Fennoman movement
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The Fennoman movement or Fennomania was a Finnish nationalist movement in the 19th-century Grand Duchy of Finland, built on the work of the fennophile interests of the 18th and early-19th centuries.
History
[edit]
After the Crimean War, Fennomans founded the Finnish Party and intensified the language strife, yearning to raise the Finnish language and Finnic culture from peasant status to the position of a national language and a national culture. The opposition, the Svecomans, tried to defend the status of Swedish and the ties to the Germanic world.
Although the notion of Fennomans was not as common after the generation of Juho Kusti Paasikivi (born 1870), their ideas have dominated the Finns' understanding of their nation.[further explanation needed]
The mother tongue of many of the first generation of Fennomans, like Johan Vilhelm Snellman, was Swedish. Some of the originally Swedish-speaking Fennomans learned Finnish, and made a point of using it inside and outside the home.[citation needed]
Several Fennomans were from Finnish or bilingual homes. Some originally had Swedish surnames, common in Finland at that time.
Most of the Fennomans also Finnicized their family names, particularly from the end of the 19th century.
In the last years of the 19th century, and in the first years of the 20th, the Fennoman movement split into two political parties: the Old Finnish Party and the Young Finnish Party.
Motto
[edit]The Fennoman motto attributed to Adolf Ivar Arwidsson was actually coined by Johan Vilhelm Snellman: "Svenskar äro vi icke, ryssar vilja vi icke bli, låt oss alltså vara finnar."
- "Swedes we are not,
- Russians we do not want to be,
- So let us then be Finns."[6]
Prominent Fennomans
[edit]The Fennoman movement's leading figures were drawn to a striking extent from Swedish-speaking families, and many of them adopted Finnish surnames.[7][8]
Politicians and statesmen
- Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen, formerly Georg Zacharias Forsman
- Agathon Meurman
- Johan Richard Danielson-Kalmari
- Juho Kusti Paasikivi, formerly Johan Gustav Hellsten
- Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, formerly Carl Johan Ståhlberg
- Heikki Renvall
- Alexandra Gripenberg
Radical Fennomans of the K.P.T. circle
- Lauri Kivekäs, formerly Stenbäck
- Jonas Castrén
- Arvid Järnefelt
- Juhani Aho
Scholars, writers and artists
- Johan Vilhelm Snellman
- Fredrik Cygnaeus
- Julius Krohn
- Eemil Nestor Setälä
- Otto Donner
- Pietari Hannikainen
- Johannes Linnankoski
- Hjalmar Mellin
- Eero Järnefelt
- Toivo Kuula
- Yrjö Jahnsson
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ "Snellman, Johan Vilhelm (1806 - 1881)". kansallisbiografia.fi.
- ↑ "Snellman, the man who inspired Finns to be Finns". www.foreigner.fi.
- ↑ "Prime Minister Vanhanen at the Celebration of J.V. Snellman". valtioneuvosto.fi.
- ↑ "Five Facts That You Didn't Know About J.V. Snellman". finlandtoday.fi.
- ↑ Nestingen, Andrew (2008). Crime and Fantasy in Scandinavia: Fiction, Film and Social Change. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-8763507936..
- ↑ Tarkiainen, Kari (2003). "Adolf Ivar Arwidsson". In Klinge, Matti (ed.). Suomen kansallisbiografia [Finnish National Biography]. Vol. 1. Helsinki: SKS. p. 406. ISBN 951-746-442-8.
- ↑ Engman, Max (2016). Språkfrågan: Finlandssvenskhetens uppkomst 1812–1922 (PDF). Finlands svenska historia 3. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 702:3 (in Swedish). Helsinki & Stockholm: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland & Bokförlaget Atlantis.
- ↑ Meinander, Henrik (2016). Nationalstaten: Finlands svenskhet 1922–2015 (PDF). Finlands svenska historia 4. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 702:4 (in Swedish). Helsinki & Stockholm: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland & Bokförlaget Atlantis.