945
26 India 6 April 1945
27  Switzerland 24 June 1945[109]
28 Denmark 5 December 1945
29 Iceland 6 June 1947[110]
30 Italy 13 August 1947
31 Finland 21 November 1947[111]
32 Uruguay 11 March 1948[112]
33 Philippines 4 December 1949
34 Pakistan 8 December 1949
35 Germany 8 November 1951[113]
36 Portugal 18 January 1952
37 Austria 9 August 1952
38 Indonesia 9 October 1952[114]
39 Colombia 6 November 1952
40 Venezuela 22 November 1952
41 Spain 21 February 1953
42 Sri Lanka 20 August 1953
43 Dominican Republic 22 April 1954
44 Haiti 12 May 1954
45 Egypt 28 July 1954
46 Israel 28 July 1954
47 Lebanon 26 August 1954
— Iran (suspended) 9 January 1955[115]
48 Tunisia 9 September 1957
49 Ghana 30 October 1957
50 Malaysia 29 March 1958
51 Myanmar 9 August 1958
52 Nigeria 1 October 1960
53 Costa Rica 20 January 1961
54 Paraguay 5 February 1961
55 Ecuador March 1961
56 Sierra Leone 27 April 1961
57 Sudan 29 May 1961
58 Bolivia May 1961
59 Iraq 27 June 1961
60 Honduras June 1961
61 Nicaragua June 1961
62 Panama 11 August 1961[116]
63 Cyprus 14 August 1961
64 Guatemala 16 September 1961
65 Thailand 8 November 1961
66 Cameroon 7 December 1961
67 Tanzania 9 December 1961
68 El Salvador 29 December 1961
69 Chad 12 February 1962
70 Republic of the Congo February 1962
71 Gabon February 1962
72 Guinea 28 March 1962
73 Benin 27 April 1962
74 Burkina Faso 27 April 1962
75 Ivory Coast 27 April 1962
76 Niger 27 April 1962
77 Morocco 17 May 1962
78 Senegal 1 June 1962
79 Togo 7 June 1962
80 Democratic Republic of the Congo 12 June 1962
81 Central African Republic 13 June 1962
82 Jamaica 2 August 1962[117]
83 Uganda 9 October 1962
84 Mali 7 January 1963
85 South Korea 14 January 1963
86 Trinidad and Tobago 28 February 1963
87 Malawi November 1963
88 Kenya 5 May 1964
89 Hungary 11 June 1964
90 Zambia 24 October 1964
91 Jordan 23 December 1964
92 Malta 23 December 1964
93 Madagascar 7 January 1965
94   Nepal 18 January 1965
95 Kuwait 27 April 1965
96 Syria 20 May 1965
97 Ethiopia 13 October 1965
98 Algeria 12 November 1965
99 Rwanda 23 November 1965[118]
100 Singapore 7 March 1966
101 Guyana 26 May 1966
102 Bulgaria 4 July 1966
103 Gambia 24 August 1966
104 Barbados 30 November 1966
105 Romania 4 April 1967
106 Lesotho 27 April 1967
107 Mauritius 27 August 1967
108 Somalia 23 June 1968
109 Afghanistan 17 July 1968
110 Libya 26 October 1968
111 Eswatini 29 October 1968[119]
112 Mauritania 12 December 1968
113 Botswana 19 December 1968
114 Burundi 27 March 1969[120]
— Holy See 15 October 1969
115 Fiji 10 October 1970[121]
116 China 13 October 1970
117 Liberia 24 February 1971
118 Tonga 11 June 1971
119 Samoa 11 June 1971
120 Bangladesh 14 February 1972
121 Bahamas 23 November 1972
122 Bahrain 2 February 1973[122]
123 Saudi Arabia 8 May 1973
124 Vietnam 21 August 1973
125 Mongolia 30 November 1973
126 Oman 2 February 1974
127 Qatar 2 February 1974
128 United Arab Emirates 2 February 1974
129 Grenada 7 February 1974
130 Laos 15 June 1974
131 Mozambique 25 June 1975
132 Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975
133 Yemen 30 December 1975
134 Guinea-Bissau 26 March 1976
135 Seychelles 29 June 1976[123]
136 Cape Verde 20 July 1976
137 Suriname 2 November 1976[124]
138 Comoros 16 June 1977
139 Angola 3 February 1978
140 Djibouti 13 June 1978
141 Solomon Islands 7 July 1978
142 São Tomé and Príncipe 13 December 1978
143 Dominica 21 December 1978
144 Saint Lucia 22 February 1979
145 Kiribati 12 July 1979
146 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 19 September 1979
147 Zimbabwe 19 April 1980
148 Vanuatu 30 July 1980
149 Equatorial Guinea 20 August 1980
150 Tuvalu 23 September 1980
151 Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981
152 Belize 24 November 1981[125]
153 Maldives 14 December 1981
154 Saint Kitts and Nevis 11 October 1983[126]
155 Brunei 7 May 1984[127]
156 Albania 10 September 1987
157 Namibia 21 March 1990
158 Estonia 26 August 1991
159 Latvia 26 August 1991
160 Lithuania 26 August 1991
161 Cambodia 25 November 1991[128]
162 Slovenia 7 January 1992[129]
163 Ukraine 27 January 1992
164 Armenia 31 January 1992
165 Kyrgyzstan 17 February 1992
166 Moldova 20 February 1992
167 Tajikistan 28 March 1992[130]
168 Uzbekistan 7 April 1992[131]
169 Kazakhstan 10 April 1992[132]
170 Turkmenistan 17 April 1992[133]
171 Belarus 21 May 1992
172 Azerbaijan 10 July 1992[134]
173 Georgia 23 July 1992
174 Slovakia 1 January 1993[135]
175 Croatia 14 April 1993
176 Eritrea 28 October 1993[136]
177 Bosnia and Herzegovina 14 December 1995[137]
178 Andorra 14 February 1996
179 Liechtenstein 12 March 1996
180 North Macedonia 4 July 1996[138]
181 Marshall Islands 14 August 1997
182 Palau 27 August 1997
183 Nauru 11 September 1997[139]
184 San Marino 24 November 1997[140]
185 Federated States of Micronesia 3 March 1998
— North Korea (suspended) 6 February 2001[141]
186 Timor-Leste May 2002[142]
187 Bhutan 25 June 2003[143]
188 Montenegro 5 September 2006[144]
189 Monaco 13 March 2008[145]
— Kosovo 7 April 2009[146]
190 South Sudan 22 December 2011[147]
— Cook Islands 20 May 2023[148]
— Niue 12 September 2023[149][150]

Diplomatic missions

[edit]

Canada has an extensive diplomatic network maintained by Global Affairs Canada.There are 179 consulates and almost 112 embassies of Canada located around the world.[2] Canada hosts around 285 consulates, 110 foreign embassies and 9 high commissions in the country.[2] Several other countries accredit their embassies and missions in the United States to Canada.

Diplomatic missions of Canada[151]
  Countries that host a Canadian Embassy or High Commission
  Interests section and other representations
  Countries that do not host Canadian diplomatic missions
  Canada

Multilateral relations

[edit]

Canada’s relations within the Americas

[edit]

Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and has been an active member, hosting the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000.

Canada–Caribbean relations

[edit]

There are long-established relationships between Canada and the many states of the Caribbean or West Indies. These ties have been on-going throughout the history of both regions. Initially these relations were based on the policies of European colonial powers in the Americas. More recently, both Canada and most of the Caribbean islands have achieved self-government, putting their relations into a different phase. CARICOM diplomats have referred to Canada as a '"special friend" of the Caribbean at the regional and bilateral levels.'[152] Ties exist in such plurality of organs such as: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Organization of American States, ParlAmericas, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization.

Canada–Commonwealth of Nations

[edit]

Canada maintains close links to the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, with which Canada has strong historic ties and shares a monarch. It also remains a member of the Commonwealth.

Canada–Europe and Canada–European Union relations

[edit]

Relations between Canada and the European Union (EU), and its predecessors, date back to the 1950s.[153] Since then, they have grown from a primarily economic relationship, into a partnership including cooperation on trade, foreign policy, security, defence, energy, and science. The EU has described Canada as "global strategic partner" and a "trusted partner for Europe"[154][155], and the EU is Canada's second-largest trading partner.[156] On 16 September, 2026, President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen invited Canada to become the first ever "associate member" of the European Union.[157]

International organizations

[edit]
Organization Main article Missions of Canada to: Heads of mission from Canada
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Canada–NATO relations North Atlantic Council (Brussels) List of permanent representatives of Canada to NATO
Organization of American States Canada–Latin America relations Organization of American States (Washington, D.C.) List of permanent representatives and observers of Canada to the Organization of American States
United Nations Canada and the United Nations
  • UN in New York
  • UN in Geneva
  • UN in Nairobi
  • UNESCO in Paris
  • FAO in Rome
  • ICAO in Montreal
 List of ambassadors of Canada to the United Nations

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
Algeria1962

Algeria is Canada's top trading partner in Africa.[citation needed]

Angola1978
Burundi1969
Cameroon7 December 1961

Cameroon and Canada have established diplomatic ties on 7 December 1961[160] with three agreements and four protocoles signed in 1965. Both countries share the use of English and French as the two official languages as well as memberships in the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and The Commonwealth.

  • Cameroon has a high commission in Ottawa.[161]
  • Canada has a high commission in Yaoundé.[162]
Cape Verde1976

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1976.[163]

  • Canada is accredited to Cape Verde from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal.
  • Cape Verde is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Comoros1977
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1977.[164]
  • Canada is accredited to the Comoros from its high commission in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
  • Comoros is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Both countries are full members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.
Côte d'Ivoire1962
  • Canada has an embassy in Abidjan.
  • Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Ottawa.
Democratic Republic of the Congo1960
  • Canada has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Ottawa.
Egypt1954

Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954.

  • Canada has had an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
Equatorial Guinea1968
  • Canada is accredited to Equatorial Guinea from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.[165]
  • Equatorial Guinea is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.
Eswatini1968
  • Canada is accredited to Eswatini from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique.[166]
  • Eswatini is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[166]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
Ethiopia1956
  • Canada has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Ottawa.
Kenya1965
  • Canada has a High Commission in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has a high commission in Ottawa.
Lesotho1966
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966.[167]
  • Canada accredited to Lesotho from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[167]
  • Lesotho has a high commission in Ottawa[167]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
Madagascar1965
  • Canada is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[168]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Ottawa.[169]
Malawi1973
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1973.[170]
  • Canada is accredited to Malawi from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique.
  • Malawi is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Mali1978
  • Canada has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Ottawa.
  • Canada has donated one billion dollars (US$, 2007) in bilateral development aid to Mali between 1962 and 2007, ranking it Mali's fifth-largest bilateral donor. Canada's development work in Mali has been chiefly in the railways, telecommunications and hydroelectricity sectors, in the management of government decentralization, in education and health.
  • Canada has contributed 9% towards the cost of the regional peace-keeping school, École de maintien de la paix Alioune Blondin Beye de Bamako, and has provided Canadian trainers to the school.
  • Two industrial, open-pit gold mines in Mali, Sadiola and Yatela, are partly owned by Canadian mining company IAMGOLD Corporation, and financed in part by Canada's public pension funds. Together, they contributed to one-half of Mali's industrial gold production during 1996–2007.
  • In 2005, there were 73 Canadian-owned mining properties in Mali. At least thirteen junior Canadian mining companies held exploration licences in Mali in 2009.
  • Over the period 2001–2005, Canadian mining assets in Mali represented 31% of Mali's total stock of foreign direct investment.
  • Malian-Canadian immigrants made up 0.0027% of the Canadian population in 2006.
Morocco1956
Mozambique1975
  • Canada has a high commission in Maputo.
  • Mozambique is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Namibia1977
  • Canada is accredited to Namibia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Nigeria1 October 1960
Senegal1962
  • Canada has an embassy in Dakar.[175]
  • Senegal has an embassy in Ottawa.[176]
South Africa1939

Canada established diplomatic relations with numerous countries, including South Africa, as World War II broke out.

  • Canada has a high commission in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has a high commission in Ottawa.
Tunisia1957
Zambia1964
  • Canada has an office of the high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Ottawa.

Canada currently has a development assistance program in Zambia, which is focused on the health sector to provide Zambians with equal access to quality health care. Canada and Zambia are currently in the process of negotiating a Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement.[177]

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
ArgentinaApril 1940 See Argentina–Canada relations

Canada's first ambassador to Buenos Aires, began his assignment in 1945. In 2011 Canada's largest imports were decorative items gold, wines and Iron and steel pipes.[178] Canada's largest exports to Argentina were Energy-related products; telephones sets, and fertilizers.[178] Bilateral trade in 2014 was $2.19 billion.[179] Both countries are members of the Organization of American States and the Cairns Group.

  • Argentina has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
  • Canada has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
Antigua and Barbuda1981

Antigua & Barbuda and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1967.[180][181]

  • Antigua and Barbuda is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and has a consulate-general in Toronto.
  • The Canadian High Commission in Bridgetown, Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda.[182]
The Bahamas1973 The Commonwealth of The Bahamas and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.
Barbados30 November 1966

Barbados and Canada are both members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

In 1907, the Government of Canada opened a Trade Commissioner Service to the Caribbean region located in Bridgetown, Barbados. Following Barbadian independence from the United Kingdom in November 1966, the Canadian High Commission was established in Bridgetown, Barbados in September 1973. There is a Barbadian High Commission in Ottawa and a Barbadian Consulate in Toronto. The relationship between both nations today partly falls within the larger context of Canada–Caribbean relations.

BelizeNovember 1981

The nations of Belize and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

  • Belize is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Canada is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Guatemala, City, Guatemala.
BrazilMay 1941
Chile1941

Canada and Chile are both members of: the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

Since 1997 Canada and Chile's trade relations have been governed by the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement, Chile's first full free trade agreement and Canada's first with a Latin American nation.[184]

  • Canada has an embassy in Santiago.
  • Chile has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
ColombiaJanuary 1953
Cuba1945

Canada has maintained consistently cordial relations with Cuba, in spite of considerable pressure from the United States, and the island is also one of the most popular travel destinations for Canadian citizens. Canada-Cuba relations can be traced back to the 18th century, when vessels from the Atlantic provinces of Canada traded codfish and beer for rum and sugar. Cuba was the first country in the Caribbean selected by Canada for a diplomatic mission. Official diplomatic relations were established in 1945, when Emile Vaillancourt, a noted writer and historian, was designated Canada's representative in Cuba. Canada and Mexico were the only two countries in the hemisphere to maintain uninterrupted diplomatic relations with Cuba following the Cuban Revolution in 1959.

  • Canada has an embassy in Havana and honorary consuls in Varadero and Guardalavaca.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates in Montreal and Toronto.
Dominica1979

Canada and the Commonwealth of Dominica are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the United Nations.

  • Canada is accredited to Dominica from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.
  • Dominica is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
El Salvador29 December 1961
  • Canada has an embassy in San Salvador.
  • El Salvador has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg.
Greenland

Greenland (within the Kingdom of Denmark), and Canada are connected through indigenous culture and language, which is shared by the Inuit across Arctic Canada and also Alaska.[185] Both nations maintain cooperation and good relations through the Arctic Council and under the auspices of the Arctic Coastal States. In addition, both act as close partners at: Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC), Nordic Council, Nordic Atlantic Cooperation, and the West Nordic Foundation. Through the expansion of self-government in Greenland since 1979 both nations, but especially the administration at Nuuk have attached strategic importance to their bilateral relations with Canada in the areas of the politics, economic and trade relations and in the fields of education, science and culture.[186]

  • Canada maintains an embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark, and a consulate in capital city Nuuk.
  • Greenland maintains a non-resident office in Washington, D.C., with a Head of Representation.
Grenada7 February 1974

Canada and Grenada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

  • Canada is accredited to Grenada from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.
  • Grenada is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Guatemala16 September 1961
  • Canada has an embassy in Guatemala City.
  • Guatemala has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Guyana1964

Canada and the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

Haiti1954

Canada and Haiti are both members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

  • Canada has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
  • Haiti has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
Honduras1961
  • Canada has an embassy in Tegucigalpa.
  • Honduras has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
Jamaica1962

Canada and Jamaica are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

  • Since 4 March 1963, Canada has a high commission in Kingston.
  • Jamaica has a high commission in Ottawa.
MexicoJanuary 1944

Despite the fact that historic ties between the two nations have been coldly dormant, relations between Canada and Mexico have positively changed in recent years; seeing as both countries brokered the North American Free Trade Agreement. Although on different sides of the Cold War spectrum (Canada was a member of NATO while Mexico was in the Non-Aligned Movement, the two countries were still allies in World War II.)

Panama1961
Paraguay1961
Peru21 October 1944
Trinidad and Tobago31 August 1962

Canada and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

  • Canada has a high commission in Port of Spain.
  • Trinidad and Tobago has a high commission in Ottawa.
United States18 February 1927

Relations between Canada and the United States span more than two centuries, marked by a shared British colonial heritage, conflict during the early years of the U.S., and the eventual development of one of the most successful international relationships in the modern world. The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and, apart from minor raids, has remained peaceful. Military collaboration began during the World Wars and continued throughout the Cold War, despite Canadian doubts about certain American policies. A high volume of trade and migration between the U.S. and Canada has generated closer ties, despite continued Canadian fears of being overwhelmed by its neighbour, which is ten times larger in population, wealth and debt.[196]

Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners, share the world's longest shared border,[197] and have significant interoperability within the defence sphere.

UruguayJanuary 1953
  • Canada has an embassy in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general in Montreal and Toronto, and an honorary consul in Vancouver.
VenezuelaJanuary 1953

In February 1948 there was a Canadian consulate-general in Caracas and a Venezuelan consulate-general in Montreal. In that year the Venezuelan Consul General, on behalf of the government of Venezuela, made a rapprochement with Canada in order to open direct diplomatic representations between the two countries;[198] but the Canadian government delayed the opening of a diplomatic mission in Venezuela because of the lack of enough suitable personnel to staff a Canadian mission in Venezuela and the impossibility of Canada beginning a representation in Venezuela in that year without considering a policy of expansion of Canadian representation abroad.[199]

In the interest of protecting Canadian trade with Venezuela and considering the difficulties for business in being without a Canadian representation in Caracas, Canada was pushed to accept the Venezuelan offer of exchanging diplomatic missions.[200] Finally Canada elevated the former office of the Canadian Consulate General in Caracas to the category of embassy in 1953.[201]

Venezuela established an embassy in Canada in 1952.[202] Since then there have been good commercial relations between the two countries, especially in technology, oil and gas industry, telecommunications and others. In June 2019, Canada closed its embassy in Caracas due to diplomatic visas unable to be renewed under President Maduro's government.[203]

  • Venezuela has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

Asia

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
Afghanistan1960s
1968 (officially)		See Afghanistan–Canada relations

The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Afghanistan to its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid.[195]

See also: War in Afghanistan, Embassy of Canada in Kabul, List of ambassadors of Canada to Afghanistan

Armenia1992 See Armenia–Canada relations
  • Armenia has an embassy in Ottawa.
  • Canada has an embassy in Yerevan.[204]
Azerbaijan1992 See Azerbaijan–Canada relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ottawa.
  • Canada is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
Bangladesh1972 See Bangladesh–Canada relations
  • Bangladesh has a high commission in Ottawa.
  • Canada has a high commission in Dhaka.
Brunei1984-05-07See Brunei–Canada relations
China1970-10-13See Canada–China relations

Since 2003, China has emerged as Canada's second largest trading partner, passing Britain and Japan. China now accounts for approximately six percent of Canada's total world trade. According to a recent study by the Fraser Institute, China replaced Japan as Canada's third-largest export market in 2007, with CA$9.3 billion flowing into China in 2007. Between 1998 and 2007, exports to China grew by 272 percent, but only represented about 1.1 per cent of China's total imports. In 2007, Canadian imports of Chinese products totalled C$38.3 billion. Between 1998 and 2007, imports from China grew by almost 400 percent.[205] Leading commodities in the trade between Canada and China include chemicals, metals, industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment, wood products, and fish products.[206]

Trade tariffs and other incidents in 2019, including the arrest of top Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou[207] have frozen relations between the two countries.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Canada, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang internment camps.[208]

Georgia1992-07-23 See Canada–Georgia relations
India1947-08-15See Canada–India relations

In 2004, bilateral trade between India and Canada was at about C$2.45 billion.[209] However, India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test led to connections between the two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the terms of the Colombo Plan.[210] Although Jean Chrétien and Roméo LeBlanc both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted after the Pokhran-II tests.[210] In 2023, Justin Trudeau accused the Indian government of involvement in the killing of a Sikh-Canadian leader, Hardeep Singh Nijjar on Canadian soil. "Any involvement of a foreign government in the killing of a Canadian citizen on Canadian soil is an unacceptable violation of our sovereignty," the Prime Minister stated to the House of Commons.[211]

  • Canada has a high commission in New Delhi and has a consulate-general in Mumbai.
  • India has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.
Indonesia1952See Canada–Indonesia relations
Iran1955 ended 2012See Canada–Iran relations

Canadian-Iranian relations date back to 1955, up to which point the Canadian Consular and Commercial Affairs in Iran was handled by the British Embassy. A Canadian diplomatic mission was constructed in Tehran in 1959 and raised to embassy status in 1961. Due to rocky relations after the Iranian Revolution, Iran did not establish an embassy in Canada until 1991 when its staff, which had been living in a building on Roosevelt Avenue in Ottawa's west end, moved into 245 Metcalfe Street in the Centretown neighbourhood of Ottawa which was upgraded to embassy status, however in 2012, Canada severed all diplomatic ties with Iran in regard to Iran's treatment of human rights and belligerent foreign policy. The CRGI is designated a terrorist organization in 2024.

  • Canada has an interest section in Tehran.
  • Iran has an interest section in Ottawa.
Iraq1961-02 to 1991–12
2005–06		 See Canada–Iraq relations, Canada and the Iraq War
Israel1950See Canada–Israel relations

At the United Nations in 1947, Canada was one of the thirty-three countries that voted in favour of the creation of a Jewish homeland. Canada delayed granting de facto recognition to Israel until December 1948, and finally gave full de jure recognition to the new nation on 11 May 1949, only after it was admitted into the United Nations (UN). A week later, Avraham Harman became Israel's first consul general in Canada. In September 1953, the Canadian Embassy opened in Tel Aviv and Israeli Ambassador to Canada, Michael Comay, was appointed, although a non-resident Canadian Ambassador to Israel was not appointed until 1958.

Japan1928-12See Canada–Japan relations

The two countries enjoy an amicable companionship in many areas; diplomatic relations between both countries officially began in 1950 with the opening of the Japanese consulate in Ottawa. In 1929, Canada opened its Tokyo legation, the first in Asia;[214] and in that same year, Japan its Ottawa consulate to legation form.[215]

Kazakhstan1992See Canada–Kazakhstan relations
  • Canada has an embassy in Astana and a consulate in Almaty.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Toronto.
  • Canada has designated Kazakhstan as a priority emerging market for bilateral trade.[216]
Kyrgyzstan1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.[217]

  • Canada is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
  • Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Lebanon1954See Canada–Lebanon relations

Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first ambassador. The embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Ottawa in 1946. A consulate-general replaced the consulate in 1949, and it was upgraded to full embassy status in 1958.

  • Canada has an embassy in Beirut.[218]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.[219]
Malaysia1957-08-31[220]See Canada–Malaysia relations
  • Canada has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur
  • Malaysia has a High Commission in Ottawa.
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
  • Canada's trade relationship with Malaysia includes commerce across several sectors.[221]
Mongolia1973-11-30See Canada–Mongolia relations
  • Canada is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Ulaanbaatar.
  • Mongolia has an embassy in Ottawa.

Though Canada and Mongolia established diplomatic ties in 1973, ad hoc linkages and minor activities occurred between the two countries mainly through the Canada-Mongolia Society, which disbanded in 1980. When Mongolia formed a democratic government in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Canada began to support Mongolia with donor activities through the International Development Research Centre, Canadian International Development Agency and several non-governmental organizations.[222]

North Korea2001-02-06 to 2010-03-26See Canada–North Korea relations

Canada and North Korea share very little trade due to the destabilizing element North Korea has caused in the Asia Pacific region. Canada is represented by the Canadian Ambassador resident in Seoul, and North Korea is represented through its office at the UN in New York City.

Pakistan1947-08-15See Canada–Pakistan relations
  • Canada has a high commission in Islamabad and consulate in Karachi.
  • Pakistan has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
  • The value of the bilateral trade relationship between Pakistan and Canada was close to C$694 million in 2007.[223]
  • There are an estimated 300,000 Pakistanis living in Canada.[224]

See also Pakistani Canadian, High Commission of Pakistan in Ottawa

Philippines1949See Canada–Philippines relations
QatarSee Canada–Qatar relations
  • Canada has an embassy in Doha.[227]
  • Qatar has an embassy in Ottawa.[228]
Saudi Arabia1973-05See Canada–Saudi Arabia relations

Saudi Arabia is Canada's second largest trade partner among the seven countries of the Arabian Peninsula,[229] totalling more than $2 billion in trade in 2005,[230] nearly double its value in 2002, trade totalled $3.8 in 2014.[231] Canada chiefly imports petroleum, and oil from Saudi Arabia, while the largest exporting good are such as cereals, railway/tramway equipment; machinery equipment and paper in 2010.[232]

Singapore1965-12-15 See Canada–Singapore relations
South Korea1963-01-14[234]See Canada–South Korea relations
  • Canadian soldiers participated in the defence of South Korea during the Korean War.
  • Canada has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
  • Both countries are full members of the APEC, the OECD and the G20.
Taiwan1949–1970 official
1991-quasi-official
Tajikistan1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.

  • Canada is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Canada from it embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Thailand1947 See Canada-Thailand relations
Turkey1943[242]See Canada–Turkey relations
United Arab EmiratesSee Canada–United Arab Emirates relations
  • Canada has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
Vietnam1973-08-21 See Canada–Vietnam relations
Yemen1975-12 (North Yemen)
1976-05 (South Yemen)
1989-09 (united Yemen)

Europe

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
Albania1987-09-10 See Albania–Canada relations
Belarus15 April 1992[245]
  • Belarus had an embassy in Ottawa but was closed as of 1 September 2021, as a result of Canada's condemnation of the forced grounding of Ryanair Flight 4978[246][247]
  • Canada is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
Belgium1939-01See Belgium–Canada relations
  • Belgium has an embassy in Ottawa, two consulates (in Montreal and Toronto), and four honorary consuls (in Edmonton, Halifax, Vancouver and Winnipeg) located in Canada. Belgium's three regions (Wallonia, Flanders and Brussels) each have their own offices in the Montreal consulate. Wallonia also has a second office in the Toronto consulate, which also represents Flanders and Brussels.
  • Canada has an embassy in Brussels. Canada also has an honorary consulate in Antwerp, and Quebec maintains its own separate delegation in Brussels. The Canadian delegations to the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are located in Belgium, as Belgium houses the headquarters of each. Luxembourg is often dealt with in tandem to Belgium.
  • Belgium and Canada are member states of a variety of international organizations. They include: the United Nations, NATO, La Francophonie, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[248]
BulgariaSee Bulgaria–Canada relations
Croatia1993-04-14 See Canada–Croatia relations
Cyprus1960-08-16See Canada–Cyprus relations

Canadian bilateral political relations with Cyprus stemmed initially from Cypriot Commonwealth membership at independence in 1960 (that had followed a guerrilla struggle with Britain). These relations quickly expanded in 1964 when Canada became a major troop contributor to UNFICYP. The participation lasted for the next 29 years, during which 50,000 Canadian soldiers served and 28 were killed. In large measure Canadian relations with Cyprus continue to revolve around support for the ongoing efforts of the UN, G8 and others to resolve the island's divided status.

  • Canada has an honorary consul in Nicosia.
  • Cyprus has a high commission in Ottawa.
Czech Republic1993See Canada–Czech Republic relations
  • Canada has an embassy in Prague.
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Vancouver and Winnipeg).
Denmark1949-10-14See Canada–Denmark relations
Estonia1922See Canada–Estonia relations
Office of the Embassy of Canada to Estonia in Riga
Finland1947-11-21See Canada–Finland relations
Office of the Embassy of Canada to Finland in Helsinki
France1882See Canada–France relations

Canada and the Republic of France are members of: the Canada-France Inter-Parliamentary Association, the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), the G8, the G20, NATO, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the United Nations. In the 2007 and 2008, French President Nicolas Sarkozy,[256] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and Quebec Premier Jean Charest[257] all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement. In October 2008, Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec. In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism, but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada. He said that, to France, Canada was a friend, and Quebec was family.[256]

GermanySee Canada–Germany relations
  • Until 2005 Canada's embassy was in Bonn, but in April 2005 a new embassy opened in Berlin. Canada also operates consulates in Munich, Düsseldorf and Hamburg.
  • The provinces of Ontario and Alberta have representatives in Germany, co-located in the consulates. Quebec runs a stand-alone bureau in Munich, with an "antenne culturelle" office in Berlin.
  • In addition to its embassy in Ottawa, Germany maintains consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Additional diplomats responsible for specialized files are also accredited from Washington.
  • See also: Embassy of Canada in Berlin, Embassy of Germany in Ottawa
Greece1937See also Canada–Greece relations
Holy See1969See Canada–Holy See relations

Although the Roman Catholic Church has been territoriality established in Canada since the founding of New France in the early 17th century, Holy See–Canada relations were only officially established under the papacy of Paul VI in the 1960s.

  • Canada has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.
  • Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Ottawa.
Hungary1964 See Canada–Hungary relations
Iceland1942 See Canada–Iceland relations
Ireland1929-12-28See Canada–Ireland relations

Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada. Roughly 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.

Italy1947 See Canada–Italy relations
Kosovo2009-04-07 See also Canada–Kosovo relations

Canada recognized Kosovo on 18 March 2008.[271]

  • Canada is accredited to Kosovo from its embassy in Zagreb, Croatia.
  • Kosovo has an embassy in Ottawa.
Latvia1921See Canada–Latvia relations
  • Canada re-recognized Latvia's independence on 26 August 1991. Restored relations on 3 September 1991.
  • Canada has an embassy in Riga.
  • Latvia has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consuls in Quebec City and Toronto.
Lithuania1921See Canada–Lithuania relations
LuxembourgSee Canada–Luxembourg relations
Malta1964See Canada–Malta relations
Netherlands1939-01See Canada–Netherlands relations
  • Canada has an embassy in The Hague.
  • The Netherlands has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.
North Macedonia1995See Canada–North Macedonia relations
  • North Macedonia and Canada established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1996.
  • Canada is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
Norway1942See Canada–Norway relations
Poland1935See Canada–Poland relations
  • The Canada-Poland diplomatic relationship goes back from the first bilateral agreement, a Convention on Merchant Shipping, which was signed in 1935.
  • Canada has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver).
  • There are over 800,000 Polish-Canadians living in Canada.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and OECD.
PortugalJanuary 1952See Canada–Portugal relations
  • Canada has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Romania1967-04-03 See Canada–Romania relations
Russia1942-06-12See Canada–Russia relations

Canada and Russia benefit from extensive cooperation on trade and investment, energy, democratic development and governance, security and counter-terrorism, northern issues, and cultural and academic exchanges.

  • Canada has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto
Serbia See Canada–Serbia relations
Slovakia1993-01-01
Slovenia1992See Canada–Slovenia relations
Spain1935See Canada–Spain relations
SwedenSee Canada–Sweden relations

Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights.[dubious – discuss] In additional, there are more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent.[290]

 Switzerland1945 See Canada–Switzerland relations
Ukraine1992See Canada–Ukraine relations, Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa

Diplomatic relations were established between Canada and Ukraine on 27 January 1992.[293] Canada opened its embassy in Kyiv[294] In April 1992, and the Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa opened in October of that same year,[295] paid for mostly by donations from the Ukrainian-Canadian community. Ukraine opened a consulate general in Toronto in 1993[295][296] and announced plans to open another in Edmonton in 2008.[297]

The main bilateral agreement signed between the two governments is the joint declaration of the "Special Partnership" between the two countries signed in 1994 and renewed in 2001.[295]

  • Canada has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate in Lviv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
United Kingdom1926 See Canada–United Kingdom relations
Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney with British Prime minister Keir Starmer in London, March 2025.

Canada established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 July 1926.[citation needed] Both countries are Commonwealth Realms.

  • Canada maintains a high commission in London.[298]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Canada through its high commission in Ottawa, and consulate generals in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver.[299]

The UK governed Canada from 1783 to 1931, when Canada achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[300] Commonwealth, CPTPP, Five Eyes, the G7, the G20, the International Criminal Court, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, UKUSA Agreement, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[301] and a Trade Continuity Agreement.[302]

Oceania

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
Australia1939-09-12See Australia–Canada relations

The Commonwealth of Australia and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the G20, and the United Nations.

New Zealand1942See Canada–New Zealand relations

Canada and New Zealand are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the G20, and the United Nations. New Zealand and Canada have a longstanding relationship that has been fostered by both countries' shared history and culture, by their membership the Commonwealth of Nations and links between residents of both countries. The two countries have a common Head of State, currently Charles III. New Zealand and Canada also have links through business or trade relations, the United Nations, the Commonwealth and mutual treaty agreements. New Zealand-Canada relations are important to both countries.

Papua New Guinea9 August 1976
  • Canada is accredited to Papua New Guinea from its High Commission in Canberra, Australia.[303]
  • Papua New Guinea is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[304]
Solomon Islands7 July 1978

Canada and the Solomon Islands are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.

  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1978.[305]
  • Canada is accredited to the Solomon Islands from its high commission in Wellington, New Zealand.
  • Solomon Islands is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, New York.
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ 6,416 km (3,987 mi) with the contiguous 48 states and 2,475 km (1,538 mi) with Alaska[86]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Canada's foreign policy and international relations". GAC. 2026. Retrieved 15 September 2026.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Canada". Embassy WorldWide. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2026.
  3. 1 2 "Expand globally with Canada's free trade agreements". Tradecommissioner.gc.ca. 20 August 2026. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
  4. ↑ "Current sanctions imposed by Canada". GAC. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2026.
  5. 1 2 "The Daily — Foreign direct investment, 2025". www150.statcan.gc.ca. 29 April 2026. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
  6. 1 2 "Canada-United States relations". GAC. 28 March 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2026.
  7. 1 2 "Prime Minister Carney to attend 81st Session of the United Nations General Assembly to diversify Canada's partnerships and press for a more effective UN". Prime Minister of Canada. 17 September 2026. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  8. ↑ "United Nations Peace Operations". UN Peacekeeping. 23 December 2000. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  9. ↑ "Prime Minister Carney strengthens Canada's leadership in trade, energy, and security at the United Nations General Assembly". Prime Minister of Canada. 23 September 2025. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  10. 1 2 Defence, National (6 May 2022). "Canadian military support to Ukraine". Canada.ca. Retrieved 21 September 2026.
  11. ↑
  12. ↑
  13. ↑
  14. ↑
  15. ↑ "How Canada advances democracy in the world". GAC. 21 February 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  16. ↑ "Canada's approach to advancing human rights". GAC. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  17. ↑ "Inclusion and respect for diversity". GAC. 21 February 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  18. ↑ "Rule of law". GAC. 21 February 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2026.
  19. ↑
  20. ↑ Courtney, J.; Courtney, J.C.; Smith, D. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics. Oxford Handbooks in Politics & International Relations. OUP USA. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-19-533535-4.
  21. ↑
  22. ↑
  23. ↑
  24. ↑ Farnsworth, Clyde H (27 November 1994). "Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011.
  25. ↑
  26. ↑ Carment, D.; Sands, C. (2019). Canada–US Relations: Sovereignty or Shared Institutions?. Canada and International Affairs. Springer International Publishing. pp. 3–10. ISBN 978-3-030-05036-8.|Haglung, David G (Autumn 2003). "North American Cooperation in an Era of Homeland Security". Orbis. 47 (4): 675–691. doi:10.1016/S0030-4387(03)00072-3.}}
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Mingst, K.; Karns, M.P. (2019). The United Nations In The Post-cold War Era, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-000-30674-3.
  28. ↑ Morrison, Katherine L. (2008). "The Only Canadians: Canada's French and the British Connection". International Journal of Canadian Studies (in French) (37). Consortium Erudit: 177. doi:10.7202/040800ar. ISSN 1180-3991.
  29. ↑ James, Patrick (2006). Michaud, Nelson; O'Reilly, Marc J (eds.). Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy. Lexington Books. pp. 213–214, 349–362. ISBN 978-0-7391-1493-3.
  30. ↑ Goddard, Lance (2005). Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands. Dundurn Press. pp. 225–232. ISBN 978-1-55002-547-7.
  31. ↑ Wilson, G.A.A. (2012). NORAD and the Soviet Nuclear Threat: Canada's Secret Electronic Air War. Dundurn Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4597-0412-1.
  32. ↑ Chapnick, Adam (2011). The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations. UBC Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-0-7748-4049-1.
  33. ↑ Clément, Dominique (2016). Human Rights in Canada: A History. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-77112-164-4.
  34. ↑ McKenna, Peter (2012). Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy. University of Toronto Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4426-1108-5.
  35. ↑ Canada Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook Volume 1 Intelligence Service Organizations, Regulations, Activities. International Business Publications. 2015. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7397-1615-1.
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  37. ↑ James, P.; Michaud, N.; O'Reilly, M. (2006). Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy. Lexington Books. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7391-5580-6. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
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  293. ↑ For a detailed discussion of Canada's early diplomatic engagement with Canada, see Bohdan Kordan, "Canadian Ukrainian Relations: Articulating the Canadian Interest," in L. Hajda, ed. (1996), Ukraine in the World: Studies in the International Relations and Security Structure of a Newly Independent State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
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  305. ↑ Canada, Global Affairs (3 June 2009). "Canada – Solomon Islands Relations". GAC.

Further reading

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