Ankycorbin
| RAI14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | RAI14, NORPEG, RAI13, retinoic acid induced 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 606586; MGI: 1922896; HomoloGene: 9199; GeneCards: RAI14; OMA:RAI14 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Ankycorbin is an ankyrin repeat and coiled-coil domain containing protein that in humans is encoded by the RAI14 gene.[5][6] Ankycorbin has been associated with the cortical actin cytoskeleton structures in terminal web, cell-cell adhesion sites as well as stress fibres.[7] It is expressed in a variety of human tissues and is thought to play a role in actin regulation of ectoplasmic specialization, establishment of sperm polarity and sperm adhesion. It may also promote the integrity of Sertoli cell tight junctions at the blood testis barrier.
Gene
[edit]Location
[edit]RAI14 contains 15 exons and is located on the plus strand of chromosome number 5 at position 5p13.2. It spans 5,068 base pairs from position 34,656,328 to 34,832,612.[8]
Gene Neighborhood
[edit]Genes TTC23L and LOC105374721 neighbor RAI14 on chromosome 5.
Expression
[edit]RAI14 is expressed within a wide range of human tissues. Some areas of the highest expression by TPM (transcripts per million) include tissues of the endometrium, smooth muscle, cervix, cervix, testis, and spleen. Within the human brain, RAI14 expression is abundant in the area around the brain stem and medulla. The highest expression levels came from the myelencephalon, a region of the embryonic brain that would later become the medulla oblongata.[9]
Homology
[edit]Paralogs
[edit]RAI14 does not have any paralogs.
Orthologs
[edit]Most of the entire sequence of the ankycorbin protein is well conserved between the majority of mammals and vertebrates.[10] More distantly related orthologs, such as sharks, begin to lose similarity and become less conserved in the C-terminus end of the protein. Ankycorbin is not well conserved within invertebrates, such as coral, at all. The latter half of the protein is largely missing and the only portion that retains some semblance of conservation is the area near the N-terminus that is associated with the ankyrin repeat domain.
| Genus and species | Common name | Date of Divergence
(from Homo sapiens) |
NCBI Accession
Number |
Sequence length
(Amino Acids) |
Sequence
Identity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | Human | NP_001138992.1 | 980 | 100% | |
| Castor canadensis | North American Beaver | 88 MYA | XP_020026070.1 | 980 | 92% |
| Delphinapterus leucas | Beluga Whale | 94 MYA | XP_022455298.1 | 980 | 90% |
| Pelecanus crispus | Dalmatian pelican | 320 MYA | XP_009485865.1 | 977 | 69% |
| Python bivittatus | Burmese python | 320 MYA | XP_007432514.1 | 992 | 66% |
| Xenopus laevis | African clawed frog | 353 MYA | XP_018100022.1 | 971 | 53% |
| Rhincodon typus | Whale Shark | 465 MYA | XP_020373853.1 | 719 | 46% |
| Stylophora pistillata | Coral | 685 MYA | XP_022783988.1 | 653 | 31% |
Protein
[edit]Transcripts
[edit]Ankycorbin has four different isoforms (A, B, C, and D) with most isoforms containing one or more splice variants that mainly differ in the 5' UTR. Isoform D is the longest known isoform at 983 amino acids in length, however isoform A (980 amino acids) is the most predominant form of the protein.[11]
General Properties
[edit]The RAI14 protein has a predicted weight of 110.0 kDal and an isoelectric point of 5.87. It's also predicted to have glutamine rich region between nucleotides 914-978 and is otherwise rich in lycine, glutamate, and serine while being poor in glycine and phenylalanine.[12] It is a soluble protein.[13]
Structure and Domains
[edit]Ankycorbin contains an ankyrin repeat region located near the N-terminus[14] that consists of 6 ankyrin repeats. The protein is predominantly composed of alpha helices and coiled-coil domains with no predicted beta-sheet structures.
Post Translational Modifications
[edit]RAI14 is a highly phosphorylated protein with hundreds of predicted phosphorylation sites. It is predicted to be a nuclear protein and contains 3 nuclear localization signals.
Function
[edit]RAI14 is predicted to play a role in cell-cell adhesion sites, particularly the cell-cell interactions of Sertoli cells from within the testis. Sertoli cells are involved in the creation of the blood testis barrier and provides a specialized, protected environment within the seminiferous tubules of the testis for germ cell development.[15]
References
[edit]- 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000039560 – Ensembl, May 2017
- 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022246 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Kutty RK, Kutty G, Samuel W, Duncan T, Bridges CC, El-Sherbeeny A, Nagineni CN, Smith SB, Wiggert B (May 2001). "Molecular characterization and developmental expression of NORPEG, a novel gene induced by retinoic acid". J Biol Chem. 276 (4): 2831–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007421200. PMID 11042181.
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: RAI14 retinoic acid induced 14".
- ↑ Peng YF, Mandai K, Sakisaka T, Okabe N, Yamamoto Y, Yokoyama S, Mizoguchi A, Shiozaki H, Monden M, Takai Y (December 2000). "Ankycorbin: a novel actin cytoskeleton-associated protein". Genes Cells. 5 (12): 1001–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00381.x. PMID 11168586. S2CID 19149724.
- ↑ "RAI14 retinoic acid induced 14 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
- ↑ "Allen Brain Atlas: Human Brain". Allen Brain Atlas.
- ↑ "NCBI: Protein Blast". Retrieved March 2, 2018.
- ↑ "ankycorbin isoform a [Homo sapiens]". NCBI. October 2, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
- ↑ "SAPS". EMBL-EBI.
- ↑ Hirikawa, T.; Boon-Chieng, S.; Mitaku, S. "SOSUI: classification and secondary structure prediction system for membrane proteins".
- ↑ "PSORT II". PSORT: Predicting of Protein Sorting and Localization Sites in Amino Acid Sequences. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
- ↑ Martin CM, Kleid JJ (2015). "Pseudofusion beats masquerading as pacemaker failure". Journal of Electrocardiology. 7 (2): 179–81. doi:10.1016/S0022-0736(74)80028-2. PMID 4822540.
Further reading
[edit]- Jin J, Smith FD, Stark C, Wells CD, Fawcett JP, Kulkarni S, Metalnikov P, O'Donnell P, Taylor P, Taylor L, Zougman A, Woodgett JR, Langeberg LK, Scott JD, Pawson T (August 2004). "Proteomic, functional, and domain-based analysis of in vivo 14-3-3 binding proteins involved in cytoskeletal regulation and cellular organization". Curr. Biol. 14 (16): 1436–50. Bibcode:2004CBio...14.1436J. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.07.051. PMID 15324660. S2CID 2371325.
- Yuan W, Zheng Y, Huo R, Lu L, Huang XY, Yin LL, Li JM, Zhou ZM, Sha JH (September 2005). "Expression of a novel alternative transcript of the novel retinal pigment epithelial cell gene NORPEG in human testes". Asian J. Androl. 7 (3): 277–88. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7262.2005.00040.x. PMID 16110356.
- Kutty RK, Chen S, Samuel W, Vijayasarathy C, Duncan T, Tsai JY, Fariss RN, Carper D, Jaworski C, Wiggert B (July 2006). "Cell density-dependent nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of NORPEG (RAI14) protein". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 345 (4): 1333–41. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.184. PMID 16729964.
- Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D (2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3: 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931.