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Dihing River
Burhi Dihing River
Dihing river at Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh
Dihing River is located in Assam
Dihing River
Location in Assam, India
Dihing River is located in India
Dihing River
Dihing River (India)
Location
CountryIndia
StatesArunachal Pradesh and Assam
Physical characteristics
SourcePatkai Hills
 • elevation2,375 m (7,792 ft)[1]
MouthBrahmaputra River
 • coordinates
27°14′0″N 94°42′0″E / 27.23333°N 94.70000°E / 27.23333; 94.70000[2]
Length380 km (240 mi)[1]
Basin size
6,000 km2 (2,300 sq mi)[1]

The Dihing[3] or Burhi Dihing is a large tributary, about 380 kilometres (240 mi) long,[1] of the Brahmaputra River in Upper Assam in northeastern India. The river originates at 2,375 metres (7,792 ft) above sea level in the Eastern Himalayas (the Patkai Hills)[1] in Arunachal Pradesh and flows through Tinsukia and Dibrugarh Districts in Assam to its confluence with the Brahmaputra at Dihingmukh. Its watershed covers about 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 mi2).[1] The Dihing has created a number of oxbow lakes in the area.

Namdapha River is a tributary of the Dihing on its northern bank. Disang River is a tributary of the Dihing in its southern bank. The Jeypore-Dihing Rainforest, Namdapha National Park, numerous petroleum fields, wet-paddy fields, bamboo orchards and tea gardens provide a unique landscape along its course. Ledo, Margherita, Digboi, Duliajan and Naharkatia (Nahorkotiya) are the small towns in its valley. Dihing is one of the largest contributors to the Brahmaputra River. The plains of the Dihing Valley has a rich variety of flora and fauna. The Betel nuts are produced most in the areas of the Dihing Plains.[3]

History

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Historical and geomorphological sources indicate that the Dihing formerly continued much farther west across Upper Assam than it does at present. Richard Wilcox, writing from surveys carried out in 1825–1828, recorded that the former Dihing received the Disang, Dikhu, Jaji and Disai rivers before discharging into the Brahmaputra near a place called Mahura.[4] Edward Gait identified Lakhau as the Dihing–Brahmaputra confluence during Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam in 1662. According to his reconstruction, the Brahmaputra or Luit then flowed north of Majuli, while the Dihing followed approximately the channel now occupied by the Brahmaputra south of the island, received the Disang and Dikhu, and reunited with the northern stream at the western extremity of Majuli.[5]

John Peter Wade's geographical account, compiled from information obtained in the late eighteenth century, gives a more detailed description of this former confluence. Wade stated that the Dihing turned westward and joined the Luit opposite a place called Zoontiaran, about forty miles upstream of Kaliabor, with Poolarghaut on the southern bank and Phogaderagaon on the northern bank near the junction.[6] In his description of Majuli, Wade similarly placed the reunion of the Dihing and Luit above Kaliabor and opposite Banfangh, and identified Roopei-Chapoori as the western extremity of Majuli at the point where the two streams reunited.[7]

The location of Lakhau is also indicated by accounts of Mir Jumla's advance into Upper Assam. In a historical-geographical study of the campaign, I. S. Mumtaza notes that the tract between Kaliabar and Lakhau was the forested and swampy tract in which the present Kaziranga wildlife reserve is situated.[8]

Satellite imagery examined by J. N. Sarma revealed palaeochannels of a larger ancestral river, which he termed the Proto-Burhi Dihing. Its upstream palaeochannel lay mainly north of the present river and crossed it near Naharkatia, while the downstream palaeochannels continued westward south of the present Burhi Dihing, through the tract between the Burhi Dihing and the Disang river. Beyond Tingkhong, these abandoned channels formed northern and southern groups that converged near Sepon; Sarma interpreted their distribution as evidence that the downstream channel progressively migrated northward towards the present course of the Burhi Dihing.[9]

Geomorphological reconstructions of the Majuli region similarly place the former lower Dihing along the southern side of the old Majuli tract. Sarma and Phukan reconstructed the earlier Brahmaputra or Luit as flowing north of Majuli and the Dihing to its south, the two meeting at Lakhu.[10] A later reconstruction by Mahanta et al. (2024), based on the same model, depicts the pre-reorganisation Dihing following approximately the present Brahmaputra channel south of Majuli before meeting the northern Brahmaputra–Luit at Lakhu.[11]

Wade's geographical sketch of Assam, compiled in 1800, described Majuli as formed by the Dihing on the south and the Luit on the north, with channels connecting the two rivers across the island. In the same account, Wade described Assam as separated by the Brahmaputra into three principal geographical divisions—Uttarkol or Uttarpar, Dakhinkol or Dakhinpar, and Majuli—and noted that the first two designations had formerly been applied specifically to Upper Assam.[12] Edward Gait noted that references to the Dihing in accounts of the late eighteenth century denoted the river channel south of Majuli, corresponding to the course of the Brahmaputra south of the island in his own time. He cautioned that the continued use of the name did not necessarily prove that the Brahmaputra's principal channel still flowed north of Majuli during the events described. Gait further observed that the southern channel was still known as the Dihing when the map accompanying Horace Hayman Wilson's 1852 Narrative of the Burmese War in 1824–26 was prepared. He also recorded an Assamese tradition attributing the change in the Brahmaputra's course to a flood brought down by the Dibang River in 1735, while noting that the northern channel continued to carry a considerable volume of water afterward.[13]

According to Sarma(2007), about 250 years ago, the Dihing flowed westward through Sibsagar district and met the Brahmaputra at the extreme western end of Majuli, nearly 200 km west of its present outfall.[14] Major changes in the Brahmaputra–Dihing system subsequently transferred the principal Brahmaputra flow to the channel south of Majuli. Gait recorded an Assamese tradition attributing a major change to a flood brought down by the Dibang in 1735, while later geomorphological studies have associated the major channel reorganisation with flooding around 1750.[15][16] Gait also recorded a native tradition that at a still earlier period the Dikhu followed an independent course as far as Kajalimukh, portions of which were believed to survive as the Tuni channel in Majuli and the Kolong in Nagaon.[17]

Map showing the present course of the Dihing River and an approximate reconstruction of its former course.

Historical mentions

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The river's former course is also reflected in historical references to settlements and royal centres along its banks. Buranjis describe the Dihing river as the border between the Chutia kingdom in the north and Ahom kingdom in the south.[18][19][20] Buranji narratives associate Namrup, Tipam and Salguri as successive settlements of Ahoms along the river. Another passage states that Athabari received its name after eight atha trees were planted along the Dihing during the reign of Sukhaamphaa(r.1552-1603).[21] During the later development of the Ahom kingdom, Sudangphaa established his capital at Charagua near the Dihing, while Suhungmung made Bakata his capital on the river and constructed an embankment to protect the settlement from floods.[22] Although several of these places are no longer situated beside the present Burhi Dihing, their historical association with the river reflects its older westward course through Upper Assam.[23]

Bridges and crossings

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  1. Rail bridge of chain age 41.480 kilometers situated at Kutuha Kachari Village of length 288.20 meter and width 6.30 meters.
  2. RCC bridge of chain age 41.610 kilometers situated at Kutuha Kachari Village of length 236.30 meter and width 8.18 meters.
  3. Rail bridge of chain age 54.586 kilometers situated at Kowar Kharoni Village of length 504.20 meter and width 8.50 meters.
  4. Steel bridge of chain age 102.625 kilometers situated at Cheerika Beel Village of length 616.6 meter and width 3.13 meters.
  5. RCC bridge of chain age 108.730 kilometers situated at Kowar Kharoni Village of length 273.93 meter and width 8.25 meters.
  6. Rail bridge of chain age 109.136 kilometers situated at Kowar Kharoni Village of length 339.30 meter and width 5.89 meters.

[3]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sarma, Jogendra N.; Basumallik, Sudhir (1986). "Channel Form and Process of the Burhi Dihing River, India". Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. 68 (4): 373–81. doi:10.2307/521528. JSTOR 521528.
  2. ↑ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. "Burhi Dihing River". Geographical Names. ITA. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 Ehtesham, Ansari. "Dihing River - Tributaries Maps Bridges History". Rivers Of India.
  4. ↑ Wilcox, R. (1832). "Memoir of a Survey of Asam and the Neighbouring Countries, Executed in 1825-6-7-8" (PDF). Asiatic Researches. 17: 320. ...the Dihing did not disembogue itself where it does now into the Brahmaputra, but turning to the south-east received the Disang, and Dikko, the Jazi, and Disai river, and was discharged into the great river near Mahura.
  5. ↑ Gait, Edward Albert (1926). A History of Assam (2nd ed.). Calcutta and Simla: Thacker, Spink & Co. p. 132.
  6. ↑ Wade, John Peter (1927) [1800]. "A Geographical Sketch of Assam". In Sharma, Benudhar (ed.). An Account of Assam. North Lakhimpur, Assam: R. Sarmah. p. 31. joins the Looicheh opposite to Zoontiaran, about forty miles above Coliabur
  7. ↑ Wade, John Peter (1927) [1800]. "A Geographical Sketch of Assam". In Sharma, Benudhar (ed.). An Account of Assam. North Lakhimpur, Assam: R. Sarmah. pp. 32–33.
  8. ↑ Mumtaza, I. S. (1994). "Mir Jumla's Assam Invasion as Depicted by the Ahom Buranji: A Study in Historical Geography". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 55: 368–374. JSTOR 44143375.
  9. ↑ Sarma, Jogendra Nath (25–27 November 1993). A Study on Palaeochannels from Satellite Imagery in a Part of Upper Assam. National Symposium on Remote Sensing Applications for Resource Management with Special Emphasis on the North-Eastern Region. Guwahati. pp. 77–79, 82–83.
  10. ↑ Sarma, J. N.; Phukan, M. K. (2004). "Origin and some geomorphological changes of Majuli Island of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India". Geomorphology. 60 (1–2): 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.013.
  11. ↑ Mahanta, Bashab N.; Kashyap, M. P.; Mahapatra, B. M.; Goswami, Tapos Kumar (2024). "Tectonic anabranching of Brahmaputra River system: implications on survival of world's largest inhabited river island Majuli". Discover Geoscience. 2 93. doi:10.1007/s44288-024-00100-7.
  12. ↑ Wade, John Peter (1927) [1800]. "A Geographical Sketch of Assam". In Sharma, Benudhar (ed.). An Account of Assam. North Lakhimpur, Assam: R. Sarmah. pp. 3, 8, 32.
  13. ↑ Gait, Edward Albert (1906). A History of Assam. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co. p. 192.
  14. ↑ Sarma, Jogendra Nath; Borah, D.; Goswami, U. "Change of river channel and bank erosion of the Burhi Dihing River (Assam), assessed using remote sensing data and GIS": 95. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ↑ Gait, Edward Albert (1906). A History of Assam. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co. p. 192.
  16. ↑ Mahanta, Bashab N.; Kashyap, M. P.; Mahapatra, B. M.; Goswami, Tapos Kumar (2024). "Tectonic anabranching of Brahmaputra River system: implications on survival of world's largest inhabited river island Majuli". Discover Geoscience. 2 93. doi:10.1007/s44288-024-00100-7.
  17. ↑ Gait, Edward Albert (1926). A History of Assam (2nd ed.). Calcutta and Simla: Thacker, Spink & Co. p. 132.
  18. ↑ Assam Buranji (SM), p. 9
  19. ↑ Bhuyan, Rashmi Rekha (2023). "Archaeological Remains of the Dihing Valley of Assam: A Visit to Moiramora" (PDF). Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology. 11 (2): 532. About 250 years ago the Dihing (present Burhi-Dihing) flowed westerly through Sivsagar district to meet the Brahmaputra at the extreme western point of Majuli island (Sarma and Goswami, 2007). Over the centuries, the river Dihing has changed its courses many times...We find the earliest historical records of the valley after the coming of the Ahoms as the Buranjis or the Ahom chronicles mention about the conflict between the Ahoms and the Chutiyas on the bank of the river Dihing. The Satsari Asom Buranji refers to the Ahom-Chutiya conflict over the matter of fishing rights in the river Dihing which ultimately led to the annexation of the entire Chutiya territory upto Sadiya by the Ahoms during the reign of Suhungmung (p.56). However, it was only in the second decade of the sixteenth century, the area was brought under the control of the Ahoms and before that the whole territory of present-day Dibrugarh was under the Chutiyas.
  20. ↑ Dutta, Sristidhar (1985), The Mataks and their Kingdom, Allahabad: Chugh Publications, p. 28, ..the Chutiya kingdom was bound by the Himalayas on the north, river Burhi Dihing on the south, Patkai ranges on the east and Bharali river in the west
  21. ↑ Saikia, Sayeeda Yasmin (1997). In the Meadows of Gold: Telling Tales of the Swargadeos at the Crossroads of Assam. Guwahati: Spectrum Publications. pp. 21, 42. ISBN 81-85319-61-8.
  22. ↑ Gait, Edward A. (1926). A History of Assam (2nd ed.). Calcutta and Simla: Thacker, Spink & Co. pp. 83, 85.
  23. ↑ Sarma, Jogendranath, Change of River Channel and Bank Erosion of the Burhi Dihing River (Assam), Assessed Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS, p. 95.
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