Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
| Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge | |
|---|---|
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
 Snow geese at Bosque del Apache | |
  Location within the United States | |
| Location | Socorro County, New Mexico, United States |
| Nearest city | San Antonio, NM |
| Coordinates | 33°52′9″N 106°50′35″W / 33.86917°N 106.84306°W |
| Area | 57,331 acres (232.01 km2)[1] |
| Established | 1939[2] |
| Visitors | 160,000 (in 2006) |
| Governing body | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |
| Website | Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge |
The Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge (/ˈboʊskeɪ dɛl əˈpætʃi/ BOH-skay del ə-PATCH-ee, Spanish: [ˈboske ðel aˈpatʃe]; "Woodland of the Apache") is a National Wildlife Refuge located in southern New Mexico. It was founded in 1939 and is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It is a favorite spot to observe sandhill cranes, which spend the fall and winter in the area. The reserve is open year-round and provides safe harbor for its varied wildlife.[3] Visitors to the refuge also enjoy partaking in activities such as hiking, cycling, driving tours on the 12-mile scenic auto route, and participating in educational programs offered on site.[4]
Location
[edit]The name of the refuge means "woodland of the Apache" [sg] in Spanish, named for the Apache tribes that once camped in the forests along the Rio Grande.[5] Previously, the Piro people had lived in the lands around what is now the refuge until the 1600s, when they were forced to abandon their pueblos due to European diseases and attacks from the Apache tribes.[6]
The heart of the refuge comprises approximately 3,800 acres (15 km2) of Rio Grande floodplain and 9,100 acres (37 km2) of seasonal wetlands and other managed habitats. In addition to this, the refuge contains 44,300 acres (179 km2) of arid grasslands and foothills of the Chupadera and San Pascual Mountains.[7] About 30,000 acres (120 km2) of this is designated as wilderness.[5] The refuge sits within the Little San Pascual Mountain fault zone, rendering it an ideal site for conducting research on stratigraphy and sedimentology.[8]
A fourteen-mile-long (22.5 km) loop road divided by a cutoff into a north loop and south loop allows automobile drivers excellent views of wetland wildlife and raptors, and there are several short (0.5 to 2 miles) walking trails.[9] The road affords good views of the seasonal wetlands where numerous birds may be seen. Adjacent to the Visitor Center, a desert plant garden is maintained.[10]
Terrain
[edit]
The center of the refuge is made up of seasonal wetlands watered by irrigation systems connected to the Rio Grande. These managed wetlands provide an essential habitat for cottonwood trees as well as Goodding's willow and coyote willow. The wetlands are irrigated periodically to give these plants the best growing conditions.[11]
The managed wetlands also grow plants that provide food for wintering waterbirds. These plants include smartweed, millet, bulrush, chufa, and various sedges. These wetlands are periodically irrigated through the summer to encourage plant growth and may be disturbed by fire or machinery to further enhance plant diversity. In the fall and winter, the wetlands are flooded to provide habitat for the arriving waterbirds.[5]
Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge is also made up of thousands of acres of dry land. One unit contains 5,440 acres (23 km2) of scrubland and desert terrain that is connected to the Chihuahuan desert. This area is called the Chupadera Peak Wilderness Unit. In addition to desert terrain, the Chupadera Peak Wilderness Unit is characterized by tall, reddish cliffs.[12]
Birds
[edit]
There have been 408 different bird species observed in the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge since 1964 according to eBird, making it one of the most diverse areas for bird species in the United States .[13] Seasonal wetlands attract the huge flocks of wintering sandhill cranes and geese that are popular with visitors. Many other species—notably waterfowl, shorebirds, and birds of prey—also winter in the refuge. Striking vagrants such as a sungrebe and rufous-necked wood rail have been found there. The dry upland areas of the refuge are host to a unique suite of desert birds such as pyrrhuloxia and black-throated sparrows.
The diversity of birds is also high in spring, particularly the last week of April and first week of May, and in fall. In summer the area is hot but many riparian birds can be found, including such New Mexico rarities as the least bittern and common gallinule. Late November to mid February is the best time for large numbers of birds, including thousands of sandhill cranes and over 10,000 Ross's and snow geese. An annual 'festival of the cranes' is held in early December as large numbers of cranes begin arriving in the refuge. Winter visitors often plan to be in the refuge at sunrise or sunset, when the flocks of cranes and geese that roost in the refuge "commute" to or from local fields where they feed. Although winter sunsets and especially sunrises are chilly, the daily low temperature is seldom far below freezing. Visitors typically stay in the nearby RV park or in Socorro or San Antonio.
Rare birds which nest on the refuge include the southwestern subspecies of the willow flycatcher and the western distinct population segment of the yellow-billed cuckoo, both of which are federally listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Biology
[edit]In addition to hosting rare bird species, Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge is also home to the last known population of the New Mexico meadow jumping mouse along the Rio Grande river. This mouse is a distinctive, genetically unique subspecies found in certain regions of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Colorado. Due to its rarity, the New Mexico meadow jumping mouse has also been listed as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act.[14]
An overabundance of the invasive shrubby trees tamarisk (also known as salt-cedar) and Russian olive on the refuge have posed a threat to habitats utilized by native wildlife species. To combat this issue, Bosque del Apache NWR has utilized various control methods over time, such as mechanical removal, herbicide application, and prescribed burning. The tamarisk removal efforts undertaken on the refuge have served as a case study for similar removal initiatives in other protected areas.[15]
Climate
[edit]According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge has a cold semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge was 113 °F (45.0 °C) on June 25, 1902, while the coldest temperature recorded was −19 °F (−28.3 °C) on January 11, 1962.[16]
| Climate data for Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1894–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 80 (27) |
90 (32) |
97 (36) |
100 (38) |
107 (42) |
113 (45) |
112 (44) |
110 (43) |
106 (41) |
102 (39) |
89 (32) |
79 (26) |
113 (45) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 57.3 (14.1) |
63.4 (17.4) |
71.1 (21.7) |
78.4 (25.8) |
87.1 (30.6) |
96.9 (36.1) |
97.3 (36.3) |
94.3 (34.6) |
89.2 (31.8) |
79.4 (26.3) |
67.3 (19.6) |
56.5 (13.6) |
78.2 (25.7) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 38.6 (3.7) |
43.5 (6.4) |
50.7 (10.4) |
57.7 (14.3) |
66.0 (18.9) |
75.3 (24.1) |
79.1 (26.2) |
76.6 (24.8) |
69.9 (21.1) |
58.5 (14.7) |
47.0 (8.3) |
38.0 (3.3) |
58.4 (14.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 19.8 (−6.8) |
23.7 (−4.6) |
30.2 (−1.0) |
36.9 (2.7) |
44.8 (7.1) |
53.7 (12.1) |
60.8 (16.0) |
58.9 (14.9) |
50.6 (10.3) |
37.5 (3.1) |
26.6 (−3.0) |
19.5 (−6.9) |
38.6 (3.7) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −19 (−28) |
−16 (−27) |
2 (−17) |
11 (−12) |
20 (−7) |
31 (−1) |
41 (5) |
43 (6) |
29 (−2) |
12 (−11) |
−10 (−23) |
−8 (−22) |
−19 (−28) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.38 (9.7) |
0.43 (11) |
0.40 (10) |
0.33 (8.4) |
0.42 (11) |
0.53 (13) |
1.67 (42) |
1.91 (49) |
1.31 (33) |
0.90 (23) |
0.59 (15) |
0.75 (19) |
9.62 (244.1) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.3 (0.76) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.5 (1.3) |
0.9 (2.3) |
2.0 (5.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 7.8 | 8.8 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 47.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.3 |
| Source 1: NOAA[17] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: xmACIS2[16] | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
- ↑ "Annual Report of Lands as of September 30, 2009" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ↑ "Bosque del Apache NWR" (PDF). fws.gov. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ↑ "About the Refuge – Bosque del Apache – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
- ↑ "Visit Us". US Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- 1 2 3 "Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refugeaccess" (PDF). 3 May 2017.
- ↑ "About Us". US Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ↑ "About the Refuge". fws.gov. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ↑ Koning, Daniel J., Heizler, Matthew T. (January 2022). "Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Santa Fe Group adjoining the Little San Pascual Mountains – implications for footwall exhumation and evolution of the Little San Pascual Mountain fault zone". New Mexico Geological Society: 203–204 – via OpenAIRE Explore.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Hiking Trails – Bosque del Apache – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ↑ "Tour loop map". friendsofthebosque.org. Friends of the Bosque. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ↑ Sapp, Methea K. (2009). America's Natural Places: Pacific and West. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313353192.
- ↑ "Wilderness Units – Bosque del Apache – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
- ↑ "Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge". ebird.org. Retrieved 12 July 2026.
- ↑ Wright, G. D., & Frey, J. K. (1 February 2015). "Habitat Selection by the Endangered New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mouse on an Irrigated Floodplain". Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management. 6: 112–129. doi:10.3996/062014-JFWM-044 – via OpenAire.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Briggs, Mark K., Osterkamp, Waite R. (2021). Renewing Our Rivers : Stream Corridor Restoration in Dryland Regions. University of Arizona Press. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9780816541485.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - 1 2 "xmACIS2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 11 July 2026.
- ↑ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: BOSQUE DEL APACHE, NM". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 11 July 2026.
Further reading
[edit]- Harden, Paul "Time Line & Cultural Phases of the Piro Nation" Socorro County Historical Society. Retrieved 18 Feb 2024.
- John E. Parmeter, New Mexico Bird Finding Guide.
- Sharp, Jay W. "In Celebration of Wildlife". desertusa.com. Desert USA. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
External links
[edit]
- Bosque del Apache official website
- Friends of the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
- The short film Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge (2005) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
- The short film Bosque del Apache: Ancient Flyway of the Rio Grande (2000) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
- The short film Back to the Bosque (2000) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
- The short film Birds of the Bosque (1991) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
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| Other | |
