// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did Cephalaspis say? Head above the rest.
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| Cephalaspis | |
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| Digital recreation of Cephalaspis lyelli | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Infraphylum: | Agnatha |
| Class: | †Osteostraci |
| Genus: | †Cephalaspis Agassiz, 1835[1] |
| Species: | †C. lyelli |
| Binomial name | |
| †Cephalaspis lyelli Agassiz, 1835 | |
Cephalaspis (from Greek: κεφαλή kephalḗ, 'head' and Greek: ἀσπίς aspís, 'shield') is an extinct genus of jawless fish. It is the most famous[2] genus of the Osteostraci, an extinct class of Palaeozoic armoured jawless fish ("ostracoderms"). The type species of the genus, C. lyelli was described from the Early Devonian (Lochkovian)-aged Old Red Sandstone of Scotland in 1835. However this species is poorly preserved, and numerous species have since been assigned to the genus based on characters that are common to many osteostracans, making it a wastebasket taxon. Recent efforts[3]
Description
[edit]
The holotype specimen of Cephalaspis lyelli would have been around 24.5 centimetres (9.6 in) long in life.[4] As narrowly defined (sensu stricto) by El Fassi El Fehri and colleagues in 2026, Cephalaspis is defined by the following characteristics: having a headshield with an upper (dorsal) surface that is largely free of tubercles (small bumpy growths), with its rostral part having a tapered profile, with the dorsal median field (the depressed oval-shaped region at the midline of the headshield behind the eyes) being narrow, and the lateral fields (the depressed regions running in a groove near the edge of the upper surface of the headshield) extending onto the cornual horns projecting from the posterior outer edge of the headshield (with these horns being widely shared among members of the Osteostraci subgroup Cornuta). The pineal plate is also fused into the headshield, and the body exoskeleton had a smooth continuous superficial outer layer. As in other osteostracans, it had a pair of pectoral fins.[3]
Diet
[edit]
Because its mouth was situated directly beneath its head, Cephalaspis is thought of as being a bottom-feeder, akin to a heavily armoured catfish or sturgeon. It moved its plow-like head from side to side, Cephalaspis easily stirring sand and dust into the water, along with revealing the hiding places of its prey, digging up worms, arthropods, and other invertebrates hidden in the mud and algae, as well as sifting through detritus (inferred from its lack of jaws and inability to bite).[5] Osteostracans likely had the ability to sense electrical fields (electroreception).[6]
Classification
[edit]Cephalaspis was the first "ostracoderm" to be scientifically named.[3] The genus Cephalaspis has long been used as a wastebasket taxon since Agassiz erected it in 1835 for four species, C. lyelli, C. rostratus, C. lewisi and C. lloydi,[4] with C. lyelli having been described from remains found in Early Devonian (Lochkovian)-aged Old Red Sandstone near Glamis, Angus in the Midlands Valley of Scotland.[3] Later, it was eventually determined that the last three species were portions of what would eventually be described as the heterostracan Pteraspis rostratus. C. lyelli, named after Sir Charles Lyell, would be left to be the type species of the genus.[4] As the earliest described "ostracoderm", the placement of Cephalaspis was long subject to debate. Agassiz saw it as one of the most primitive known fish, while William Patten in the early 20th century saw it as intermediate between arthropods and fish.[7] Cephalaspis is now placed as a member of the Osteostraci, which contains other similar armoured jawless fish from the Silurian and Devonian periods, recognised as some of the closest known relatives to jawed vertebrates.[3]
Other researchers would continue adding other similar-looking osteostracan species to Cephalaspis over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, until, in 2009, Sansom reevaluated Osteostraci, and determined that only C. lyelli could be reliably placed within Cephalaspis, and that probably all other species would eventually need to be reexamined and be placed into other genera.[8] In the same 2009 study, Sansom also determined that Cephalaspis sensu stricto was the sister taxon of cornuate osteostracans, i.e., all osteostracans that either have, or have ancestors that had defined corners on the head-shields.[8] A 2026 study of British Cephalaspis species placed a number of former Cephalaspis species into new genera, while regarding three species as valid true members of the genus, the type C. lyelli, as well as Cephalaspis fletti Stensiö 1932 (known from the Lochkovian aged Old Red Sandstone of Shropshire, England[3][9]) and Cephalaspis producta Wängsjö 1952 (known from the Devonian of Svalbard, Norway[10][11]).[3]
Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of osteostracans from Sansom (2009) with modifications recovered by Scott & Wilson (2014) and El Fassi El Fehri et al. (2026):[8][12][3]
Included species
[edit]
The following is a list of species that have been included into Cephalaspis; most likely do not belong to the genus, but have not been formally moved.[13][14]
- †Cephalaspis lyelli (Agassiz, 1835) (type species)
- †"Cephalaspis" aarhusi (Wangsjö, 1952)
- †"Cephalaspis" brevirostris (Denison, 1952)
- †"Cephalaspis" broughi (Wangsjö, 1952)
- †Cephalaspis cradleyensis (Stensiö, 1932)
- †"Cephalaspis" dissimulata (Wangsjö, 1952)
- †"Cephalaspis" doryphorus (Wangsjö, 1952)
- †"Cephalaspis" fletti (Stensiö, 1932)
- †"Cephalaspis" fraticornis (Wangsjö, 1952)
- †"Cephalaspis" hyperboreus (Wangsjö, 1952)
- †"Cephalaspis" lankestri (Stensiö, 1932)
- †"Cephalaspis" lornensis (Traquair, 1899)
- †"Cephalaspis" microlepidota (Balabai, 1962)
- †"Cephalaspis" novaescotiae (Denison, 1955)
- †"Cephalaspis" platycephalus (Wangsjö, 1952)
- †"Cephalaspis" producta (Wangsjö, 1952)
- †"Cephalaspis" recticornis (Wangsjö, 1952)
- †"Cephalaspis" tenuicornis (Wangsjö, 1952)
- †"Cephalaspis" verrulosa (Wangsjö, 1952)
- †"Cephalaspis" whitbachensis (Stensiö, 1932)
- †"Cephalaspis" wyomingensis (Denison, 1952)
Species of Cephalaspis that have been reassigned
[edit]- †Cephalaspis agassizi (Lankester, 1868) = Ymersaspis agassizi
- †Cephalaspis corystis (Wangsjö, 1952) = Machairaspis corystis
- †Cephalaspis cwmmillensis (White & Toombs, 1983) = cwmmillensis
- †Cephalaspis excellens (Wangsjö, 1952) = Waengsjoeaspis excellens
- †Cephalaspis elegans (Balabai, 1962)[15] = Zychaspis siemiradzkii[16]
- †Cephalaspis gabrielsei (Dineley & Loeffler, 1976) = Superciliaspis grabrielsei (Adrain and Wilson, 1994)
- †Cephalaspis hastata (Wangsjö, 1952) = Machairaspis hastata
- †Cephalaspis hoeli (Stensiö, 1927) = Mimetaspis hoeli
- †Cephalaspis ibex (Wangsjö, 1952) = Machairaspis ibex
- †Cephalaspis jarviki (Wangsjö, 1952) = Diademaspis jarviki
- †Cephalaspis magnifica (Traquair, 1893) = Trewinia magnifica
- †Cephalaspis microtuberculata (Obruchev, 1961) = Escuminaspis laticeps
- †Cephalaspis pagei (Lankester, 1868) = Janaspis pagei
- †Cephalaspis patteni (Robertson, 1936) = Levesquaspis patteni
- †Cephalaspis powriei (Lankester, 1868) = Janaspis powriei
- †Cephalaspis rosamundae (Roberts, 1937) = Escuminaspis laticeps
- †Cephalaspis rostrata (Agassiz, 1835) = Pteraspis rostrata
- †Cephalaspis salweyi (Egerton, 1857) = Zenaspis salweyi
- †Cephalaspis spinifer (Stensiö, 1932) = Rochtarge spinifer
- †Cephalaspis traquairi (Stensiö, 1932) = Platyrhakis traquairi
- †Cephalaspis utahensis (Branson & Mehl, 1931) = Camptaspis utahensis
- †Cephalaspis watsoni (Stensiö, 1932) = Rochtarge watsoni
- †Cephalaspis websteri (Stensiö, 1932) = Saigheadaspis websteri
Other miscellaneous species once assigned to Cephalaspis
[edit]- †Cephalaspis abergavenniensis (White, 1963)
- †Cephalaspis acuticornis (Stensiö, 1927)
- †Cephalaspis billcrofti (White & Toombs, 1983)
- †Cephalaspis campbelltonensis (Whiteaves, 1881)
- †Cephalaspis cocculi (MacGillivray, 1921)
- †Cephalaspis dawsoni (Lankester, 1870)
- †Cephalaspis djurinensis (Balabai, 1962)
- †Cephalaspis isachseni (Stensiö, 1927)
- †Cephalaspis jexi (Traquair, 1893)
- †Cephalaspis peninsula (Pageau, 1969)
- †Cephalaspis schrenckii (Pander, ?)
- †Cephalaspis sp. "Forfar" (Trewin & Davidson, 1996)
- †Cephalaspis syndenhami (Pageau, 1969)
- †Cephalaspis uternaria (?)
- †Cephalaspis vogti (Stensiö, 1927)
- †Cephalaspis watneliei (Stensiö, 1927)
- †Cephalaspis westolli (Russell, 1954)
References
[edit]- ↑ L. Agassiz. 1835. Recherches Sur Les Poissons Fossiles. Tome I (livr. 18).
- ↑ Gould, Stephen Jay (1993). Eight little piggies: reflections in natural history. London: Cape. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-224-03716-7.
..to the study of Cephalaspis, most famous of the earliest vertebrates.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 El Fassi El Fehri, Amin; Grohganz, Madleen; Sansom, Robert S.; Benton, Michael J.; Keating, Joseph N. (2026). "The taxonomy and phylogeny of British 'cephalaspids'". Palaeontology. 69 (4) e70080. Bibcode:2026Palgy..6970080E. doi:10.1111/pala.70080. ISSN 1475-4983.
- 1 2 3 White, Errol I. "On Cephalaspis lyelli Agassiz." Palaeontology 1.2 (1958): 99-105.
- ↑ Haines, Tim; Chambers, Paul (2005). The complete guide to prehistoric life. Buffalo, N.Y.: Firefly Books. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-55407-181-4.
- ↑ King, Benedict; Hu, Yuzhi; Long, John A. (May 2018). Smith, Andrew (ed.). "Electroreception in early vertebrates: survey, evidence and new information". Palaeontology. 61 (3): 325–358. Bibcode:2018Palgy..61..325K. doi:10.1111/pala.12346. ISSN 0031-0239.
- ↑ Flannery, Maura C. (1993-04-01). "Studies in Iconography". The American Biology Teacher. 55 (4): 247–250. doi:10.2307/4449644. ISSN 0002-7685. JSTOR 4449644.
- 1 2 3 Sansom, R. S. (2009). "Phylogeny, classification and character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 7 (1): 95–115. Bibcode:2009JSPal...7...95S. doi:10.1017/S1477201908002551.
- ↑ Stensiö, E. A. 1932. The cephalaspids of Great Britain. British Museum (Natural History).
- ↑ Cloutier R, Lelièvre H. 1998. "Comparative study of the fossiliferous sites of the Devonian." Prep. ministère l'Environnement la Faune, Gouv. du Québec.
- ↑ Wängsjö, G. 1952. The Downtonian and Devonian vertebrates of Spitsbergen. IX. Morphologic and systematic studies of the Spitsbergen cephalaspids. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter, 97, 1–611.
- ↑ Scott, B. R.; Wilson, M. V. H. (2014). "The Superciliaspididae, a new family of Early Devonian Osteostraci (jawless vertebrates) from northern Canada, with two new genera and three new species". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (3): 167–187. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.863809.
- ↑ Groh, S. "Appendix" (PDF). Patterns of diversification in osteostracan evolution (M.S.). Uppsala University.
- ↑ cephalaspidomorphi at users.atw.hu/fishindex
- ↑ On the cephalaspid fauna of the Podolian plateau. PP Balabai - aukovi zapysky Naukovo-pryodo-znavcogomuzeâ AN URSR, L'vov, 1962
- ↑ Preliminary description of Lower Devonian Osteostraci from Podolia (Ukrainian S.S.R.). P Janvier, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 38(5) pages 309--334 (1985)
- Janvier, P (1996) Early Vertebrates Oxford University Press;
- Donoghue and Smith (2001) The anatomy of Turinia pagei (Powrie), and the phylogenetic status of the Thelodonti, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 92, p. 15-37
External links
[edit]- Paleos Vertebrates
- "Cephalaspis". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
