Gonorynchiformes
| Gonorynchiformes Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Milkfish, Chanos chanos | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Division: | Teleostei |
| Cohort: | Otocephala |
| Superorder: | Ostariophysi |
| Clade: | Anotophysi Rosen and Greenwood, 1970[1] |
| Order: | Gonorynchiformes Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman, and Myers, 1966[1] |
| Type species | |
| Gonorynchus gonorynchus (Linnaeus, 1766) | |
| Families | |
|
Chanidae (milkfish) | |
The Gonorynchiformes /ɡɒnəˈrɪŋkɪfɔːrmiːz/ are an order of ray-finned fish that includes the important food source, the milkfish (Chanos chanos, family Chanidae), and a number of lesser-known types, both marine and freshwater.
Gonorynchiformes have small mouths and no teeth. They are the sole group in the clade Anotophysi, a subgroup of the superorder Ostariophysi. They are characterized by a primitive Weberian apparatus formed by the first three vertebrae and one or more cephalic ribs within the head. This apparatus is believed to be a hearing organ, and is found in a more advanced and complex form in the related cypriniform fish, such as carp.[2] Also like the Cypriniformes, the Gonorynchiformes produce a substance from their skin when injured that dissolves into the water and acts an alarm signal to other fish.[3]
Etymology
[edit]The name comes from Ancient Greek γωνία (gōnía), meaning "angle", ῥύγχος (rhúnkhos), meaning "snout", and Latin formes, meaning "form".
Taxonomy
[edit]Although many of the families are rather small, there are several fossil genera. This listing of the groups of Gonorynchiformes includes fossil fish with a short description.[2][4] They are listed in approximate order of how primitive their characteristics are.
| Phylogeny of living Gonorynchiformes[5] |
The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the extant taxa in this order as follows, as does Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes:[6][7][8]
Order Gonorynchiformes Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman, and Myers, 1966
- Family Chanidae Günther, 1868 (milkfishes)
- Family Gonorynchidae Richardson, 1848 (beaked sandfishes)
- Family Kneriidae Günther, 1868 (shellears)
- Family Phractolaemidae Boulenger, 1901 (snake mudheads)
Fossil taxa
[edit]The following fossil gonorynchiforms are also known:[9][10]
- Genus †Lecceichthys Taverne, 1998 (Late Cretaceous of Italy)
- Genus †Sorbininardus Taverne, 1999 (Late Cretaceous of Italy)
- Family †Apulichthyidae Taverne, 1997 (Late Cretaceous of Italy)
- Family †Halecopsidae Casier, 1946 (Early Eocene of Europe)
References
[edit]- 1 2 Thomas J. Near; Christine E. Thacker (2024). "Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65 (1): 3–302. doi:10.3374/014.065.0101.
- 1 2 Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Banister, Keith F. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ↑ Taverne, Emmanuel Fara, Mireille Gayet, Louis (2010), "The Fossil Record of Gonorynchiformes", Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships, CRC Press, pp. 173–226, doi:10.1201/b10194-6, ISBN 978-0-429-06156-1, retrieved 2024-05-09
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Thomas J. Near, Alex Dornburga, Matt Friedman (2014): Phylogenetic relationships and timing of diversification in gonorynchiform fishes inferred using nuclear gene DNA sequences (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.013
- ↑ Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 162–163. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
- ↑ "Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ↑ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 1–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
- ↑ Poyato-Ariza, Francisco José; Grande, Terry; Diogo, Rui (2010-01-01), "Gonorynchiform Interrelationships: Historic Overview, Analysis, and Revised Systematics of the Group", in Grande, Terry; Poyato-Ariza, Francisco José; Diogo, Rui (eds.), Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships (1 ed.), CRC Press, pp. 227–337, doi:10.1201/b10194-7, ISBN 978-0-429-06156-1, retrieved 2026-04-21
- ↑ Laan, Richard van der (2018-10-11). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". European Journal of Taxonomy (466). doi:10.5852/ejt.2018.466. ISSN 2118-9773.
Bibliography
[edit]- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
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