// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did the Rhinocerotoidea say? Rhino-ing to meet you.
| Rhinocerotoids Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Infraclass: | Placentalia |
| Order: | Perissodactyla |
| Clade: | Tapiromorpha |
| Suborder: | Ceratomorpha |
| Superfamily: | Rhinocerotoidea Gray, 1821 |
| Families and genera | |
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Generally recognized families Sometimes recognized
Incertae sedis genera | |
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Rhinocerotoidea is a superfamily of perissodactyls which includes the living rhinoceroses and their extinct relatives. In addition to rhinoceroses (Rhinocerotidae), Rhinocerotoidea also comprises at least three extinct families: the Amynodontidae, Hyracodontidae, and Paraceratheriidae. The relationships between the different groups are not well resolved, and two additional extinct families are sometimes recognized, the Eggysodontidae and Forstercooperiidae.
Extinct non-rhinocerotid members of the group are sometimes considered rhinoceroses in a broad sense. Although the term 'rhinoceroses' is sometimes used to refer to all of these, a less ambiguous vernacular term for this group is 'rhinocerotoids'. Rhinocerotidae are sometimes called "true rhinoceroses" to distinguish them from other rhinocerotoids.
Internal classification
[edit]Families
[edit]Rhinocerotoidea has traditionally been divided into three families: the extant Rhinocerotidae (true rhinoceroses) and the extinct Amynodontidae (swamp rhinoceroses) and Hyracodontidae (running rhinoceroses).[1] Phylogenetic analyses often recover the traditional Hyracodontidae as paraphyletic; the giant paraceratheres, historically considered part of the family, are therefore generally recognized as the distinct family Paraceratheriidae.[2][3][4][5]
Whether additional families of rhinocerotoids are recognized depends on the analysis. Historically, the basal rhinocerotoid Hyrachyus and similar forms have sometimes been placed in a family named Hyrachyidae,[6] though recent analyses do not recover Hyrachyus in a consistent position or group.[3][4][5] Eggysodonts are variously separated into the distinct family Eggysodontidae[3] or retained within Hyracodontidae;[5] whether eggysodonts and hyracodonts form a monophyletic group varies between analyses.[3][4][5] Forstercooperia and similar forms are treated either as paraceratheres[7] or separated into the distinct family Forstercooperiidae.[4][5] Analyses similarly vary in whether forstercooperiids and paraceratheres are recovered as a monophyletic group or not.[3][4][5]
Phylogeny
[edit]Recent analyses do not reach a consensus on interrelationships within Rhinocerotoidea. The cladograms below follow phylogenetic analyses by Bai et al. (2020),[4] Deng et al. (2021),[8] Veine-Tonizzo et al. (2023),[3] and Lu et al. (2026).[5]
Topology A: Bai et al. (2020)[4]
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Topology B: Deng et al. (2021)[8]
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Topology C: Veine-Tonizzo et al. (2023)[3]
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Topology D: Lu et al. (2026)[5]
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References
[edit]- ↑ Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1898). "The Extinct Rhinoceroses". Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History. 1 (3): 80.
- ↑ Haibing Wang; Bin Bai; Jin Meng; Yuanqing Wang (2016). "Earliest known unequivocal rhinocerotoid sheds new light on the origin of Giant Rhinos and phylogeny of early rhinocerotoids". Scientific Reports. 6: Article number 39607. doi:10.1038/srep39607.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Veine-Tonizzo, Lea; Tissier, Jérémy; Bukhsianidze, Maia; Vasilyan, Davit; Becker, Damien (2023). "Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Amynodontidae Scott and Osborn, 1883 (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea)". Comptes Rendus. Palevol. 22 (8): 109–142. doi:10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a8.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bai, B.; Meng, J.; Zhang, C.; Gong, Y.-X.; Wang, Y.-Q. (2020). "The origin of Rhinocerotoidea and phylogeny of Ceratomorpha (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 509. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01205-8. PMC 7490376. PMID 32929169.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lu, Xiaokang; Deng, Tao; Sun, Boyang; Sun, Danhui; Li, Shijie (2026). "A new rhinocerotoid (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the early Oligocene of Ningdong, China, and its phylogenetic implications". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 32 (4): 47. doi:10.1007/s10914-025-09791-2. ISSN 1573-7055.
- ↑ Bai, Bin; Meng, Jin; Wang, Yuan-Qing; Wang, Hai-Bing; Holbrook, Luke (2017). "Osteology of The Middle Eocene Ceratomorph Hyrachyus modestus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 413: 1–70. doi:10.1206/0003-0090-413.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090.
- ↑ Wang, Hai-Bing; Bai, Bin; Meng, Jin; Wang, Yuan-Qing (2018). "A New Species of Forstercooperia (Perissodactyla: Paraceratheriidae) from Northern China with a Systematic Revision of Forstercooperiines". American Museum Novitates. 3897 (3897): 1–41. doi:10.1206/3897.1. ISSN 0003-0082.
- 1 2 Deng, Tao; Lu, Xiaokang; Wang, Shiqi; Flynn, Lawrence J.; Sun, Danhui; He, Wen; Chen, Shanqin (2021). "An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 639. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02170-6. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8211792. PMID 34140631.
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