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Imam Husayn Shrine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Al Husayn Mosque)

Imam Husayn Shrine
العتبة الحسينية
Imam Husayn shrine, Karbala, Iraq, 2016
The shrine in 2017
Imam Husayn Shrine is located in Iraq
Imam Husayn Shrine
Location of the shrine in Iraq
Religion
AffiliationShia Islam
FestivalDay of Ashura
StatusActive
Location
LocationKarbala, Karbala Governorate
CountryIraq
Map
Interactive map of Imam Husayn Shrine
Coordinates32°36′59″N 44°01′57″E / 32.61639°N 44.03250°E / 32.61639; 44.03250
Architecture
TypeShi’i mosque
StyleIslamic architecture
Completed680 CE
Specifications
DomeTwo
Dome height (outer)
27 metres (89 ft)
MinaretTwo (formerly 3)
ShrinesMany including Husayn ibn Ali, Habīb ibn Madhahir al-Asadī and 72 martyrs of Karbalā'

The Imam Husayn Shrine (Arabic: العتبة الحسينية) is the mausoleum of Husayn ibn Ali, located in Karbala, in the Karbala Governorate of Iraq. Husayn was the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the third Shia Imam, and is regarded as a martyr by all Muslims. The site is the place where he was brutally killed and beheaded during the Battle of Karbala. The Imam Husayn Shrine is a profoundly holy site in Shia Islam. Each year, millions of people around the world observe Ashura during Muharram and later undertake the Arba'in pilgrimage to his shrine, the largest annual public gathering on earth.[1][2]

In addition to Husayn himself, his teenage son Ali al-Akbar is believed to be buried at his feet, while his infant son Ali al-Asghar is said to be buried upon his chest. It is also believed that most of his companions killed in the battle are buried within the shrine complex, a short distance from Husayn's tomb. To the northeast stands the Al-Abbas Shrine, Husayn's younger brother and his flag-bearer. The space between these two shrines is known as Bayn al-Haramayn. Up to 20 million pilgrims visit Karbala on the anniversary of Husayn's martyrdom.[3]

Religious significance

[edit]

The shrine's significance and holiness is profound. Several hadiths from the Shia Imams and Muhammad are about Husayn. In events such as Mubahala and the hadith of the Ahl al-Kisa, Muhammad referred to thse family as the Ahl al-bayt. In the Quran, in many cases, such as the verse of purification, the ahl al-bayt has been praised. Muhammad reported the events of Karbala on several occasions; For example, he gave a small bottle of soil to Umm Salama and told her that the soil inside the bottle would turn into blood after Husayn was killed.[4][5] There are narrations that Gabriel informed Muhammad at the time of Husayn's birth that his ummah would kill Husayn.[6][7][8]

Muhammad: ""Hasan and Husayn are the masters of the youth of Paradise. Whoever loves them loves me and whoever hates them hates me. Husayn is from me, and I am from Husayn. Allah loves whoever loves Husayn. Indeed, Husayn is the Lamp of Guidance and the Ark of Salvation." [9][10][11][12][13][14]

History

[edit]

Husayn bought a piece of land after his arrival at Karbala' from Bani Asad. He and his Ahl al-Bayt are buried in that portion, known as Arabic: الحائر, romanized: al-Ḥā'ir, where the shrines are presently located. The history of destruction and reconstruction of the shrines of Karbala' is long. Both the shrines were greatly extended by successive Muslim rulers, but suffered repeated destruction from attacking armies. Several rulers extended, decorated and kept the shrines and its precincts in good condition. Among them is Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, who in 1250 AH ordered the construction of two shrines, one over Husayn's grave and the other over the grave of his half-brother, Abbas ibn Ali.

From the time of Husayn ibn Ali's death in 680, pilgrimages to commemorate the massacre have often been repressed.[15] Despite many attempts by successive rulers, such as Al-Rashīd and Al-Mutawakkil, to put a restriction on the development of the area, it has nonetheless evolved into a city. The historian Ibn Kuluwayh mentioned that those who buried Husayn ibn 'Alī constructed a special, durable identifying marker for the gravesite.

Larger, more significant construction on the gravesite began during the rule of al-Saffah (r. 750–754 CE), the first caliph of the long-lasting Abbasid caliphate (an Islamic dynasty). However, heavy restrictions were put in place to prevent people from visiting the grave during the rule of Hārūn al-Rashīd, the fifth Abbasid caliph (r. 786–809 CE). During the rule of al-Mā'mūn, the seventh Abbasid caliph (r. 813–833 CE), gravesite construction resumed until the year 850 CE, when al-Mutawakkil ordered the destruction of the grave and the filling of the resulting pit with water. His son who succeeded him as caliph, al-Muntasir, allowed people to visit the gravesite, and since then, building the precinct to the grave increased and developed step by step.

On the other hand, the historian Ibn al-Athir, stated that in 371 AH (981/982 CE), 'Adhud ad-Dawlah became the first to expansively lay the foundations for large-scale construction and to generously decorate the place. He also built houses and markets around the precinct, and surrounded Karbalā with a high boundary wall, turning it into a strong castle. In 407 AH (1016/1017 CE), the precinct caught fire due to the dropping of two large candles on the wooden decorations. The state minister at the time, Hasan ibn Fadl, rebuilt the damaged sections.

Previous structures

[edit]
A drawing of the Imam Husayn Shrine by German explorer Carsten Niebuhr, upon his arrival to Karbala in 1765.

According to historical tradition, the first structure built over the grave of Husayn was commissioned by al-Mukhtar following his uprising or by members of the Banu Asad tribe.[16] Constructed of brick and plaster, the shrine stood near a mosque and marked the burial site of Husayn after the Battle of Karbala.[17]

During the Abbasid period, Harun al-Rashid ordered the shrine demolished.[18] The homes of nearby Shia residents were destroyed, the grave was plowed over, and the lote tree planted by the Banu Asad to mark the burial site was cut down. Under the caliph al-Ma'mun, whose conciliatory policies toward the Shia allowed the shrine to be rebuilt, pilgrims once again visited Karbala. However, in 232 AH (847 CE), al-Mutawakkil ordered the shrine and the surrounding buildings destroyed once more. The site was plowed and cultivated in an attempt to erase all traces of the grave.[19]

Following al-Mutawakkil's assassination in 247 AH (861 CE), his son al-Muntasir reversed his father's policy by granting greater freedom to the Shia.[20] He authorized the reconstruction of the shrine and the construction of a prominent minaret beside it. Around 280 AH (893–894 CE), al-Da'i al-Saghir, the Alid ruler of Tabaristan, further restored and expanded the shrine, marking another important stage in its early architectural development.

Current structure

[edit]

The most significant reconstruction of the shrine was completed in 371 AH (981–982 CE) under the patronage of the Buyid ruler Adud al-Dawla, who ordered the restoration and construction of the major Shia shrines throughout Iraq.[21] Work on the shrine began in 367 AH (977–978 CE) and was completed four years later. The new structure was built with a dome over the tomb of Husayn and formed the architectural core of the present-day shrine. In 407 AH (1016–1017 CE), a fire caused by a fallen candle destroyed much of the interior decoration. However, because the main structure and its supporting columns contained no wood, the building itself survived. The principal sanctuary constructed by the Buyids has remained the foundation of the shrine ever since, enduring even the Mongol invasions.

Repairs

[edit]
Illustration of the Imam Husayn Shrine in 1850, by British artist Robert Clive.

From the Buyid period onward, the Imam Husayn Shrine underwent numerous restorations and architectural enhancements. After the fall of the Ilkhanate, the Jalayirid rulers restored the shrine and, by 786 AH (1384 CE), completed the construction of the celebrated Golden Iwan. During the Safavid era, the shrine was further expanded and enriched with new decorative elements, including a wooden sarcophagus and a steel zarih.[22] Restoration work continued under the Ottoman Empire until 1129 AH (1717 CE). Later, in 1135 AH (1723 CE), Nader Shah sponsored extensive repairs and donated valuable decorations to the shrine.[18]

The Qajar rulers also made significant contributions.[23] In 1205 AH (1790–1791 CE), Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar ordered the reconstruction and gilding of the shrine's dome, a project completed in 1211 AH (1796–1797 CE). In 1216 AH (1801–1802 CE), the Wahhabi army led by Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz attacked Karbala, causing widespread destruction, looting the shrine, and carrying away its gold and silver lamps, precious furnishings, and other treasures.[24]

Following the attack, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar financed the restoration of the shrine and commissioned a new zarih, installed in 1218 AH (1803–1804 CE).[25] His queen also sponsored the gilding of the shrine's iwan and minarets. Further renovations were carried out during the reigns of Mohammad Shah and Naser al-Din Shah, including repeated regilding of the dome. Throughout the Safavid and Qajar periods, inscriptions throughout the shrine commemorated the patronage of Iranian rulers and officials. Most of these inscriptions were deliberately removed during the rule of Saddam Hussein in an effort to erase evidence of Iran's historical contributions to the Iraqi holy shrines.[26] One of the last major modern restorations took place in 1389 AH (1969 CE), when the Golden Iwan was renovated and its wooden columns were replaced with marble ones through the patronage of the Iranian merchant and industrialist Haj Qanbar Rahimi.

1991 events

[edit]

The 1991 events was a military engagement during the 1991 uprisings in Iraq which followed the Gulf War. The battle started after demoralized troops throughout Iraq began to rebel against Saddam Hussein. From 5 to 19 March 1991, the city of Karbala became a chaotic battlefield as the result of bitter fighting between the insurgents and the Iraqi Republican Guard. After the failure of the uprising, citizens were killed in large numbers. Parts of the city were nearly leveled. In the years leading up to the Gulf War, the city of Karbala boasted that it had a population of over 150,000 inhabitants. Tourists from Africa all the way to Pakistan flocked to the city in order to go on pilgrimages to the Imam Husayn Shrine. In the months of the Gulf War, the city was carefully spared by the Coalition during its bombing campaign due to the significance of its mosques.[27] The city suffered little damage throughout the war in general.

The revolt began when youths began to ride through the streets with weapons, attacking government buildings and loyalist soldiers. This action encouraged the people to come out of their homes with light arms and knives, known as "white weapons," and join in the attack. Many of the holy shrines immediately became the main headquarters of the insurgents, the two main headquarters being the Imam Husayn and Al-Abbas Shrines. On the loudspeakers which were located inside the Shia Shrines, insurgents called for prisoners to be brought to the Abbas Shrine for execution. By morning, the city was under complete rebel control. The shrines were heavily damaged by artillery shells and rockets which were fired from helicopters. In the vicinity of the shrines of Husayn ibn Ali and Abbas ibn Ali, most of the buildings which surrounded the shrines were completely reduced to rubble. The shrines themselves were scarred by bullet marks and tank fire.[27]

2003 and 2007 events

[edit]

The 2003 events took place during the 2003 invasion of Iraq as U.S. troops fought to take control of Karbala from Iraqi forces. The city had been bypassed during the advance on Baghdad, leaving American units to clear it in two days of street fighting against Iraqi Saddam Fedayeen Irregular forces.[28] The 2007 events began on the night of 27 August 2007 and involved fighting between the Mahdi Army, who provided security for the pilgrims,[29] and police (who were largely members of the Badr Organization) in Karbala.

Description

[edit]
Tomb of Husayn, by French painter Jean-Léon Gérôme

The boundary wall of the shrine surrounds wooden gates covered with glass decorations. The gates open into a courtyard separated into smaller rooms or precincts with many "iwans" along the walls. The grave of Husayn is enclosed within a metal-mesh like structure, found directly beneath the golden dome. On 5 March 2013, the process of replacing the zarih (metal mesh like structure) over the tomb of Husayn was completed and the new zarih inaugurated.[30]

The Al Abbas Shrine is located nearby. Plans to replace the shrine's historic dome with a modern steel framed one were met with controversy, especially by historic preservationists, as it would severely distort the shrine's historic integrity and character.[31] The first dome is 27 metres (89 ft) high and completely covered with gold. At the bottom, it is surrounded with twelve windows, each of which is about 1.25 metres (4 ft 1 in) away from the other, from the inside, and 1.30 metres (4 ft 3 in) from the outside. The shrine has an area of 59 metres (194 ft) by 75 metres (246 ft) with ten gates, and about 65 decorated rooms used for studying.

Burials

[edit]

The grave of Husayn ibn Ali is found in the middle of the precinct, it is called the Rawḍah ("garden") and it has several doors. The most famous one is called Al-Qiblah or Bāb al-Zah'ab. On the right hand side of the entrance is the tomb of Habīb ibn Madhahir al-Asadī (حبیب ابن مظاهر الاسدی), a friend and companion of Husayn since their childhood and a casualty of the Battle of Karbala.

Within the shrine of Husayn can also be found a grave of all the 72 martyrs of Karbalā'. They were buried in a mass grave which was then covered with soil to the ground level. This mass grave is at the foot of Husayn's grave. Beside Husayn's grave, there are also the graves of his two sons: 'Alī al-Akbar and the six-month old, 'Alī al-Asghar. Along with the graves of the martyrs of Karbala, is also the grave of the very first custodian of Imam Husayn shrine, Ibrahim al-Mujab, grandson of seventh Shia Imam Musa al-Kazim.[32][33]

Timeline

[edit]

The following events are in chronological order, stating instances that widely involved the shrine, impressing its construction, renovation and series of extremist activities that reduced its structure and killed pilgrims from time to time.

Year Event Notes
AHCE
6168010 October: Husayn is said to have been buried on this day. It was Bani Asad who, after the departure of Ahl al-Bait, assembled at the grave of Husayn. Historical accounts provide little light on the first builder of the shrine. It is assumed that Bani Asad was also the first, who erected a tent upon the grave of Husayn. A Shaikh of Bani Asad lit a candle at the grave and planted a berry tree a few feet away from the side of the head of the grave, to indicate the grave of Husayn.
65684A shrine was built by Mukhtar ibn Abu 'Ubayd ath-Thaqafi on the spot and a dome was created over the grave. Over the dome he fixed a green flag. Two entrance gates were made for the shrine. He also settled several families around the enclosure.
132749Another dome was erected over the shrine and additional two gates for entrance were made at the mausoleum during the reign of Abbasid Caliph As-Saffah.
140763During the reign of Caliph al-Mansur, the roof along with the domes were destroyed.
158774The demolished roof was rebuilt during the reign of Caliph al-Mahdi.
171787During the reign of Caliph Harun ar-Rashid, the mausoleum was destroyed and the Berry tree that stood besides the grave of Husayn was cut down. Even then people kept visiting the grave of Husayn, guided by the traces of the 'Tree of the Berry', which covered the grave. Harun al-Rashid could not tolerate this, and ordered the tree to be cut off from the roots, with the intention to wipe out the sign of the grave of Husayn and stop the practice of visiting the grave.
193808The mausoleum was reconstructed during the reign of Caliph al-Mamun for political advantage against Al-Amin.
236850Caliph al-Mutawakkil destroyed the mausoleum and ordered the nearby land, including the grave, to be ploughed. The shrine was destroyed four times from 232 AH until 246 AH.
247861Caliph al-Muntasir reconstructed the shrine with an iron pillar build a roof over the grave. Under instruction of Al Muntasir, new houses were built around the shrines.
273886Once again the mausoleum was destroyed on the order of Abbasid political and military leader Talha al-Muwaffaq ibn Jafar al-Mutawakkil or by al-Muktafi bi-lah.
280893The shrine was rebuilt by the Alid council and two minarets were constructed on either side of the grave. Two entrance gates for the shrine were also constructed.
307977A sepulcher was constructed within the shrine using teak wood, by the Buwayhid emir 'Adhud ad-Dawlah. Surrounding galleries were also constructed. He also constructed the city of Karbala by making houses and the city boundary. 'Imrān ibn Shahin at that time also constructed a mosque adjacent to the shrine.
4071016Fire destroyed the shrine. The vizier Hasan ibn Fadl rebuilt the structure.
6201223The sepulcher was renovated by an-Nasir li-Din Allah.
7571365The dome and walls of the shrine were reconstructed by Sultan 'Uways ibn Hasan Jalayiri. He also raised the walls of the enclosure.
7801384The two minarets were reconstructed of gold by Sultan Ahmad ibn 'Uways. The courtyard was also extended.
9201514The Safavid shah of Iran Ismail I, constructed a sarcophagus of inlaid glass work over the real grave.
10321622Abbas Shah Safavi renovated the sarcophagus with brass and bronze and also the dome with Kashi tiles.
10481638Sultan Murad IV whitewashed the dome.
11551742Nadir Shah Afshar decorated the shrine and offered expensive gems to the treasury of the shrine.
12111796Aghā Muhammad Shāh Qājār covered the dome with gold. He also decorated the Min'ar and gold plated it.
12161801Wahhabis under Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud attacked Karbala, damaged the shrine and looted the sepulchre.[34]
12321817Fat'h 'Alī Shāh Qājār reconstructed the screens by plating with silver. He also replated the dome with gold and therefore repaired the damage caused by the Wahhabis.
12831866Nāsir ad-Dīn Shāh Qājār broadened the courtyard of the mausoleum.
13581939Syedna Taher Saifuddin, of the Dawoodi Bohra community presented a set of solid silver screens with gold which were attached to the shrine. This set is made of 500 gold coins (each coin consisted 12 grams weight) and 200 thousand coins of silver, beautified with precious gems.
13601941The western minaret was rebuilt by Syedna Taher Saifuddin. He spent a considerable amount gold plating all the Min'ar.
13671948A road was built around the shrine by the then administrator of Karbala City, Sayyid Abd al-Rasul al-Khalsi. He also broadened the courtyard of the shrine.
14111991Major damage to the shrine occurs as the city experiences violent reprisals by the army of Saddam Hussein after an uprising against his regime following the Persian Gulf War.
14151994Repairs to the shrine from the damage done in 1991 are completed.[35]
142520042 March: At least six explosions occurred during the 'Āshūrā' commemorations, killing 178 people and wounding 500.[36][37][38]
1425200415 December: A bomb detonated near the gate of the shrine, killing at least 7 people and injuring 31 others.[39][40]
142620065 January: Suicide bombers among the crowd between the two shrines, killed at least 60 people and injured more than 100.[41][42]
1428200714 April: A suicide attack 200 m (660 ft) from the shrine killed at least 36 people and injured more than 160 others.[43][44]
14282007December: Construction work began on building a roof over the courtyard of the shrine, with hopes of creating a second floor and expanding the shrine.[45]
1429200817 March: A female suicide bomber detonated herself in the market near the shrine, killed at least 42 people and injured 58 others.[46][47]
1429200811 September: A bomb was detonated 800 m from the shrine, killing one woman and injuring 12 others.[48]
1430200912 February: A bomb blast killed 8 people and wounded more than 50 others during the commemoration of Arba'een.[49][50]
14312010Attacks aimed at pilgrims attending the commemoration of Arba'een:
  • 1 February: A female suicide bomber detonated herself, killing 54 people and injuring more than 100 others.
  • 3 February: A bomb blast killed at least 23 people and injured more than 147.
  • 5 February: A double bomb-blast, or a combination of a bomb-blast and mortar attack killed at least 42 people and left 150 injured.
[51] [citation needed]
14332012Construction of a roof covering the courtyard around the shrine was completed, as pilgrims are increasing every year measures to enhance their experience are being taken.[52]
1441201910 September: 31 people were killed and approximately 100 more were injured in Karbala stampede during Ashura.

Zarih

[edit]
The zarih over Husayn's grave

The new zarih of Imam Husayn, containing approximately 118 kilograms of gold, along with silver and teak wood, was constructed in the holy city of Qom, Iran.[53] After being transported through cities along the route, it was transferred to Iraq through the Mehran border crossing and installed at the shrine. It was unveiled on 15 Esfand 1391 (5 March 2013), corresponding to 22 Rabi al-Thani 1434 AH.

The new hexagonal zarih follows the same geometric design as the previous one, but it is slightly taller. It covers an area of approximately 34 square meters and has 20 windows.[54] Its construction involved 118 kilograms of gold, 4 tons of silver, 2 tons of copper, 1,300 kilograms of brass, and 5 tons of Burmese teak wood. The total weight of the zarih is around 12 tons. Previous zarihs of the shrine were also created by Iranian craftsmen. Throughout the Safavid and Qajar periods, many holy sites in Iraq were built, renovated, and expanded under the patronage of various Iranian rulers.

Turbat

[edit]

Karbala's soil, known as Turbat, refers to the earth or dust collected from the area surrounding the grave of Husayn.[55] It is traditionally shaped into prayer tablets (mohr) or prayer beads (tasbih) and is commonly known as Turbat Karbala or the soil of Imam Husayn.

The word turbah literally means “soil” or “earth.” In a broader sense, it can refer to the soil from around the graves of revered religious figures, such as the Shia Imams, the Prophet Muhammad, and other holy sites. However, in its most common usage, turbah specifically refers to the soil of Husayn's shrine in Karbala. References to “the soil of the grave” (tin al-qabr) in narrations are generally understood as referring to the soil of Karbala. It is also sometimes described as “sacred soil.”

Some Shia believers hold the belief that Turbat Karbala turns red like blood every year at noon on Ashura, around the time when Husayn was killed. Images and videos claiming to show this phenomenon have also circulated among believers.

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Peacock, Ruth (26 August 2024). "Millions join the Arbaeen pilgrimage in Iraq, the biggest annual gathering on earth". Religion Media Centre. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  2. ↑ "Arba'een Pilgrimage; world's largest annual public gathering". ABNA English. 30 August 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  3. ↑ "Interactive Maps: Sunni & Shia: The Worlds of Islam". PBS. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
  4. ↑ "Prostration on the Soil of Karbala (The Land of Imam al-Husayn's Martyrdom)". al-islam.org. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  5. ↑ "Prophet ﷺ Was Informed of Ḥusayn's Martyrdom and the Soil of Karbala". Tohed. 24 June 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  6. ↑ "Did The Prophet Muhammad (S) Know About Karbala?". al-islam.org. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  7. ↑ Hlayhel, Anas (13 November 2013). "Did the Prophet Know that his Grandson al-Hussain was Going to be Martyred?". MuslimMatters.org. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  8. ↑ sufyan (18 January 2012). "Was the Prophet (Allah Bless Him and Give Him Peace) Foretold of the Martyrdom of His Grandson Husayn?". SeekersGuidance. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  9. ↑ "Search Results for (al-) Ḥusayn b. Alī b. Abī Ṭālib | referenceworks". referenceworks. Archived from the original on 2 October 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  10. ↑ "ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI i. LIFE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN SHIʿISM". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  11. ↑ "Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3775 - Chapters on Virtues - كتاب المناقب عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  12. ↑ "Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 364 - Children - كتاب الصَّغِيرِ - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  13. ↑ Raza, Asad (30 April 2017). "The Lamp of Guidance, the Ark of Salvation". Al-Islam.org Blog. Retrieved 26 July 2026.
  14. ↑ "Imam Hussain (AS) is the light of guidance and the ship of salvation". islamic-sources.com. Retrieved 26 July 2026.
  15. ↑ al Musawi, 2006, p. 51.
  16. ↑ "A timeline of the constructions of Imam Hussein Holy shrine". العتبة الحسينية المقدسة (in Arabic). Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  17. ↑ "First construction of Imam Hussain Holy Shrine". Karbala International Agency. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  18. 1 2 "History of the Shrine of Imam Husayn Ibn Ali Ibn Abi Talib". al-islam.org. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  19. ↑ "Mukhtar al-Thaqafy – revenge for Imam Hussain's death – Shafaqna English | International Shia News & Fatwas". 30 September 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  20. ↑ "History of the Shrines at Karbala - Islam Guidance". www.sibtayn.com. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  21. ↑ "Six construction of Imam Hussain Holy Shrine". Karbala International Agency. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  22. ↑ "Construction of Imam Hussain's (A.S) holy shrine in past and present (photos) – Shafaqna English | International Shia News & Fatwas". 23 August 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  23. ↑ "The dome of the shrine of Imam Hussain (peace be upon him) in the memoirs of travelers and Orientalists". Karbala International Agency. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  24. ↑ Ballandalus (2 August 2014). "The Wahhabi Sack of Karbala (1802 A.D.)". Ballandalus. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  25. ↑ "Sanctuaire de l'Imam Husayn". Temples.org (in French). Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  26. ↑ "Commemorating the Aggressive Attack on Imam Hussein Holy Shrine by Saddam". Imam Hussain Holy Shrine (in Arabic). Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  27. 1 2 Karbala Journal; Who Hit the Mosques? Not Us, Baghdad Says, The New York Times, 13 August 1994.
  28. ↑ Dwyer, Jim (6 April 2003). "A NATION AT WAR: In the Field | 101ST AIRBORNE DIVISION; In Karbala, G.I.'s Find Forsaken Iraqi Armor and Pockets of Resistance". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  29. ↑ Iraq Militias Fighting For Supremacy Time.
  30. ↑ "Inauguration of the new holy windowed cage for the holy tomb of Imam Hussain". Ahlul Bayt News Agency. 26 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  31. ↑ "Imam Hussein Holy Shrine". Imam Hussain.org. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  32. ↑ Zayd, Nasr Hamid Abu (1999). "Qadiyah al-Maraah Bayna Sindan al-Hadathah wa-Mitraqah al-Taqalid: Dirasah fi Tarikh al-Nusus". Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics (19): 29. doi:10.2307/521927. ISSN 1110-8673. JSTOR 521927.
  33. ↑ Karbāsī, Muḥammad Ṣādiq Muḥammad; كرباسي، محمد صادق محمد،. (1998). Tārīkh al-marāqid : al-Ḥusayn wa-ahl baytihi wa-anṣārih (in Arabic). Markaz al-Ḥusaynī lil-Dirāsāt., مركز الحسيني للدراسات. (al-Ṭabʻah 1 ed.). Landan: al-Markaz al-Ḥusaynīyah lil-Dirāsāt. ISBN 1-902490-08-8. OCLC 122859166.
  34. ↑ Martin, Richard C., ed. (2003). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0-02-865603-2. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  35. ↑ Lewis, Paul (13 August 1994). "Karbala Journal; Who Hit the Mosques? Not Us, Baghdad Says". New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  36. ↑ "In pictures: Karbala blasts". BBC News. 2 March 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  37. ↑ "Iraq Shias massacred on holy day". BBC News. 2 March 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  38. ↑ "Deadly attacks rock Baghdad, Karbala". CNN. 2 March 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  39. ↑ "Bomb at Shiite shrine kills seven on first day of Iraq's election campaign". USA Today. 15 December 2004. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
  40. ↑ "Bomb at Shiite shrine kills seven in violence, wounds 31 on first day of Iraq's election campaign". SignOnSanDiego.com. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
  41. ↑ "Iraq suicide bomb blasts kill 120". BBC News. 5 January 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  42. ↑ Oppel Jr, Richard A. (6 January 2006). "Up to 130 Killed in Iraq, Drawing a Shiite Warning". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  43. ↑ "Iraq suicide bomb blasts kill 120". BBC News. 14 April 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  44. ↑ "Dozens slain as car bomb hits Iraqi bus station". NBC News. 14 April 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  45. ↑ تطورات مشروعي توسيع الحرم الحسيني المقدس وبناء المنشآت للطابق الثاني. العتبة الحسينية المقدسة (in Arabic). 18 December 2007. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  46. ↑ "Dozens killed near Iraqi shrine". BBC News. 17 March 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  47. ↑ "Death toll from Karbala suicide bombing rises to 35". Xinhua. 18 March 2008. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  48. ↑ Karadsheh, Jomana (11 September 2008). "3 killed in Iraq shrine bombings". CNN. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  49. ↑ "Iraq Violence". Associated Press. 13 February 2009. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  50. ↑ "Iraq - International Religious Freedom Report 2009". U.S. Department of State. 26 October 2009. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  51. ↑ "Deadly blasts hit Iraq Karbala city". Al Jazeera. 6 February 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  52. ↑ "Shrine of Husain ibn Ali". theshiapedia.com. Retrieved 27 March 2015.[dead link]
  53. ↑ "New zarih of Imam Hussein (AS) under construction in Qom". Tehran Times. 4 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2026.
  54. ↑ "New zarih of shrine of Imam Hussein (AS) unveiled in Karbala". Mehr News Agency. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2026.
  55. ↑ admin_rahmangasht (26 August 2024). "تربت کربلا". رحمان گشت (in Persian). Retrieved 10 July 2026.

Bibliography

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  • Aghaie, Kamran Scot (2004). The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98448-1.
  • Litvak, Meir (1998). Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The Ulama of Najaf and Karbala. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89296-1.
  • al Musawi, Muhsin (2006). Reading Iraq: Culture and Power and Conflict. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-070-6.
  • Shimoni, Yaacov; Levine, Evyatar (1974). Political Dictionary of the Middle East in the 20th Century. Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co.
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