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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did Hualong One say to its friend? "You're a reactor to my heart.

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Primary coolant system showing reactor pressure vessel (red), steam generators (purple), pressurizer (blue), and pumps (green) in the three coolant loop Hualong One design

The Hualong One (Chinese: 华龙一号; pinyin: Huálóng yī hào; lit. 'China Dragon №1') is a Chinese Generation III[1] pressurized water nuclear reactor jointly developed by the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) and the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). The CGN version, and its derived export version, is called HPR1000.[2] It is commonly mistakenly referred to in media as the "ACPR1000" and "ACP1000", which are in fact earlier reactors design programs by CGN and CNNC.

Unit 5 of the Fuqing Nuclear Power Plant was the first Hualong One to enter commercial service on 30 January 2021.[1][3][4]

Design

[edit]
Active and passive cooling systems of the HPR1000 (Hualong One)[5]
Red line − active systems
Green line − passive systems
IRWST − in-containment refuelling water storage tank

Hualong One is jointly developed by the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) and China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN), based on the three-loop ACP1000 of CNNC and ACPR1000 of CGN, which in turn are based on the French M310.[2]

Merger of ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 into Hualong One

[edit]

Since 2012, CNNC has been progressively merging its ACP-1000 nuclear power station design with the CGN ACPR-1000 design, while allowing some differences, under direction of the Chinese nuclear regulator.[6] Both are three-loop designs originally based on the same French M310 design used in Daya Bay with 157 fuel assemblies, but went through different development processes (CNNC's ACP-1000 has a more domestic design with 177 fuel assemblies while CGN's ACPR-1000 is a closer copy with 157 fuel assemblies).[7] In early 2014, it was announced that the merged design was moving from preliminary design to detailed design. Power output will be 1150 MWe, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment. CNNC's 177 fuel assembly design was retained.

Initially the merged design was to be called the ACC-1000,[8][9][10] but ultimately it was named Hualong One. In August 2014 the Chinese nuclear regulator review panel classified the design as a Generation III reactor design, with independently owned intellectual property rights.[11][12] As a result of the success of the merger, ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 designs are no longer being offered.

After the merger, both companies retain their own supply chain and their versions of the Hualong One will differ slightly (units built by CGN will retain some features from the ACPR1000) but the design is considered to be standardised. CNNC version emphasizes more passive safety due to influence from Westinghouse AP1000, with increased containment volume and two active safety trains, while CGN version has three active safety trains due to influence from Areva EPR.[13] Some 90% of its components will be made domestically.[14][15]

The Hualong One power output will be 1170 MWe gross, 1090 MWe net, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment.[5] It has a 177 assembly core design with an 18-month refuelling cycle. The power plant's utilisation rate is as high as 90%. CNNC has said its active and passive safety systems, double-layer containment and other technologies meet the highest international safety standards.[16]

According to CNNC, the Hualong One has a construction cost of CNY17,000 per kW.[17]

A the end of August 2014, Chinese regulators were satisfied that Hualong One was a Generation III design and that intellectual property rights were fully held in China.[11][18]

Chinese media reports that all core components are manufactured in China and that 17 universities and research institutions, 58 state-owned enterprises and over 140 private firms across China worked on Hualong One's development to ensure all core components were able to be produced domestically.[19]

EU approval

[edit]

In November 2021, the European Utility Requirements (EUR) organisation formally certified the Hualong One (HPR1000) as compliant after a four-step process which began in August 2017. The requirements covered a broad range of conditions for nuclear power plants to operate efficiently and safely.[20]

UK approval

[edit]

In February 2022, UK regulators announced that the Hualong One (HPR1000) had passed the four-step Generic Design Assessment (GDA) which started in August 2017 and was thus suitable for construction in the UK, possibly in the Bradwell B nuclear power station project. The Office for Nuclear Regulation issued a Design Acceptance Confirmation (DAC) and the UK Environment Agency issued a Statement of Design Acceptability (SoDA).[21]

Construction

[edit]

The first units to be constructed will be Fuqing 5 and 6 (Fujian Province), followed by Fangchenggang 3 and 4 (Guangxi), Zhangzhou 1 and 2 (Fujian), Taipingling 1 and 2 (Guangdong), and San'Ao 1 and 2 (Zhejiang). Fuqing 5 began commercial operation on 30 January 2021.[22] CGN's first Hualong One reactor (HPR1000) was connected to the grid on 10 January 2023.[23]

In 2023, China's State Council approved the construction of six Hualong One units for Ningde (5 & 6), Shidaowan (1 & 2), and Zhangzhou (3 & 4). In 2024, China's State Council approved the construction of six Hualong One units for Xuwei (1 & 2), Zhaoyuan (1 & 2), and San'ao (1 & 2).[24] In 2025, China's State Council approved the construction of eight Hualong One units for Fangchenggang (5 & 6), Sanmen (5 & 6), Taisahn (3 & 4), and Haiyang (5 & 6).[25] In 2026, China's State Council approved the construction of 4 Hualong One & two Huanlong one version 2.0 units for Jinqimen (3 & 4), Taipingling (5 & 6), and Zhuanghe (1 & 2).[26]

There are five[27] Hualong One reactors planned for Pakistan, four reactors are planned at Karachi Nuclear Power Complex[28][29][30] and one reactor at Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, out of which two are under construction at Karachi.[31] Construction of another Hualong One reactor was planned to start in 2020 in Argentina,[32][33][34] but was stalled during negotiation.[35] The project was reactivated in 2021 and expected to start construction in mid 2022, with completion date by 2028.[36]

China

[edit]
Name Unit No. Status Construction start Grid connection
Changjiang3Operational31 March 20211 August 2026[37]
4Under construction28 December 2021
Fangchenggang3Operational24 December 201525 March 2023
4Operational23 December 20169 April 2024
5Approved for construction[25]
6Approved for construction[25]
Fuqing5Operational7 May 201527 November 2020
6Operational22 December 20151 January 2022
Jinqimen1Under construction10 August 2025[38]
2Under construction7 April 2026[39]
3Approved for construction[26]
4Approved for construction[26]


Lufeng5Under construction8 September 2022
6Under construction26 August 2023
Ningde5Under constructionl28 July 20242029 (est.)
6Under construction17 December 2025[40]2030 (est.)
San'ao1Operational31 December 20202026-03-14[41]
2Under construction31 December 2021
3Under construction18 November 2025[42]
4Approved for construction
Sanmen5Approved for construction[25]
6Approved for construction[25]
Shidaowan1Under construction29 July 20242029
2Under construction29 July 2024[43]2029
Taishan3Approved for construction[25]
4Approved for construction[25]
Taipingling1Operational26 December 20192026-02-13[44]
2Operational15 October 20202026-07-04[45]
3Under construction10 June 2025[46]
4Under construction10 May 2026[47]
5Approved for construction[26]
6Approved for construction[26]
Xiapu4Approved for construction[25]
5Approved for construction[25]
Xuwei1Under construction[48]16 January 2026
2Under construction2026
Zhangzhou1Operational16 October 20191 January 2025[49]
2Operational4 September 202024 November 2025[50]
3Under construction22 February 2024
4Under construction27 September 2024[51]
Zhaoyuan1Under construction18 November 2025[52]
2Under construction5 September 2026[53]


Zhuanghe1Approved for construction[26]
2Approved for construction[26]

Pakistan

[edit]
Name Unit
No.		 Status Construction start Grid connection
Karachi2Operational20 August 2015[54]18 March 2021[54]
3Operational31 May 2016[55]4 March 2022[55]
Chashma5Under construction30 December 2024[56]

International marketing

[edit]

In December 2015, CGN and CNNC agreed to create Hualong International Nuclear Power Technology Co as a joint venture to promote the Hualong One in overseas markets,[57] which was officially launched in March 2016.[58] On 19 January 2017, the United Kingdom Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) started their Generic Design Assessment process for the Hualong One, expected to be completed in 2021, in advance of possible deployment at the Bradwell nuclear power station site.[59] On 16 November 2017, the ONR and the Environment Agency announced they are progressing to the next phase of their Generic Design Assessment of the UK HPR1000 reactor. Step 2 formally commenced on this day and is planned to take about 12 months. The targeted timescale for the UK HPR1000 GDA process is about five years from the start of Step 1.[60]

Hualong Two

[edit]

In the same year that the first Hualong One entered commercial operation, CNNC indicated plans to start building a follow-on version, Hualong Two, by 2024. It would be a more economical version using similar technology, reducing build time from 5 years to 4, and reducing costs by around a fourth from 17,000 yuan per kW to 13,000 yuan per kW.[61][62]

Construction on a next-generation unit did not commence by that time, but in 2025, regulators approved the "Hualong One version 2.0" which was subsequently used in demonstration projects.[63]

During 31 July 2026 meeting of State Council, chaired by Chinese Premier Li Qiang, it was decided that the 3rd and 4th units of Jinqimen plant and 5th and 6th units of Taipingling plant will be Hualong One 2.0.[26]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 "China's first Hualong One nuclear reactor starts commercial operation". Reuters. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  3. ↑ China National Nuclear Corporation (30 January 2021). "World's first Hualong One reactor put into commercial operation". Cision - PR Newswire. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  4. ↑ Conca, James. "China Will Lead The World In Nuclear Energy, Along With All Other Energy Sources, Sooner Than You Think". Forbes. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  5. 1 2 Ji Xing; Daiyong Song; Yuxiang Wu (March 2016). "HPR1000: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor with Active and Passive Safety". Engineering. 2 (1): 79–87. Bibcode:2016Engin...2...79X. doi:10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.017.
  6. ↑ "China's new nuclear baby - World Nuclear News".
  7. ↑ "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  8. ↑ "CGN Chairman He Yu Makes Proposal for Promoting Export of China-designed Nuclear Power Technology ACC1000". CGN. 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  9. ↑ "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  10. ↑ Caroline Peachey (22 May 2014). "Chinese reactor design evolution". Nuclear Engineering International. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  11. 1 2 "China's new nuclear baby". World Nuclear News. 2 September 2014. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  12. ↑ "Independent Gen-III Hualong-1 reactor technology passes national review". CGN. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  13. ↑ Nian, Victor (2017). "Global developments in advanced reactor technologies and international cooperation". Energy Procedia. 143: 605–610. Bibcode:2017EnPro.143..605N. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.734.
  14. ↑ "Chinese reactor design passes safety review - World Nuclear News".
  15. ↑ "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. February 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  16. ↑ "China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024 - Nuclear Engineering International". 15 April 2021.
  17. ↑ "China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024 - Nuclear Engineering International". 15 April 2021.
  18. ↑ "Independent Gen-III Hualong-1 reactor technology passes national review". CGN. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  19. ↑ "First nuclear unit with Hualong One reactor starts commercial operation". Xinhuanet. 30 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  20. ↑ "CGN's Hualong One design certified for European use : Regulation & Safety - World Nuclear News". 12 November 2020.
  21. ↑ "UK regulators approve China's UK HPR1000 design : Regulation & Safety - World Nuclear News".
  22. ↑ First Hualong One begins commercial operation
  23. ↑ "CGN's first Hualong One reactor starts supplying electricity". World Nuclear News. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  24. ↑ "China approves 11 new reactors". World Nuclear News. 21 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2026.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Ten new reactors approved in China 2025". World Nuclear News. WNA. 28 April 2025. Retrieved 29 April 2025.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "China approves construction of eight more reactors in 2026". World Nuclear News. 3 August 2026. Retrieved 3 August 2026.
  27. ↑ "中国为巴基斯坦建5座核反应堆 投150亿美元-新华网". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  28. ↑ China commits $6.5 billion for nuclear power project in Karachi
  29. ↑ "Local Fallout From Pakistan's Nuclear Energy Bet". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  30. ↑ Construction cleared for China's first Hualong One units
  31. ↑ China ‘to build third Hualong One nuclear reactor’ in Pakistan
  32. ↑ "Hualong One selected for Argentina". World Nuclear News. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  33. ↑ Charlie Zhu and David Stanway (6 March 2015). "'Made in China' nuclear reactors a tough sell in global market". Reuters. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  34. ↑ "Argentina and China sign contract for two reactors". World Nuclear News. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  35. ↑ "Retoman negociaciones con China para la construcción de Atucha III". BAE Negocios (in European Spanish). Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  36. ↑ "Argentina seeks new China-backed nuclear power plant". Dialogo Chino. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  37. ↑ "Third unit at Changjiang site commissioned". World Nuclear News. 17 September 2026. Retrieved 18 September 2026.
  38. ↑ "Construction gets under way of first unit at Jinqimen plant". World Nuclear News. 11 August 2025. Retrieved 11 August 2025.
  39. ↑ "Construction of second Jinqimen unit begins". World Nuclear News. 7 April 2026. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  40. ↑ "Construction starts on sixth Ningde unit". World Nuclear News. 16 December 2025. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  41. ↑ "First San'ao unit connected to the grid". World Nuclear News. World Nuclear Association. 13 March 2026. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  42. ↑ "Third San'ao unit under construction". world-nuclear-news.org. 19 November 2025. Retrieved 19 November 2025.
  43. ↑ "Construction starts on two new Chinese units". world-nuclear-news.org. 29 July 2024.
  44. ↑ "Taipingling 1 connected to the grid". World Nuclear News. 16 February 2026. Retrieved 18 February 2026.
  45. ↑ "Second Taipingling unit begins supplying power". World Nuclear Association (WNA). 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  46. ↑ "Construction under way of third Taipingling unit". www.world-nuclear-news.org. 11 June 2025. Retrieved 13 June 2025.
  47. ↑ "Construction begins on fourth Taipingling unit". World Nuclear News. 10 May 2026. Retrieved 11 May 2026.
  48. ↑ "China starts construction of innovative nuclear project". World Nuclear News. World Nuclear News. 17 January 2026. Retrieved 17 January 2026.
  49. ↑ "First unit of China's Zhangzhou nuclear power project starts commercial operations". www.chinaview.cn. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  50. ↑ "Chinese reactor connected to the grid". world-nuclear-news.org. 24 November 2025. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  51. ↑ "Fourth unit at Zhangzhou under construction". world-nuclear-news.org. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  52. ↑ "Construction of new Chinese nuclear power plant begins". World Nuclear News. 18 November 2025. Retrieved 18 November 2025.
  53. ↑ "Construction under way of second Zhaoyuan unit". World Nuclear News. 7 September 2026. Retrieved 7 September 2026.
  54. 1 2 "Karachi 2 - World Nuclear Association". world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  55. 1 2 "Karachi 3 - World Nuclear Association". world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  56. ↑ "PRIS - Reactor Details". pris.iaea.org. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
  57. ↑ "Chinese firms join forces to market Hualong One abroad". World Nuclear News. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  58. ↑ "Hualong One joint venture officially launched". World Nuclear News. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  59. ↑ "UK GDA reports good progress for AP1000 and UK ABWR". Nuclear Engineering International. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  60. ↑ "Regulators start technical assessment of UK HPR 1000". world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  61. ↑ "China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024". Nuclear Engineering International. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  62. ↑ "China to start building Hualong Two nuclear reactor in 2024". NASDAQ. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  63. ↑ "核电安全监管司组织华龙一号2.0版示范项目审评工作推进活动_国家核安全局". nnsa.mee.gov.cn. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
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