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Zand (tribe)

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The Zand tribe (Laki: ئیل زند) is a Laki-speaking Kurdish tribe[1][2][3] mainly populating the countryside of Khanaqin in Iraq and in the provinces of Kurdistan and Hamadan in Iran.[4][5][1]

History

The Zand tribe is originally from the Khanaqin area and settled in Malayer near Hamadan.[3][6] Incorporated into the army of Iranian ruler Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747), they were moved to Khorasan.[6] The Zands and other tribes of the Zagros Mountains managed to return home following Nader's assassination in 1747.[6] Many returned to Lorestan according to M. Reza Hamzeh'ee,[2] while Soane notes that parts of the tribe ultimately returned to Khanaqin.[3]

The tribe is most known for their member, Karim Khan Zand, who founded the state of Zand Iran , ruling from 1751 till his death in 1779. His death was followed by internal conflicts for his succession which resulted in the weakening of the dynasty, ending with the defeat of Karim Khan's nephew Lotf Ali Khan by the Qajar ruler Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (r. 1789–1797).

The tribe was also known as one of the few where women fought alongside their husbands.[7]

Origins

According to John R. Perry, some Zand communities spoke Kurdish while others spoke Luri, and the Zand tribe was variously considered Kurdish or Lur, and that "the reason for this confusion is evidently the position of the Zand home, at the eastern limit of the line through Kermanshah that traditionally divides Luristan from Kurdistan and where in practice Kurdish and Luri customs and dialects are intermingled. The narrative sources clearly imply, however, that the Zands regarded themselves, or at least were regarded, as quite distinct from their neighbors the Fayli Lurs on the one hand and the Kurds of Ardalan on the other. The Lak tribes, whose dialect shows characteristics of Kurdish rather than Luri, were apparently immigrants into this northernmost zone of Luristan, or were settled there by Shah 'Abbas. In the later Safavid Period, the Zands are mentioned together with the Laks as Lurs."[8]

According to the third edition of the Encyclopedia of Islam, the Zands "were a branch of the Laks, a subgroup of the northern Lurs, who spoke Luri, a Western Iranian language".[9]

According to the third edition of the Encyclopedia of Islam, the Zands "were a branch of the Laks, a subgroup of the northern Lurs, who spoke Luri, a Western Iranian language".[10] Similarly, according to the second edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the Zands "belonged to the Lakk group of Lurs".[11] According to The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, likewise, the Zand tribe "spoke the Lakk dialect of the Lur language".[6] When Soane visited the tribe around 1918, the tribe denied any connection to Lurs indicating that they are Kurds who later became assimilated into a so-called separate ethnic group known as Lurs.[3]

Balochistan offshoot

There's 8 villages in Bamposht district of Sistan and Baluchestan province that's inhabited by Balochi-speaking Zands. These Zands are descendants of Lotf Ali Khan's soldiers who accompanied him on his flight to Bam.[12]

References

  1. 1 2 "نگاهی به تغییرات زیستی و اسمی ایل لک به گواهی قدمت تاریخ" (in Persian). ILNA. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  2. 1 2 Hamzeh'ee, M. Reza (1990). The Yaresan: A Sociological, Historical and Religio-historical Study of a Kurdish Community. p. 62. ISBN 9783922968832.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Soane, E. B. (1918). Notes on the tribes of Southern Kurdistan. Baghdad. pp. 37–38.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ↑ Archibald Roosevelt (1944). "Kurdish tribal map of Iraq : showing the Iraq portion of Kurdistan and the major Kurdish tribal divisions within Iraq". Yale University.
  5. ↑ Edmonds, Cecil John (1957). Kurds, Turks, and Arabs. Oxford University Press. p. 279.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Frye, Richard N. (2009). "Zand Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press.
  7. ↑ The Zands are notable as one of the few Kurdish ruling bodies to allow women in their military. Zand women often fought alongside their husbands against invading Afghan forces Lortz, Michael (2005). "Willing to Face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces - the Peshmerga - From the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq". Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations. 1038: 108. Archived from the original on 2015-07-27. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  8. ↑ Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747-1779, John R. Perry, 2015, pp. 17, ISBN 9780226661025.
  9. ↑ Tucker, Ernest (2020). "Karīm Khān Zand". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
  10. ↑ Tucker, Ernest (2020). "Karīm Khān Zand". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
  11. ↑ Perry, J.R. (2002). "Zand". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume XI: W–Z. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2.
  12. ↑ Oberling, Pierre (July 20, 2004). "KURDISH TRIBES". Encyclopaedia Iranica.

Further reading

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