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Michèle Barrett

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Prof
Michèle Barrett
DPhil FAcSS
Born1949 (age 76–77)
CitizenshipUnited Kingdom
Alma mater
Occupations
  • Academic
  • feminist
  • writer
Years active1970s–2020s
EmployerQueen Mary University of London
Notable work
ChildrenDuncan Barrett
Websitemichelebarrett.com

Michèle Barrett (born 1949)[1] is an English sociologist, feminist theorist and literary critic. She is an emeritus professor of modern literary and cultural theory at Queen Mary University of London, after starting her academic career at City University, London. She was President of the British Sociological Association and was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences.

A socialist feminist, Barrett is best known for her books The Anti-Social Family (1982), which was written with Mary McIntosh;[2] and Women's Oppression Today (1980), which attempted to reconcile feminist and Marxist analyses,[3] though by the 1990s she had moved away from Marxism towards post-structural feminism and literary theory. She is also a scholar of social history, including the experiences of servicemen in World War I, and of the life and works of Virginia Woolf.

Education and career

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The ArtsOne building, where the then School of English and Drama was based at the Mile End campus of Queen Mary University of London

Barrett received a BA in sociology from the University of Durham, then a Master of Arts and a DPhil (1976) from the University of Sussex, focussing on Virginia Woolf.[4] She lectured at City University, London[5] from 1975 for 25 years, moving to Queen Mary University of London in 2000.[4]

In 1979, she was a founding member of the Feminist Review collective.[6] She has served on many other editorial boards and as a book editor.[4]

Barrett was president of the British Sociological Association from 1995 to 1997. In that role, she told The Independent that "the old categories of class, individual and nation-state no longer seem useful. [Sociologists are] having to develop a new vocabulary and set of concepts, and in a time of flux we've been silenced."[7]

Barrett became "well-known as an influential socialist feminist."[8] She began her career using Marxist analysis, but moved away from it towards post-structuralism during the 1980s. Judith Stacey, looking back on a conversation with Barrett in the 1990s, described how Barrett moved away from Marxism and sociology towards literary and cultural studies.[9] Labour historian Bryan Palmer commented: "Once committed to Marxism and materialist analysis, the Barrett of the late 1980s is a captive of the ideological ensemble of poststructuralist theoretical positions associated with the supposed political and cultural ruptures of post-modernism."[10]

By the mid-1990s, Barrett had featured in three introductions to feminist literary criticism: Judith Newton and Deborah Rosenfelt's Feminist Criticism and Social Change (1985); Maggie Humm's A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Feminist Literary Criticism (1994); and Mary Eagleton's Feminist Literary Theory: A Reader (1996).[11]

In 2013, the Academy of Social Sciences named her an Academician.[12]

She was awarded a Leverhulme Research Fellowship in April 2016 to enable her study of Woolf.[13] She appeared on In Our Time discussing Woolf in 2023.[14]

Publications

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Sociology

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Barrett's book Women's Oppression Today: Problems in Marxist Feminist Analysis was published by New Left Books in 1980.[3]

The Anti-Social Family (Verso Books, 1982) co-authored with Mary McIntosh, "argued at length that rather than trying to promote or remake or reform the family we should consider alternatives to this form of private life".[2]

Other work

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In 1979 Barrett co-edited the book Ideology and Cultural Production with Philip Corrigan, Annette Kuhn, and Janet Wolff, which collected papers from a 1978 British Sociological Association conference on culture at the University of Sussex.[15][16] Robert Neal Wilson concluded that "this collection does not hang together".[17]

Barrett's Feminist Review article the same year with McIntosh, "Christine Delphy: Towards a Materialist Feminism?", was taken by Delphy as an attack not only on her ideas but herself, and to misrepresent her ideas.[18] They questioned whether Delphy saw those in need of care as exploiters of women, to which Delphy rebutted that she viewed the men who would otherwise do the work of women as the exploiters.[19]

Her 1980 lecture "Feminism and the Definition of Cultural Politics", proposed a decoupling of "women's art" and "feminist art" and questioned value judgements and the meaning of art.[3]

Barrett's 1986 essay "Ideology and the Cultural Production of Gender", first published in the book Feminist Criticism and Social Change, "suggests new methods for studying relations between literature, gender ideology, and social change".[20] She posits that "ideology is embedded historically in material practices but it does not follow either that ideology is theoretically indistinguishable from material practices or that it bears any direct relationship to them".[21] Her book chapter the following year, "Marxist Feminism and the Work of Karl Marx" in Anne Phillips' Feminism and Equality, criticised Karl Marx for his "feet of clay" on women's issues, deriding his analysis as "scattered, scanty and unsatisfactory", lacking in comparison to his collaborator Friedrich Engels.[22]

In 1989, she contributed the piece "Some Different Meanings of the Concept of 'Difference': Feminist Theory and the Concept of Ideology" to Alice Parker and Elizabeth Meese's book The Difference Within: Feminism and Critical Theory (John Benjamins), discussing how feminism has moved from an analysis of sex and gender difference to analysis of differences among women.[23] She identified three differences, which have varying and contradictory theoretical implications: a psychoanalytical analysis of sex differentiation; a postional or relational difference deriving from Saussurian linguist theory; and the variety of lived experiences.[24]

She co-edited a Verso book series, Questions for Feminism, with Annette Kuhn, Ann Rosalind Jones, and Anne Phillips.[25][26] With Roberta Hamilton, she edited the book The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism and Nationalism (1986), which aimed to highlight the perceived benefits of Canadian feminist scholarship over its US and UK counterparts.[27] Lillian Robinson said, "As its subtitle indicates, The Politics of Diversity assumes a Marxist analysis of social forces and institutions. ... The collection's Canadian provenance is responsible for the sophisticated level on which it engages the connections and contradictions between Marxism and feminism."[28] R A Sydie said "this is a book that all Canadian feminists should have in their library".[29] In 1993, with Anne Phillips she edited the book Destabilizing Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates. Pamela Moore and Devoney Looser said it was "a fine collection of essays" of feminist theory,[23] while Ramazanoglu said Barrett's piece "gives a succinct account of what it is about poststructuralism and postmodernism that is challenging to feminism".[30] Linda McDowell discussed Barrett's "careful reflective piece on the cultural, 'deconstructive' turn in feminist theorizing".[31]

Her 1992 book Politics of Truth: From Marx to Foucault (Cambridge Polity Press) examined whether the Marxist concept of ideology was still useful or whether post-structuralism's concepts of power and subjectivity should replace it.[32]

In the same year, Barrett contributed a book review of psychoanalysis and feminism to the journal Signs with Judith Kegan Gardiner, Barrett providing a sociological and Gardiner a literary perspective. It was the first such two-field review commissioned by the journal.[33]

Her 1999 book Imagination in Theory: Culture, Writing, Words, and Things is a collection of her essays from two decades of moving from Marxist sociology to post-Marxism. The introduction and two of ten essays are new material.[8] Barrett said in one essay, "Postmodernism is not something that you can be for or against ... For it is a cultural climate as well as an intellectual position, a political reality as well as an academic fashion.”[34] She pushed back against a perceived "aggressive anti-humanism" in post-structuralist theory in favour of allowing for the richness of human experience and beliefs.[35] Charlie Gere said that "Barrett picks her way carefully but firmly through the minefield of modern theory, in which backing away from one potentially explosive location often risks backing onto another" and commented on how "Barrett's authentic voice permeates the volume".[36] Jackie Orr favourably discussed the boundary-work, such as a fictional meeting of Woolf and Foucault, and concluded that "perhaps the theme of this collection really is Barrett's own impressive capacity for theoretical and political self-reflection and transformation."[8] Woolf scholar Jeanette McVicker found the comparison of Woolf's and Foucault's understanding of truth unhelpful, as the "one-to-one correspondence" obscured wider similarities.[37]

In a chapter in the 2000 book Understanding Contemporary Society (Sage, eds Browing, Halcli, and Webster), Barrett equated post-feminism with girl power, a restoration of femininity as opposed to "militant feminism"; she lampooned third-wave feminism as a form of girl power for grown-ups[38] and used Kathryn Janeway from Star Trek: Voyager as an example of post-feminism.[39]

With her son Duncan Barrett she published Star Trek: The Human Frontier (Routledge) in 2000.[40]

Virginia Woolf

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Virginia Woolf in 1902

In 1979 she wrote an introduction to a collection of Virginia Woolf's non-fiction, Virginia Woolf on Women and Writing: Her Essays, Assessments and Arguments. A.O. Frank commended her approach to "handl[ing] the connection between the fictional and non-fictional works."[41]

In her 1993 introduction to a Penguin edition of Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own and it's "sequel", Three Guineas, Barrett compared the gender neutrality of the former with the focus on gender difference in the latter.[42] Jane Marcus said Barrett "maintains a sceptical tone about Woolf's politics", criticising Woolf for not engaging with political movements and raising examples of snobbery and racism in her private writing.[43]

In "Reason and Truth in A Room of One's Own: A Master in Lunacy", her contribution to the 2001 book Virginia Woolf Out of Bounds: Selected Papers from the Tenth Annual Conference on Virginia Woolf (edited by Jessica Berman and Jane Goldman), Barrett discusses Woolf's critique of the masculine authorial self, "logical and pedagogic", for which Woolf uses the image of I as a shadow or dark bar.[44]

Her 2013 paper "Virginia Woolf's Research for Empire and Commerce in Africa (Leonard Woolf, 1920)" in Woolf Studies Annual said that Virginia's "knowledge and commitment to radical geopolitics and anti-imperialism" was greater than her husband Leonard's.[45]

Barrett continued her work on Woolf in 2021 with a chapter in Historicizing Modernists: Approaches to ‘Archivalism’ (edited by Matthew Feldman, Anna Svendsen, and Erik Tonningon) about WoolfNotes, a website digitising Woolf's archive.[46] She began the project in 2016 and it released 7000 digitised pages of Woolf's research and reading notes online in 2024.[47]

Social history

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With Peter Stallybrass, Barrett wrote a 2013 paper in Historical Writing Journal on the history of private use of printing and handwriting, noting that in the twentieth century the two were often combined such as in diaries and calendars[48] and that the postcard created new forms of interpersonal communication.[49]

She has also researched military life, including the role of African soldiers with the British army in World War I and how they were deliberately not commemorated by name by the Imperial War Graves Commission;[50] she received the 2021 Queen Mary University of London Influence Award for this work.[51] She published "Subalterns at War: First World War Colonial Forces and the Politics of the Imperial War Graves Commission" in Interventions in 2007 and "Death and the Afterlife: Britain's Colonies and Dominions" in Das' book Race, Empire and the First World War.[52] Her 2008 book Casualty Figures (Verso) recounts the life of five WWI servicemen and their experiences of shell shock, The Telegraph warning that "This is not a book for the squeamish or the faint-hearted. The stories of these five men are real, unimaginable and highly personal."[53] She discusses the lasting effects of trench warfare and how this has had insufficient attention.[54]

Personal life

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Barrett's son and co-author Duncan in 2022

Her son is historian Duncan Barrett. In the 1980s she was in a relationship with Mary McIntosh, with whom she published The Anti-Social Family.[55][56]

References

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  1. ↑ Sarah Gamble, ed. (23 November 2004). "B". The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism. Taylor & Francis. p. 156. ISBN 9781134545629.
  2. 1 2 Taylor, Laurie (11 November 2013). "Richard Hoggart; The Anti-Social Family". Thinking Allowed. BBC Radio 4.
  3. 1 2 3 Mambrol, Nasrullah (21 December 2016). "Michele Barrett and Marxist Feminism". Literariness. ISSN 3108-172X.
  4. 1 2 3 "Professional profile". Michèle Barrett.
  5. ↑ Johnson, Miriam M. (1981). "Reviewed Work: Women's Oppression Today: Problems in Marxist Feminist Analysis. Michele Barrett". Humboldt Journal of Social Relations. 9 (1). Cal Poly Humboldt: 210-212.
  6. ↑ "Twentysomething still has much to shout about". Times Higher Education. 30 September 2005.
  7. ↑ Morrison, Blake (16 April 1995). "Sociology: dark and difficult work, but someone has to do it". The Independent.
  8. 1 2 3 Orr, Jackie (January 2001). "Reviewed Work: Imagination in Theory: Culture, Writing, Words, and Things by Michéle Barrett". Contemporary Sociology. 30 (1). American Sociological Association: 93-94. doi:10.2307/2654374.
  9. ↑ Stacey, Judith (November 2006). "Feminism and Sociology in 2005: What Are We Missing?". Social Problems. 53 (4): 479-482. doi:10.1525/sp.2006.53.4.479.
  10. ↑ Palmer, Bryan D. (August 1993). "Critical Theory, Historical Materialism, and the Ostensible End of Marxism: The Poverty of Theory Revisited". International Review of Social History. 38 (2). Cambridge University Press: 133-162.
  11. ↑ Eagleton, Mary (Summer 1996). "Who's Who and Where's Where: Constructing Feminist Literary Studies". Feminist Review (53). Sage Publications, Ltd. doi:10.2307/1395659.
  12. ↑ Richmond, Leone (8 September 2013). "Social science Academicians announced". Times Higher Education.
  13. ↑ "Three academics from School of English and Drama awarded prestigious fellowships". Queen Mary University of London. 21 April 2016.
  14. ↑ Bragg, Melvyn (30 March 2023). "A Room Of One's Own". In Our Time.
  15. ↑ Tristram, R. J. (December 1980). "Reviewed Work: Ideology and Cultural Production by Michele Barrett, Philip Corrigan, Annette Kuhn, Janet Wolff". The British Journal of Sociology. 31 (4): 589-590. doi:10.2307/589798.
  16. ↑ Selden, Raman (May 1980). "Review: The problem of 'relative autonomy' in cultural studies". Sociology. 14 (2). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 301-306.
  17. ↑ Wilson, Robert N. (March 1980). "Reviewed Work: Ideology and Cultural Production. by Michele Barrett, Philip Corrigan, Annette Kuhn, Janet Wolff". Social Forces. 58 (3): 975-976. doi:10.2307/2577202.
  18. ↑ Delphy, Christine; Leonard, Diana (1980). "A Materialist Feminism Is Possible". Feminist Review (4). Sage: 79-105. doi:10.2307/1394771.
  19. ↑ McMahon, Anthony (October 1993). "Male Readings of Feminist Theory: The Psychologization of Sexual Politics in the Masculinity Literature". Theory and Society. 22 (5, Special Issue: Masculinities). Springer Nature: 675-695.
  20. ↑ Stephens, Judith L. (March 1989). "Gender Ideology and Dramatic Convention in Progressive Era Plays, 1890-1920". Theatre Journal. 41 (1): 45-55. doi:10.2307/3207923.
  21. ↑ Glazener, Nancy (1996). "Regional Accents: Populism, Feminism, and New England Women's Regionalism". Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory. 52 (3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 33-53. doi:10.1353/arq.1996.0000.
  22. ↑ Haider, Saraswati (9 September 1995). "Once More to Feminification of Theory". Economic and Political Weekly. 30 (36): 2272-2276.
  23. 1 2 Moore, Pamela; Looser, Devoney (1993). "Theoretical Feminisms: Subjectivity, Struggle, and the "Conspiracy" of Poststructuralism". Style. 27 (4, Bibliography and Bibliographic Essays). Penn State University Press: 530-558.
  24. ↑ Leslie-Spinks, Amanda (May 1990). "Review: Different Differences". The Women's Review of Books. 7 (8). Old City Publishing, Inc.: 15-16. doi:10.2307/4020721.
  25. ↑ Barrett, Michèle (12 August 2014). "Revisiting the Marxist/Feminist Encounter". Women's Oppression Today: The Marxist/Feminist Encounter. Verso Books. p. 275. ISBN 9781781680131.
  26. ↑ Barrett, Michele; Jones, Ann Rosalind; Kuhn, Annette; Phillips, Anne (April 1989). "Letters". The Women's Review of Books. 6 (7): 4-5. doi:10.2307/4020448.
  27. ↑ Fellman, Anita Clair (September 1988). "The Politics of Diversity ed. by Roberta Hamilton, and Michele Barrett (review)". The Canadian Historical Review. 69 (3). University of Toronto Press: 387-389.
  28. ↑ Robinson, Lillian S. (1988). "Reviewed Works: The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism and Nationalism by Roberta Hamilton, Michèle Barrett; What Is Feminism? A Re-Examination by Juliet Mitchell, Ann Oakley". Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature. 7 (1): 145-147. doi:10.2307/464067.
  29. ↑ Sydie, R. A. (1988). "Reviewed Work: The Politics of Diversity by Roberta Hamilton, Michèle Barrett". The Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie. 13 (4): 466-470. doi:10.2307/3340825.
  30. ↑ Ramazanoglu, Caroline (May 1993). "Reviewed Work: Destabilizing Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates by Michèle Barrett, Anne Phillips". Sociology. 27 (2). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 314-315.
  31. ↑ McDowell, Linda (1993). "Reviewed Work: Destabilizing Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates by Michèle Barrett, Anne Phillips". Feminist Review (44, Nationalisms and National Identities). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 123-125. doi:10.2307/1395205.
  32. ↑ Gardiner, Michael (November 1992). "Reviewed Work: The Politics of Truth: From Marx to Foucault by Michèle Barrett". Sociology. 26 (4): 741-742.
  33. ↑ Laslett, Barbara; Joeres, Ruth-Ellen B. (1995). "Editorial: Looking Backward, Moving Forward: Five Years Later". Signs. 20 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 507-515.
  34. ↑ Joseph, Betty (2021). "The Enlightenment's Linguistic Dimension, or, How We Came to be Socially Constructed". The Eighteenth Century. 62 (2). Penn Press: 225-241.
  35. ↑ Rudd, David (2020). "The Theory Wars Revisited: Rose and the Reading Critics vs. the Liberal Humanists". The Lion and the Unicorn. 44 (1): 89-109. doi:10.1353/uni.2020.0006.
  36. ↑ Gere, Charlie (2000). "Review: Imagination in Theory". The Sociological Review. 48 (1): 153-163. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.00208.
  37. ↑ McVicker, Jeanette (2003). ""Six Essays on London Life": A History of Dispersal Part I". Woolf Studies Annual. 9 (SPECIAL ISSUE: Virginia Woolf and Literary History: Part I): 143-165.
  38. ↑ Lister, Ruth (2005). "Politics of Identity – VIII: Being Feminist". Government and Opposition. 40 (3). Cambridge University Press: 442-463.
  39. ↑ Eadie, Jo (May 2001). "Review: Boy Talk: Social Theory and Its Discontents". Sociology. 35 (2). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 575-582.
  40. ↑ Westfahl, Gary (July 2002). "Review: A Civilized Frontier". Science Fiction Studies. 29 (2). University of California Press: 272-276.
  41. ↑ Frank, A. O. (2001). The Philosophy of Virginia Woolf: A Philosophical Reading of the Mature Novels. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 19. ISBN 9789630578509.
  42. ↑ Knauer, Elizabeth L. (2011). "Of Dogs, Daughters, and the "Back Bedroom" School: Woolf's "Flush" (1933) and Women's Education". CEA Critic. 73 (2). The Johns Hopkins University: 1-20.
  43. ↑ Marcus, Jane (March 1994). "An Embarrassment of Riches". The Women's Review of Books. 11 (6). Old City Publishing, Inc.: 17-19. doi:10.2307/4021755.
  44. ↑ Shirkhani, Kim (2011). "Small Language and Big Men in Virginia Woolf". Studies in the Novel. 43 (1): 55-74. doi:10.1353/sdn.2011.0027.
  45. ↑ Vandivere, Julie (2021). "The Bastard's Contention: Race, Property, and Sexuality in Virginia Woolf's Orlando". Modernism/modernity. 28 (1): 91-116. doi:10.1353/mod.2021.0012.
  46. ↑ Bell, Emily (28 February 2022). "Book Review: Historicizing Modernists: Approaches to 'Archivalism'". Modernist Review. The British Association of Modernist Studies.
  47. ↑ Kneip, Marie (2 October 2024). "Les Woolfnotes, précieux carnets de Virginia Woolf, sont désormais consultables en ligne". RTBF (in French).
  48. ↑ Moran, Joe (January 2015). "Private Lives, Public Histories: The Diary in Twentieth-Century Britain". Journal of British Studies. 54 (1): 138-162.
  49. ↑ Popp, Andrew (2014). "The Broken Cotton Speculator". History Workshop Journal. 78. Oxford University Press: 133-156.
  50. ↑ Booth, Robert (21 April 2021). "Unremembered: the African first world war soldiers without a grave". The Guardian.
  51. ↑ "In Review: Engagement and Impact Awards 2021". Public engagement. Queen Mary University of London. 6 July 2021.
  52. ↑ Atia, Nadia (2011). "Mesopotomanian Myths". History Workshop Journal. 71: 247-252.
  53. ↑ Lamport, Stephen (1 March 2008). "'One stiff became a sideboard'". The Telegraph.
  54. ↑ Briggs, Marlene A. (2016). "Dis/composing the First World War in Britain: Trauma and Commemoration in the Testimony of Harry Patch, 1998–2008". History & Memory. 28 (1): 71-109. doi:10.2979/histmemo.28.1.71.
  55. ↑ Roe, Jill (2013). "Mary McIntosh (1936–2013)". Australian Feminist Studies. 28 (77): 245–246. doi:10.1080/08164649.2013.827315.
  56. ↑ Steel, Peta (21 February 2013). "Mary McIntosh: Sociologist, writer and pioneer in the feminist and gay movements". The Independent.
  57. Beilharz, Peter (September 2020). Intimacy in Postmodern Times:A Friendship with Zygmunt Bauman. Manchester University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9781526132178.
  58. Walkowitz, Daniel J; Walkowitz, Judith R (2025). "History Workshop in the United States". History Workshop Journal. 100: 267-274.
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