59 Virginis
  | |
| Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox ICRS | |
|---|---|
| Constellation | Virgo |
| Right ascension | 13h 16m 46.51486s[1] |
| Declination | +09° 25′ 26.9601″[1] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 5.22[2] |
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | main-sequence[3] |
| Spectral type | G0V[4] |
| Apparent magnitude (B) | 5.81[5] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 5.22[2] |
| Apparent magnitude (R) | 4.8[5] |
| Apparent magnitude (J) | 4.39±0.28[5] |
| Apparent magnitude (H) | 4.107±0.208[5] |
| Apparent magnitude (K) | 4.033±0.238[5] |
| Astrometry | |
| Radial velocity (Rv) | −27.25±0.13[1] km/s |
| Proper motion (μ) | RA: −335.473 mas/yr[1] Dec.: +191.038 mas/yr[1] |
| Parallax (π) | 56.8577±0.1224 mas[1] |
| Distance | 57.4 ± 0.1 ly (17.59 ± 0.04 pc) |
| Absolute magnitude (MV) | 4.08±0.010[6] |
| Details | |
| Mass | 1.29±0.21[3] M☉ |
| Radius | 1.227±0.012[7] R☉ |
| Luminosity (bolometric) | 2.01±0.03[7] L☉ |
| Surface gravity (log g) | 4.29±0.07[8] cgs |
| Temperature | 6205±20[8] K |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.22±0.04[8] dex |
| Rotation | 3.329 days[9] |
| Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 5.47+0.12 −0.17[10] km/s |
| Age | 2.11±1.75[3] Gyr |
| Other designations | |
| e Vir, 59 Vir, BD+10 2531, GJ 504, HD 115383, HIP 64792, HR 5011, SAO 119847, WDS J13168+0925A, LTT 13852[5] | |
| Database references | |
| SIMBAD | data |
| Exoplanet Archive | data |
| ARICNS | data |
59 Virginis (e Virginis, HR 5011, Gliese 504) is a G-type main-sequence star, located in the constellation Virgo at approximately 57 light-years from Earth. It has a planetary or brown dwarf companion designated Gliese 504 b.
History of observations
[edit]59 Virginis is known to astronomers at least from 1598, when it was catalogued by Tycho Brahe in his manuscript catalogue of 1004 fixed stars. Brahe designated it as "Parvula sequens vindemiatricem", which means in Latin "A tiny following Vindemiatrix" (that is Epsilon Virginis), and assigned it a visual magnitude 6[11][12] (a modern value of its apparent magnitude (in band V) is 5.22). Five years later in 1603 Johann Bayer pictured it on constellation Virgo folio of his celestial atlas "Uranometria" and designated it with number 37, letter "e" (hence its Bayer designation e Virginis, or e Vir) and name "Alæ dextræ sequens", which means in Latin "Following right wing". Bayer also assigned it a visual magnitude 6.[13]
In July 2013, Kuzuhara et al. announced the discovery of planet b orbiting this star. The discovery was made using the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope of Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii.[9]
Age and other characteristics
[edit]The star is a relatively old Sun-like star with a spectral type of G0V[4] and an effective temperature 6205±20 K (not much hotter than the Sun).[8] It is twice as bright as the Sun in terms of luminosity.[7] 59 Virginis appeared to be a subgiant star that has recently evolved off the main sequence stage, as its luminosity and temperature places it in the main-sequence turnoff in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram,[8][14] but was later found to be on the main sequence.[3] It has a rotation period of 3.329 days.[9] The star exhibits a Sun-like magnetic reversal cycle with the period about 12 years.[7]
59 Virginis has an unusually high stellar rotation velocity and stellar activity, which led some astronomers to believe that it could be a young star several million years old.[7] However, spectroscopy of the star's substellar companion, GJ 504 b, has suggested an age in the range of 3–6 billion years.[8] Various studies have estimated different ages for 59 Virginis: 0.16+0.35
−0.60 Gyr (2013),[9] 4.5+2.0
−1.5 Gyr (2015),[14] 2.5+1.0
−0.7 Gyr (2017),[8] 4.0±1.8 Gyr (2018)[7] and 2.11±1.75 Gyr (2025).[3] 2015 and 2017 studies led by Fuhrmann & Chini and D'Orazi et al. hypothesized that 59 Virginis's high activity and rotation may have been caused by the engulfment of a hot Jupiter.[14][8][7] This was supported by, among other studies, a 2026 publication, which found that only a scenario of planet engulfment can explain the star's fast rotation, X-ray luminosity, and angular momentum.[15]
Substellar companion
[edit]In 2013, the discovery of a Jovian planet, Gliese 504 b (59 Virginis b), by direct imaging of the system was announced. It was initially estimated to be about 4 times the mass of Jupiter, based on an young age for the host star.[9] Later studies found an older age and suggested a larger mass for the companion; since it exceeds the mass for deuterium fusion, it may be considered a brown dwarf.[8] A 2026 study with the James Webb Space Telescope found a mass about 25 times that of Jupiter, implying an age of 2.5–4 billion years. The body's elemental abundances suggest planet-like formation, but do not rule out star-like formation.[16]
| Companion (in order from star) |
Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) |
Orbital period (years) |
Eccentricity | Inclination (°) |
Radius |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | 25.2+8.4 −6.0[16] MJ |
41.3+4.0 −10[17] |
242+37 −84[17] |
0.22+0.11 −0.17[17] |
141+8.0 −8.7[17] |
0.92±0.02[16] RJ |
References
[edit]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- 1 2 Hoffleit, D.; Warren, W. H. (1995). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: V/50. Originally Published in: 1964BS....C......0H. 5050. Bibcode:1995yCat.5050....0H.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Pezzotti, C.; Buldgen, G.; Magaudda, E.; Farnir, M.; Van Grootel, V.; Bellotti, S.; Poppenhaeger, K. (February 2025). "Planetary inward migration as the potential cause of GJ 504's fast rotation and bright X-ray luminosity: New constraints from eROSITA". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 694: A179. arXiv:2501.07402. Bibcode:2025A&A...694A.179P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452580. ISSN 0004-6361.
- 1 2 Sharma, Kaushal; Kembhavi, Ajit; Kembhavi, Aniruddha; Sivarani, T; Abraham, Sheelu; Vaghmare, Kaustubh (2020-01-11). "Application of convolutional neural networks for stellar spectral classification". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 491 (2): 2280–2300. arXiv:1909.05459. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.491.2280S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3100. ISSN 0035-8711.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "* e Vir". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg.
- ↑ Park, Sunkyung; et al. (2013). "Wilson-Bappu Effect: Extended to Surface Gravity". The Astronomical Journal. 146 (4): 73. arXiv:1307.0592. Bibcode:2013AJ....146...73P. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/4/73. S2CID 119187733.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Di Mauro, Maria Pia; Reda, Raffaele; Mathur, Savita; García, Rafael A.; Buzasi, Derek L.; Corsaro, Enrico; Benomar, Othman; González Cuesta, Lucía; Stassun, Keivan G.; Benatti, Serena; D’Orazi, Valentina; Giovannelli, Luca; Mesa, Dino; Nardetto, Nicolas (2022-11-01). "On the Characterization of GJ 504: A Magnetically Active Planet-host Star Observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)". The Astrophysical Journal. 940 (1): 93. arXiv:2209.12752. Bibcode:2022ApJ...940...93D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8f44. ISSN 0004-637X.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 D'Orazi, V.; Desidera, S.; Gratton, R. G.; et al. (2017). "A critical reassessment of the fundamental properties of GJ 504: chemical composition and age". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 598: A19. arXiv:1609.02530. Bibcode:2017A&A...598A..19D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629283. S2CID 54515711.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Kuzuhara, M.; et al. (2013). "Direct Imaging of a Cold Jovian Exoplanet in Orbit around the Sun-like Star GJ 504". The Astrophysical Journal. 774 (1). 11. arXiv:1307.2886. Bibcode:2013ApJ...774...11K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/774/1/11. S2CID 53343537.
- ↑ Swastik, C.; Banyal, Ravinder K.; Narang, Mayank; Manoj, P.; Sivarani, T.; Reddy, Bacham E.; Rajaguru, S. P. (2021), "Host Star Metallicity of Directly Imaged Wide-orbit Planets: Implications for Planet Formation", The Astronomical Journal, 161 (3): 114, arXiv:2012.13694, Bibcode:2021AJ....161..114S, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abd802, S2CID 229679749
- ↑ Baily, Francis (1843). "The Catalogues of Ptolemy, Ulugh Beigh, Tycho Brahe, Halley, Hevelius, Deduced from the Best Authorities. With Various Notes and Corrections, and a Preface to Each Catalogue. To Which is Added the Synonym of each Star, in the Catalogues of Flamsteed of Lacaille, as far as the same can be ascertained". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 13: 1. Bibcode:1843MmRAS..13....1B. (e Virginis: for Tycho Brahe's catalogue see page 149, for Hevelius' – page 235).
- ↑ Verbunt, F.; van Gent, R. H. (2010). "Three editions of the star catalogue of Tycho Brahe. Machine-readable versions and comparison with the modern Hipparcos Catalogue". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 516: A28. arXiv:1003.3836. Bibcode:2010A&A...516A..28V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014002. S2CID 54025412.
- ↑ Bayer, Johann (1603). "Uranometria: omnium asterismorum continens schemata, nova methodo delineata, aereis laminis expressa". Uranometria in Linda Hall Library: link Archived 2018-07-24 at the Wayback Machine. Pages on constellation Virgo: Table, Map.
- 1 2 3 Fuhrmann, K.; Chini, R. (2015). "On the age of Gliese 504". The Astrophysical Journal. 806 (2): 163. Bibcode:2015ApJ...806..163F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/163. S2CID 5694316.
- ↑ Bellotti, S.; Pezzotti, C.; Buldgen, G.; Vidotto, A. A.; Evensberget, D.; Magaudda, E. (2026-02-26). "Eating planets makes you younger: The magnetic dynamo rejuvenation of GJ 504 by planetary engulfment". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 707: L12. arXiv:2602.22979. Bibcode:2026A&A...707L..12B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659144.
- 1 2 3 Baburaj, Aneesh; Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste; et al. (18 June 2026). "JWST-TST High Contrast: First Direct Spectroscopy of GJ 504 b Reveals Clouds and Possible Metal Enrichment". The Astronomical Journal. 172 (1): 28. arXiv:2606.19228. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae6919. ISSN 0004-6256.
- 1 2 3 4 Bowler, Brendan P.; Blunt, Sarah C.; Nielsen, Eric L. (February 2020). "Population-level Eccentricity Distributions of Imaged Exoplanets and Brown Dwarf Companions: Dynamical Evidence for Distinct Formation Channels". The Astronomical Journal. 159 (2): 63. arXiv:1911.10569. Bibcode:2020AJ....159...63B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab5b11. ISSN 0004-6256.
