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Voiceless glottal fricative

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from /h/)
Voiceless glottal fricative
h
h͈
IPA number146
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)h
Unicode (hex)U+0068
X-SAMPAh
Braille⠓ (braille pattern dots-125)
Voiceless glottal approximant
h̞
Audio sample

A voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called a voiceless glottal transition or an aspirate,[1][2] is a type of sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "h" sound in "hut". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨h⟩.

A [h] sound may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Arabic), making it a true fricative. However, in many languages that have it, it only patterns like a fricative or approximant phonologically, and lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. In such languages, [h] has no inherent place or manner of articulation, as well as lacking the height and backness of a vowel. Thus it has been described as neither consonant nor vowel but simply voiceless phonation:

[h and ɦ] have been described as voiceless or breathy voiced counterparts of the vowels that follow them [but] the shape of the vocal tract [...] is often simply that of the surrounding sounds. [...] Accordingly, in such cases it is more appropriate to regard h and ɦ as segments that have only a laryngeal specification, and are unmarked for all other features. There are other languages [such as Hebrew and Arabic] which show a more definite displacement of the formant frequencies for h, suggesting it has a [glottal] constriction associated with its production.[3]

An effort was undertaken at the Kiel Convention in 1989 to move glottal fricatives, both voiceless and voiced, to the approximant cells of the IPA chart.[4][5] A specifically fricative sound may be indicated with a raising diacritic ⟨h̝⟩, and a specifically approximant with a lowering diacritic ⟨h̞⟩.

The Shanghainese language, among others, contrasts voiced and voiceless glottal fricatives.[6]

Features

[edit]

Features of the voiceless glottal fricative:

  • In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis or an approximant, with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticians[who?] no longer consider [h] to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
  • It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation [h], and [h] has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the median–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AdygheShapsugхыгь (khyg')[həɡʲ]'now'Corresponds to [x] in other dialects
Afardaháb[dʌhʌb]'gold'
Albanianhire[ˈhiɾɛ]'the graces'
Aleuthanix̂[ˈhaniχ]'lake'
ArabicModern Standard[7]هائل (haa'il)[ˈhaːʔɪl]'enormous'See Arabic phonology
AssyrianEasternܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ (hèmanūta)[heːmaːnuːta]'faith'
Westernܗܪܟܗ (harcë)[hεrcɪ]'here'
ArmenianEastern[8]հայերեն (hayeren)[hɑjɛɾɛn]ⓘ'Armenian language'
AsturianAll dialectsguaḥe[ɡwahɪ]'kid'
South Central dialectsḥuerza[ˈhweɾθɐ]'force'Initial /f/ becomes [h] before -ue and -ui in South Central dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]
Eastern dialectsḥacer[haˈθeɾ]"to do"Initial /f/ becomes [h] in Eastern dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]
Avarгьа[ha]'oath'
Azerihin[hɪn]'chicken coop'
BasqueNorth-Eastern dialects[9]hirur[hiɾur]'three'Can be voiced [ɦ] instead
Bengaliহাওয়া (haoua)[hao̯a]'wind'
Berberaherkus[ahərkus]'shoe'
Bretonhirio['hiɾjo]'today'
Blackfoot[10]ᑊᖳᐡᖹᖳ (hánnia!)[hʌ́nːja]'really!'Allophone of /x/ when it occurs beginning of a word
Cantabrianmuḥer[muˈheɾ]'woman'Initial /f/ becomes [h]. In most dialects, -LJ- and -C'L- too. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]
Catalan[11]ehem[eˈhẽm]'ha!'Found in loanwords and interjections. See Catalan phonology
Chechenхӏара (hara)[hɑrɐ]'this'
ChineseCantonese海 / hói[hɔːi̯˧˥]ⓘ'sea'See Cantonese phonology
Taiwanese Mandarin海 / hǎi[haɪ̯˨˩˦]A velar fricative [x] for Standard Chinese. See Standard Chinese phonology
Danish[12]hus[ˈhuːˀs]'house'Often voiced [ɦ] when between vowels.[12] See Danish phonology
Englishhigh[haɪ̯]'high'See English phonology and H-dropping
Esperantohejmo[ˈhejmo]'home'See Esperanto phonology
Eastern LombardVal CamonicaBresa[ˈbrɛha]'Brescia'Corresponds to /s/ in other varieties.
Estonianhammas[ˈhɑmˑɑs]'tooth'See Estonian phonology
Faroesehon[hoːn]'she'
Finnishhammas[ˈhɑmːɑs]'tooth'See Finnish phonology
FrenchBelgianhotte[hɔt]'pannier'Found in the region of Liège. See French phonology
GalicianMany dialectsgato[ˈhätʊ]'cat'Found in Western, Central, and some Eastern dialects. Realization of /ɡ/ in some dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ɦ, ʕ, x, χ, ʁ, ɡʰ]. See gheada
Georgian[13]ჰავა (hava)[hɑvɑ]'climate'
German[14]Hass[has]'hatred'See Standard German phonology
GreekCypriot[15]μαχαζί (mahazi)[mahaˈzi]'shop'Allophone of /x/ before /a/
Hawaiian[16]haka[ˈhɐkə]'shelf'See Hawaiian phonology
Hebrewהַר (har)[häʁ̞]'mountain'/h/ and other glottal consonants tend to elide. See Modern Hebrew phonology
HindiStandard[7]हम ('ham)[ˈhəm]'we'See Hindustani phonology
Hmong𖬎𖬰𖬟 (hawm)[haɨ˨˩]'to honor'
Hungarianhelyes[ˈhɛjɛʃ]'right'See Hungarian phonology
Irishshroich[hɾˠɪç]'reached'Appears as the lenited form of 'f', 's' and 't', as well as grammatical pre-aspiration of vowels, & occasionally word-initial as 'h' in borrowed words. See Irish phonology
ItalianTuscan[17]i capitani[iˌhäɸiˈθäːni]'the captains'Intervocalic allophone of /k/.[17] See Italian phonology
Japanese素肌 / suhada[sɨᵝhada]'bare skin'See Japanese phonology
Javaneseꦩꦲ (Maha)[mɔhɔ]'the expert, almighty one'
Kabardianтхылъхэ (tkhyl"khė)[tχɪɬhɑ]'books'
Kazakhшаһар (şahar)[ʃahɑr]'city'
Khmerហឹរ (hœ̆r)[hər]'spicy'See Khmer phonology
ចាស់ (chăs)[cah]'old'
Korean허리 (heori)[hʌɾi]'waist'See Korean phonology
Lakotaho[ho]'voice'
Laoຫ້າ (haa)[haː˧˩]'five'
Leoneseguaje[ˈwahe̞]'boy'
Lezgianгьек (hek)[hek]'glue'
Luxembourgish[18]hei[hɑ̝ɪ̯]'here'See Luxembourgish phonology
Malayhari[hari]'day'
Malayalamസഹകരണം (sahakaranam)[sɐɦɐɡɐɾɐɳɐm]'cooperation'Only occurs in loanwords. See Malayalam phonology
Mutsunhučekniš[hut͡ʃɛkniʃ]'dog'
Navajohastiin[hàsd̥ìːn]'mister'
Norwegianhatt[hɑtː]'hat'See Norwegian phonology
Pashtoهو (ho)[ho]'yes'
Persianهفت (haft)[hæft]'seven'See Persian phonology
Pirahãhi[hì]'he'
PortugueseMost dialectsHonda[ˈhõ̞dɐ]'Honda'Allophone of /ʁ/. [h, ɦ] are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology
Many Brazilian dialects[19]marreta[maˈhetɐ]'sledgehammer'
Minas Gerais (mountain dialect)arte[ˈahtʃ]'art'
Colloquial Brazilian (some dialects)[20][21]chuvisco[ɕuˈvihku]'drizzle'Corresponds to either /s/ or /ʃ/ (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted, See Portuguese phonology
QuechuaStandardhatun[hatuŋ]'big'The elderly still maintain the pronunciation of /h/, but the young changed the pronunciation to /x/. See Quechuan phonology
Romanianhăț[həts]'bridle'See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelicro-sheòl[ɾɔˈhɔːɫ]'topsail'[22]Lenited form of /t/, /s/, see Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-CroatianCroatian[23]hmelj[hmê̞ʎ̟]'hops'Allophone of /x/ when it is initial in a consonant cluster.[23] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Spanish[24]Andalusian, Canarian, and Extremaduran Spanishhigo[ˈhiɣo̞]'fig'Corresponds to Old Spanish /h/, which was developed from Latin /f/ but muted in other dialects
Many dialectsobispo[o̞ˈβ̞ihpo̞]'bishop'Allophone of /s/ at the end of a syllable. See Spanish phonology
Some dialectsjaca[ˈhaka]'pony'Corresponds to /x/ in other dialects
Swedishhatt[ˈhatː]'hat'See Swedish phonology
Sylhetiꠢꠣꠝꠥꠇ (hamukh)[hamux]'snail'
Tagalogtahimik[tɐˈhimɪk]'quiet'See Tagalog phonology
TamilIndian Tamilபகை (pakai)[pɐhɛ(i̯)] 'hate'Intervocalic singular /k/ has debuccalized for most except in Brahmin and Sri Lankan Tamil. In total it can be [kʰ x ɡ ɣ ɣʰ h][25]
Tatarһава (hawa)[hawa]'air'See Tatar phonology
Teluguపదిహేను (padihēnu)[pɐd̪iheːnu]'fifteen'Rarely native, mostly in loanwords. See Telugu language#Phonology
Thaiห้า (haa)[haː˥˩]'five'
Turkishhalı[häˈɫɯ]'carpet'See Turkish phonology
Ubykhдуаха[dwaha]'prayer'See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainianкігті[ˈkiht⁽ʲ⁾i]'claws'Sometimes when [ɦ] is devoiced. See Ukrainian phonology
UrduStandard[7]ہم (ham)[ˈhəm]'we'See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Vietnamese[26]hiểu[hjew˧˩˧]'understand'See Vietnamese phonology
Welshhaul[ˈhaɨl]'sun'See Welsh orthography
West Frisianhoeke[ˈhukə]'corner'
Yiꉐ / hxa[ha˧]'hundred'

Nasal

[edit]
Nasalized voiceless glottal approximant
h̃
Audio sample

A nasalized voiceless glottal fricative or approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨h̃⟩.

Occurrence

[edit]

The /h/ sound is nasalized in several languages, apparently due to a connection between glottal and nasal sounds called rhinoglottophilia.[citation needed] Examples of languages where the only h-like sound is nasalized are Krim, Lisu, and Pirahã.

More rarely, a language will contrast oral /h/ and nasal /h̃/. Two such languages are neighboring Bantu languages of Angola and Namibia, Kwangali and Mbukushu. In these languages, vowels following /h̃/ are nasalized, though nasal vowels do not occur elsewhere. A distinction is also reported from Wolaytta, though in that case the nasal is rare. Swazi distinguishes /h, h̃, ɦ, ɦ̃/.

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
BasqueSouletin dialect[27]ahate[ãˈh̃ãte]'duck'
Carapana[28]hʉ̃gẽ́[h̃ĩŋɛ̃́]'god'Allophone of [h] before nasal vowels.
Kaingang[29]hũg[h̃ũŋ]'hawk'Possible word-initial realization of /h/ before a nasal vowel.[29]
Kwangali[30]nhonho[h̃õh̃õ]Tribulus species
KhoekhoegowabDamara dialecthû[h̃ũː]'six'Free variation[clarification needed]
LisuNorthern dialect[31]han[h̃a˧]'soul'
Southern dialect[32]ꓦꓻ[h̃ɑ˦]
Lizu[h̃ũ˥˩]'language'Nasalization of glottals always occurs in glottal-initial words.[33]: 76–77 
Swazi[example needed]Distinguishes /h, h̃, ɦ, ɦ̃/.
Tofa[34] иъһён[iʔh̃jon]'twenty'

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Smyth (1920, §16: description of stops and h)
  2. ↑ Wright & Wright (1925, §7h: initial h)
  3. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:325–326)
  4. ↑ Ladefoged (1990), p. 24–25.
  5. ↑ Garellek et al. (2021).
  6. ↑ Qian 2003, pp.14-16.
  7. 1 2 3 Thelwall (1990:38)
  8. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  9. ↑ Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003:24)
  10. ↑ "Blackfoot Pronunciation and Spelling Guide". Native-Languages.org. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
  11. ↑ Ortografia catalana 2017, p. 28.
  12. 1 2 Grønnum (2005:125)
  13. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  14. ↑ Kohler (1999:86–87)
  15. ↑ Arvaniti (1999:175)
  16. ↑ Ladefoged (2005:139)
  17. 1 2 Hall (1944:75)
  18. ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
  19. ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004:5–6)
  20. ↑ (in Portuguese) Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese Archived 2013-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ (in Portuguese) Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "ro-sheòl". www.faclair.com. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  23. 1 2 Landau et al. (1999:68)
  24. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
  25. ↑ Zvelebil 1965, pp. 113–138.
  26. ↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)
  27. ↑ Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003), p. 25.
  28. ↑ Metzger, Ronald; Metzger, Lois (1973). "Fonología del carapana". Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas columbianos (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano & SIL International. pp. 121–132.
  29. 1 2 Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 681.
  30. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 132–133.
  31. ↑ Bradley (1994), p. 79.
  32. ↑ Bradley (2006), p. 271.
  33. ↑ Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013). "Lizu (Illustrations of the IPA)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242. ISSN 0025-1003.
  34. ↑ "Karagas". mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2020-12-18.

References

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