// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did the Kháng language say to its student? "You're resisting learning me.
| Kháng | |
|---|---|
| Mang U' | |
| Native to | Vietnam |
| Region | Sơn La and Lai Châu provinces |
| Ethnicity | Khang |
Native speakers | 14,000 (2009 census)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kjm – inclusive codeIndividual code: xao – Khao |
| Glottolog | khan1274 |
| ELP | Kháng |
Kháng (Chinese: 抗语), also known as Mang U', is an Austroasiatic language of Vietnam.[2] It is closely related to the Bumang language of southern Yunnan, China.
Classification
[edit]Paul Sidwell (2014)[3] classifies Khang as Palaungic, although Jerold Edmondson (2010) suggests it is Khmuic.
Kháng is most closely related to Bumang (Edmondson 2010).
Distribution
[edit]Kháng speakers are an officially recognized ethnic group in Vietnam,[4] and officially numbered 10,272 in 1999.
The Kháng are distributed in the following districts of northwest Vietnam in Sơn La Province and Lai Châu Province:[5]
- Sơn La Province (along the Black River)
- Thuận Châu (including Bản Ná Lai village)
- Quỳnh Nhai
- Mường La
- Lai Châu Province
- Điện Biên Province
Tạ (2021) contains a phonology and word list of the Kháng dialect of Nậm Mu village, Phình Sáng commune, Tuần Giáo district, Điện Biên province.[6]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Onsets /kʰw, sw, hw/, and coda /ɰ/ are apparently limited to borrowings (Vietnamese and Tai).[7]
Onsets
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | plain | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | d | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | (ʃ) | (x) | h |
| voiced | v | z | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | l | |||||
Codas
[edit]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | l | ||||
| Approximant | w | j | (ɰ) |
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɯ | u |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | ɛ | ă, a | ɔ |
| Diphthongs | [iə] | [ɯə] | [uə] |
Additionally, the following diphthongs can be found: /iɤ/, /ɯɤ/, /uɤ/.
Suprasegmentals
[edit]Kháng also has eight tones in total, six of which appear on "live syllables" - open syllables or syllables ending with sonorants, and the other two are limited to "dead syllables" - syllables ending in the oral stops /p t k/.[6] Each tone also carries with it a specific register affecting the phonation of the syllable.
The live syllable tones are as follows:
- [ ˥ ] - high, level, modal voice
- [ ˩ˀ] - low, level, ending in a glottal stop
- [ ˧˥ˀ] - high-rising, ending in a glottal stop
- [ ˧˩ˀ] - low-falling, ending in a glottal stop
- [ ˧˨˧ ] - mid-dipping, modal voice
- [ ˨˩˨ ] - low-dipping, creaky voice
The dead syllable tones are as follows:
- [ ˦˧ ] - high-falling
- [ ˩˨ ] - low-rising
Syllable structure
[edit]The Khang lexicon is dominated by monosyllables though di- and trisyllabic compound words are common. The maximal word template is Ci(Cm)V(Cf)T.[9]
References
[edit]- ↑ Kháng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Khao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ↑ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- ↑ Sidwell, Paul. 2014. "Khmuic classification and homeland Archived 2016-02-03 at the Wayback Machine". Mon-Khmer Studies 43.1:47-56
- ↑ "Documenting and Preserving the Khang Language in Vietnam". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
- ↑ Edmondson, Jerold A. (2010). "The Kháng language of Vietnam in comparison to Ksingmul (Xinh-mun)" (PDF). In McElhanon, Kenneth A.; Reesink, Ger (eds.). A Mosaic of languages and cultures: studies celebrating the career of Karl J. Franklin. SIL e-Books. SIL International, Dallas. p. 140.
- 1 2 Tạ, Quang Tùng (2021). "A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 14 (2). hdl:10524/52487. ISSN 1836-6821. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- ↑ Sidwell 2015, p. 61.
- 1 2 Mikami 2003.
- ↑ Sidwell 2015, p. 60.
Further reading
[edit]- Dao, Jie 刀洁. 2007. Bumang yu yanjiu 布芒语研究 [A study of Bumang]. Beijing: Minzu University.
- Ferlus, Michel. 1996. Langues et peuples viet-muong [Viet-Muong languages and peoples]. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28
- Mikami, Naomitsu. 2003. "A Khang phonology and wordlist." Reports on Minority Languages in Mainland Southeast Asia, ed. by Ueda Hiromi, 1–42. Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim. Osaka: Faculty of Informatics, Osaka Gakuin University.
- Schliesinger, Joachim. 1998. Hill tribes of Vietnam. Vol. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd.
- Tạ, Quang Tùng. 2023. Ngữ âm tiếng Kháng và phương án chữ viết cho người Kháng ở Việt Nam. Thái Nguyên: Nhà xuất bản đại học Thái Nguyên.
- Thông Tấn Xã Việt Nam [Vietnam News Agency]. 2006. Việt Nam Hình Ảnh Cộng Dồng 54 Dân Tộc [Vietnam Image of the Community of 54 Ethnic Groups]. Hanoi: The Vna Publishing House.
- Sidwell, Paul (2015). The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon. München: Lincom Europa.
External links
[edit]- https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221448/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=508
- https://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F5-2@view Khang in RWAAI Digital Archive