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Water polo at the World Aquatics Championships

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Water polo at the World Aquatics Championships
SportWater polo
Founded1973 (men)
1986 (women)
No. of teams16 (finals)
ContinentInternational (FINA)
Most recent
champions
 Spain (men, 4th title)
 Greece (women, 2nd title)
Most titles Hungary
 Italy
 Spain
(men; 4 titles each)
 United States (women; 8 titles)

Water polo at the World Aquatics Championships is an international water polo tournament held every two years as part of the World Aquatics Championships.[1] The reigning champions are Spain in men's and Greece in women's competition.

Events

[edit]
Event1973197519781982198619911994199820012003200520072009201120132015201720192022202320242025Editions
Men's tournament X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 22
Women's tournament X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 18
Total1111222222222222222222

Men's tournament

[edit]

Results summary

[edit]
# Year[1] Host Gold Score Silver Bronze Score 4th place
1 1973
Details
Belgrade,
Yugoslavia

Hungary
Round-robin
(5–4)

Soviet Union

Yugoslavia
Round-robin
(4–5)

Italy
2 1975
Details
Cali,
Colombia

Soviet Union
Round-robin
(5–4)

Hungary

Italy
Round-robin
(4–4)

Cuba
3 1978
Details
West Berlin,
West Germany

Italy
Round-robin
(4–4)

Hungary

Yugoslavia
Round-robin
(6–4)

Soviet Union
4 1982
Details
Guayaquil,
Ecuador

Soviet Union
Round-robin
(7–7)

Hungary

West Germany
Round-robin
(5–3)

Netherlands
5 1986
Details
Madrid,
Spain

Yugoslavia
12–11 (4 OT)
Italy

Soviet Union
8–6 (2 OT)
United States
6 1991
Details
Perth,
Australia

Yugoslavia
8–7
Spain

Hungary
13–12
United States
7 1994
Details
Rome,
Italy

Italy
10–5
Spain

Russia
14–13 (OT)
Croatia
8 1998
Details
Perth,
Australia

Spain
6–4
Hungary

FR Yugoslavia
9–5
Australia
9 2001
Details
Fukuoka,
Japan

Spain
4–2
FR Yugoslavia

Russia
7–6
Italy
10 2003
Details
Barcelona,
Spain

Hungary
11–9 (OT)
Italy

Serbia and Montenegro
5–3
Greece
11 2005
Details
Montreal,
Canada

Serbia and Montenegro
8–7
Hungary

Greece
11–10 (OT)
Croatia
12 2007
Details
Melbourne,
Australia

Croatia
9–8 (OT)
Hungary

Spain
9–9 (OT)
(9–8 pen.)

Serbia
13 2009
Details
Rome,
Italy

Serbia
7–7 (OT)
(7–6 pen.)

Spain

Croatia
8–6
United States
14 2011
Details
Shanghai,
China

Italy
8–7 (OT)
Serbia

Croatia
12–11
Hungary
15 2013
Details
Barcelona,
Spain

Hungary
8–7
Montenegro

Croatia
10–8
Italy
16 2015
Details
Kazan,
Russia

Serbia
11–4
Croatia

Greece
7–7
(4–2 pen.)

Italy
17 2017
Details
Budapest,
Hungary

Croatia
8–6
Hungary

Serbia
11–8
Greece
18 2019
Details
Gwangju,
South Korea

Italy
10–5
Spain

Croatia
10–7
Hungary
19 2022
Details
Budapest,
Hungary

Spain
9–9
(6–5 pen.)

Italy

Greece
9–7
Croatia
20 2023
Details
Fukuoka,
Japan

Hungary
10–10
(4–3 pen.)

Greece

Spain
9–6
Serbia
21 2024
Details
Doha,
Qatar

Croatia
11–11
(4–2 pen.)

Italy

Spain
14–10
France
22 2025
Details
Singapore,
Singapore

Spain
15–13
Hungary

Greece
16–7
Serbia
23 2027
Details
Budapest,
Hungary
24 2029
Details
Beijing,
China

Confederation statistics

[edit]

Best performances by tournament

[edit]

This is a summary of the best performances of each confederation in each tournament.[1]

Legend
  •  1st  – Champions
  •  2nd  – Runners-up
  •  3rd  – Third place
  •  4th  – Fourth place
  •  Q  – Qualified for forthcoming tournament
Confederation 1973 1975 1978 1982 1986 1991 1994 1998 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2022 2023 2024 2025
Africa – CANA———15th—15th15th14th——15th14th15th16th15th12th16th12th12th16th15th16th
Americas – ASUA5th4th5th5th4th4th6th7th7th6th11th9th4th6th9th7th12th9th6th7th9th8th
Asia – AASF—15th—10th—14th12th11th12th15th14th13th12th11th12th11th10th11th9th11th12th9th
Europe – LEN1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st1st
Oceania – OSA14th11th9th11th10th8th10th4th10th7th10th10th10th9th8th8th7th6th11th10th11th13th
Nations16161616151616161616161616161616161616161616

Team statistics

[edit]

Participating teams

[edit]

Note: Results of qualification tournaments are not included.

Legend
  •  1st  – Champions
  •  2nd  – Runners-up
  •  3rd  – Third place
  •  4th  – Fourth place
  •  Q  – Qualified for forthcoming tournament
  •     – Hosts
  • † – Defunct team
Africa – CANA (2 teams)
Men's team[1] 1973 1975 1978 1982 1986 1991 1994 1998 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2022 2023 2024 2025 Years
 Egypt 15th15th2
 South Africa 15th14th15th14th15th16th15th12th16th12th12th16th15th16th14
Americas – ASUA (7 teams)
Men's team[1] 1973197519781982198619911994199820012003200520072009201120132015201720192022202320242025Years
 Argentina 16th13th2
 Brazil 12th12th13th13th13th14th10th12th13th15thWD14th12th12
 Canada 14th14th14th13th13th14th13th15th14th13th12th8th10th11th9th15th16th12th11th19
 Colombia 16th1
 Cuba 6th4th10th5th7th11th11th12th8
 Mexico 9th9th15th3
 United States 5th8th5th6th4th4th6th7th7th6th11th9th4th6th9th7th13th9th6th7th9th8th22
Asia – AASF (6 teams)
Men's team[1] 1973197519781982198619911994199820012003200520072009201120132015201720192022202320242025Years
 China 10th14th16th16th13th12th15th14th15th15th12th14th12
 Iran 15th15th2
 Japan 16th15th14th16th11th13th10th11th9th11th13th9th12
 Kazakhstan Part of Soviet Union12th11th12th16th13th12th11th11th14th14th14th16th12
 South Korea 15th1
 Singapore 15th1
Europe – LEN (22 teams)
Men's team[1] 1973197519781982198619911994199820012003200520072009201120132015201720192022202320242025Years
 Bulgaria 13th12th8th3
 Croatia Part of Yugoslavia4th9th8th9th4th1st3rd3rd3rd2nd1st3rd4th9th1st5th16
 France 13th8th12th14th6th4th6
 Georgia Part of Soviet Union10th1
 Germany See West Germany5th9th14th11th9th8th6th8th10th8th13th11
 Great Britain 15th1
 Greece 12th12th12th11th10th7th8th6th4th3rd6th6th3rd4th7th3rd2nd5th3rd19
 Hungary 1st2nd2nd2nd9th3rd5th2nd5th1st2nd2nd5th4th1st6th2nd4th7th1st7th2nd22
 Israel 16th16th15th3
 Italy 4th3rd1st9th2nd6th1st5th4th2nd8th5th11th1st4th4th6th1st2nd5th2nd7th22
 Montenegro Part of YugoslaviaPart of FRY / SCG9th7th2nd5th5th10th8th8th8th6th10
Men's team 1973197519781982198619911994199820012003200520072009201120132015201720192022202320242025Years
 Netherlands 8th7th13th4th14th8th9th7
 North Macedonia Part of Yugoslavia14th1
 Romania 7th5th6th9th13th12th6th11th7th12th13th10th10th13
 Russia Part of Soviet Union3rd6th3rd10th7th7th14th8thDQDQDQDQ8
 Serbia Part of YugoslaviaPart of FRY / SCG4th1st2nd7th1st3rd5th5th4th6th4th11
 Serbia and Montenegro†[a] Part of Yugoslavia3rd2nd3rd1stDefunct4
 Slovakia Part of Czechoslovakia10th11th8th3
 Soviet Union† 2nd1st4th1st3rd7thDefunct6
 Spain 10th10th11th8th5th2nd2nd1st1st5th5th3rd2nd5th5th9th2nd1st3rd3rd1st21
 West Germany† 11th6th7th3rd6thSee Germany5
 Yugoslavia† 3rd13th3rd7th1st1stDefunct6
Oceania – OSA (2 teams)
Men's team[1] 1973197519781982198619911994199820012003200520072009201120132015201720192022202320242025Years
 Australia 14th11th9th11th10th8th10th4th10th7th10th10th10th9th8th8th7th6th11th10th11th13th22
 New Zealand 16th16th16th16th15th16th16th7
Total teams 16161616151616161616161616161616161616161616

Finishes in the top four

[edit]

The following table is pre-sorted by total finishes in the top four (in descending order), number of gold medals (in descending order), number of silver medals (in descending order), number of bronze medals (in descending order), name of the team (in ascending order), respectively.

Legend
  • * – Host team
  • † – Defunct team
RkMen's team[1]TotalChampionsRunners-upThird placeFourth placeFirstLast
1 Hungary154 (1973, 2003, 2013, 2023)8 (1975, 1978, 1982, 1998, 2005, 2007, 2017*, 2025)1 (1991)2 (2011, 2019)19732025
2 Italy134 (1978, 1994*, 2011, 2019)4 (1986, 2003, 2022, 2024)1 (1975)4 (1973, 2001, 2013, 2015)19732024
3 Spain114 (1998, 2001, 2022, 2025)4 (1991, 1994, 2009, 2019)3 (2007, 2023, 2024)19912025
4 Croatia113 (2007, 2017, 2024)1 (2015)4 (2009, 2011, 2013, 2019)3 (1994, 2005, 2022)19942024
5 Serbia72 (2009, 2015)1 (2011)1 (2017)3 (2007, 2023, 2025)20072025
6 Greece71 (2023)4 (2005, 2015, 2022, 2025)2 (2003, 2017)20032025
7 Soviet Union†52 (1975, 1982)1 (1973)1 (1986)1 (1978)19731986
8 Yugoslavia†42 (1986, 1991)2 (1973*, 1978)19731991
9 FR Yugoslavia†[a] /
 Serbia and Montenegro†
41 (2005)1 (2001)2 (1998, 2003)19982005
10 United States33 (1986, 1991, 2009)19862009
11 Russia22 (1994, 2001)19942001
12 Montenegro11 (2013)20132013
13 West Germany†11 (1982)19821982
14 Australia11 (1998*)19981998
 Cuba1 (1975)19751975
 France1 (2024)20242024
 Netherlands1 (1982)19821982
RkMen's teamTotalChampionsRunners-upThird placeFourth placeFirstLast

Medal table

[edit]

The following table is pre-sorted by number of gold medals (in descending order), number of silver medals (in descending order), number of bronze medals (in descending order), name of the team (in ascending order), respectively.

Legend
  • † – Defunct team
RankMen's teamGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Hungary48113
2 Spain44311
3 Italy4419
4 Croatia3148
5 Serbia2114
 Soviet Union†2114
7 Yugoslavia†2024
8 FR Yugoslavia†[a] /
 Serbia and Montenegro†
1124
9 Greece0145
10 Montenegro0101
11 Russia0022
12 West Germany†0011
Totals (12 entries)22222266

Champions (results and squads)

[edit]

The following table shows results of world champions in men's water polo by tournament.

Legend
  •  6  – Winning 6 matches during the tournament
  •  4  – Drawing 4 matches during the tournament
  •  2  – Losing 2 matches during the tournament
  •  100.0%  – Winning all matches during the tournament
  •  team  – Winning streak (winning three or more world championships in a row)
  •     – Host team
  • † – Defunct team
Abbreviation
  • MP – Matches played
  • W – Won
  • D – Drawn
  • L – Lost
  • GF – Goals for
  • GA – Goals against
  • GD – Goals difference
  • GF/MP – Goals for per match
  • GA/MP – Goals against per match
  • GD/MP – Goals difference per match
Results of champions by tournament
#Men's tournamentChampionMPWDLWin %GFGAGDGF/MPGA/MPGD/MP
1 Belgrade 1973 Hungary (1st title)871087.5%5824347.2503.0004.250
2 Cali 1975 Soviet Union† (1st title)862075.0%4926236.1253.2502.875
3 West Berlin 1978 Italy (1st title)853062.5%4131105.1253.8751.250
4 Guayaquil 1982 Soviet Union† (2nd title)761085.7%6841279.7145.8573.857
5 Madrid 1986 Yugoslavia† (1st title)651083.3%61431810.1677.1673.000
6 Perth 1991 Yugoslavia† (2nd title)760185.7%81463511.5716.5715.000
7 Rome 1994 Italy (2nd title)7700100.0%6539269.2865.5713.714
8 Perth 1998 Spain (1st title)8800100.0%6535308.1254.3753.750
9 Fukuoka 2001 Spain (2nd title)8800100.0%6327367.8753.3754.500
10 Barcelona 2003 Hungary (2nd title)651083.3%62372510.3336.1674.167
11 Montreal 2005 Serbia and Montenegro† (1st title)6600100.0%69294011.5004.8336.667
12 Melbourne 2007 Croatia (1st title)6600100.0%65402510.8336.6674.167
13 Rome 2009 Serbia (1st title)751171.4%80602011.4298.5712.857
14 Shanghai 2011 Italy (3rd title)6600100.0%5933269.8335.5004.333
15 Barcelona 2013 Hungary (3rd title)751171.4%76542210.8577.7143.143
16 Kazan 2015 Serbia (2nd title)6600100.0%73433012.1677.1675.000
17 Budapest 2017 Croatia (2nd title)6600100.0%70472311.6677.8333.833
18 Gwangju 2019 Italy (4th title)6600100.0%60402010.0006.6673.333
19 Budapest 2022 Spain (3rd title)541080.0%68343413.6006.8006.800
20 Fukuoka 2023 Hungary (4th title)651083.3%84642014.00010.6673.333
21 Doha 2024 Croatia (3rd title)742157.1%107634415.2869.0006.286
22 Singapore 2025 Spain (4th title)651083.3%78572113.0009.5003.500
#Men's tournamentTotal14712716486.4%150291358910.2186.2114.007
ChampionMPWDLWin %GFGAGDGF/MPGA/MPGD/MP

Sources:

The following table shows men's teams that won all matches during the tournament.

Winning all matches during the tournament
#YearChampionMPWDLWin %
11994 Italy (2nd title)7700100.0%
21998 Spain (1st title)8800100.0%
32001 Spain (2nd title)8800100.0%
42005 Serbia and Montenegro† (1st title)6600100.0%
52007 Croatia (1st title)6600100.0%
62011 Italy (3rd title)6600100.0%
72015 Serbia (2nd title)6600100.0%
82017 Croatia (2nd title)6600100.0%
92019 Italy (4th title)6600100.0%
#YearChampionMPWDLWin %

The following tables show records of goals for per match.

Top 5 most goals for per match
RkYearChampionMPGFGF/MP
12024 Croatia (3rd title)710715.286
22023 Hungary (4th title)68414.000
32022 Spain (3rd title)56813.600
42025 Spain (4th title)67813.000
52015 Serbia (2nd title)67312.167
Top 5 fewest goals for per match
RkYearChampionMPGFGF/MP
11978 Italy (1st title)8415.125
21975 Soviet Union† (1st title)8496.125
31973 Hungary (1st title)8587.250
42001 Spain (2nd title)8637.875
51998 Spain (1st title)8658.125
Historical progression of records – goals for per match
Goals for
per match
AchievementYearChampionDate of
winning gold
Duration of record
7.250Set record1973 Hungary (1st title)9 September 19738 years, 332 days
9.714Broke record1982 Soviet Union† (2nd title)7 August 19824 years, 15 days
10.167Broke record1986 Yugoslavia† (1st title)22 August 19864 years, 144 days
11.571Broke record1991 Yugoslavia† (2nd title)13 January 199124 years, 207 days
12.167Broke record2015 Serbia (2nd title)8 August 20156 years, 329 days
13.600Broke record2022 Spain (3rd title)3 July 20221 year, 26 days
14.000Broke record2023 Hungary (4th title)29 July 2023203 days
15.286Broke record2024 Croatia (3rd title)17 February 20242 years, 227 days

The following tables show records of goals against per match.

Top 5 most goals against per match
RkYearChampionMPGAGA/MP
12023 Hungary (4th title)66410.667
22025 Spain (3rd title)6579.500
32024 Croatia (3rd title)7639.000
42009 Serbia (1st title)7608.571
52017 Croatia (2nd title)6477.833
Top 5 fewest goals against per match
RkYearChampionMPGAGA/MP
11973 Hungary (1st title)8243.000
21975 Soviet Union† (1st title)8263.250
32001 Spain (2nd title)8273.375
41978 Italy (1st title)8313.875
51998 Spain (1st title)8354.375

The following tables show records of goals difference per match.

Top 5 most goals difference per match
RkYearChampionMPGDGD/MP
12022 Spain (3rd title)5346.800
22005 Serbia and Montenegro† (1st title)6406.667
32024 Croatia (3rd title)7446.286
41991 Yugoslavia† (2nd title)7355.000
2015 Serbia (2nd title)630
Top 5 fewest goals difference per match
RkYearChampionMPGDGD/MP
11978 Italy (1st title)8101.250
22009 Serbia (1st title)7202.857
31975 Soviet Union† (1st title)8232.875
41986 Yugoslavia† (1st title)6183.000
52013 Hungary (3rd title)7223.143

Player statistics

[edit]
(C) Captain Apps Appearances Ref Reference Rk Rank
L/R Handedness Pos Playing position FP Field player GK Goalkeeper

Multiple gold medalists

[edit]

The following table is pre-sorted by number of gold medals (in descending order), number of silver medals (in descending order), number of bronze medals (in descending order), date of receiving the last gold medal (in ascending order), date of receiving the first gold medal (in ascending order), name of the player (in ascending order), respectively.

Serbian player Slobodan Nikić is the first and only male athlete to win three gold medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships.[2]

There are forty six male athletes who won two gold medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships.

Legend
  •     – Hosts
Male athletes who won three or more gold medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships
RkPlayerBirthHeightMen's teamPosWater polo tournamentPeriod
(age of
first/last)
MedalsRef
GSBT
1Slobodan Nikić19831.97 m
(6 ft 6 in)
 Serbia and MontenegroFP20032005Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear12 years
(20/32)
3115[2]
 SerbiaDoes not appearDoes not appear20072009201120132015

Multiple medalists

[edit]

The following table is pre-sorted by total number of medals (in descending order), number of gold medals (in descending order), number of silver medals (in descending order), date of receiving the last medal (in ascending order), date of receiving the first medal (in ascending order), name of the player (in ascending order), respectively.

Seventeen male athletes won five or more medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships. Aside from Serbian player Slobodan Nikić[2], all others were members of the Spain men's national water polo team (10 players) and Croatia men's national water polo team (6 players). Brazilian-born Spanish player Felipe Perrone[3] and Croatian Andro Bušlje[4] are the only athletes (man or woman) to win seven medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships.

Legend
  •     – Hosts
Male athletes who won five or more medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships
RkPlayerBirthHeightMen's teamPosWater polo tournamentPeriod
(age of
first/last)
MedalsRef
GSBT
1Felipe Perrone19861.83 m
(6 ft 0 in)
 SpainFPDoes not appearDoes not appear20052007200920112013Does not appearDoes not appear2019202220232024202524 years
(15/39)
2237[3]
 Brazil20012003Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear2015Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear
2Andro Bušlje19862.00 m
(6 ft 7 in)
 CroatiaFP20052007200920112013201520172019Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear14 years
(19/33)
2147[4]
3Maro Joković19872.03 m
(6 ft 8 in)
 CroatiaFP2007Does not appear20112013201520172019Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear12 years
(19/31)
2136[5]
4Slobodan Nikić19831.97 m
(6 ft 6 in)
 Serbia and MontenegroFP20032005Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear12 years
(20/32)
3115[2]
 SerbiaDoes not appearDoes not appear20072009201120132015Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear
5Marko Bijač19912.01 m
(6 ft 7 in)
 CroatiaGK20132015201720192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear12 years
(22/34)
2125[6]
Alejandro Bustos19971.93 m
(6 ft 4 in)
 SpainFP201720192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear8 years
(20/28)
2125[7]
Sergi Cabañas19961.91 m
(6 ft 3 in)
 SpainFP20192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear6 years
(23/29)
2125[8]
Miguel de Toro19932.02 m
(6 ft 8 in)
 SpainFP201720192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear8 years
(23/31)
2125[9]
Álvaro Granados19981.92 m
(6 ft 4 in)
 SpainFP201720192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear8 years
(18/26)
2125[10]
Marc Larumbe19941.93 m
(6 ft 4 in)
 SpainFP20192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear6 years
(25/31)
2125[11]
Luka Lončar19871.95 m
(6 ft 5 in)
 CroatiaFP2013201520172019Does not appearDoes not appear20242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear12 years
(26/38)
2125[12]
Eduardo Lorrio19931.93 m
(6 ft 4 in)
 SpainGK20192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear6 years
(25/31)
2125[13]
Alberto Munárriz19941.95 m
(6 ft 5 in)
 SpainFP2013Does not appear201720192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear12 years
(19/31)
2125[14]
Roger Tahull19971.95 m
(6 ft 5 in)
 SpainFP201720192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear8 years
(20/28)
2125[15]
15Blai Mallarach19871.87 m
(6 ft 2 in)
 SpainFP2009Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear2019202220232024Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear15 years
(21/36)
1225[16]
16Josip Pavić19821.95 m
(6 ft 5 in)
 CroatiaGK2001Does not appear200520072009201120132015Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear14 years
(19/33)
1135[17]
Sandro Sukno19902.00 m
(6 ft 7 in)
 CroatiaFP20092011201320152017Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear8 years
(19/27)
1135[18]
RkPlayerBirthHeightMen's teamPosWater polo tournamentPeriod
(age of
first/last)
GSBTRef
Medals

Women's tournament

[edit]

Results summary

[edit]
# Year[1] Host Gold Score Silver Bronze Score 4th place
1 1986
Details
Madrid,
Spain

Australia
Round-robin
(8–7)

Netherlands

United States
Round-robin
(7–7)

Canada
2 1991
Details
Perth,
Australia

Netherlands
13–6
Canada

United States
11–9
Hungary
3 1994
Details
Rome,
Italy

Hungary
7–5
Netherlands

Italy
14–9
United States
4 1998
Details
Perth,
Australia

Italy
7–6
Netherlands

Australia
8–5
Russia
5 2001
Details
Fukuoka,
Japan

Italy
7–3
Hungary

Canada
6–5
United States
6 2003
Details
Barcelona,
Spain

United States
8–6
Italy

Russia
9–7
Canada
7 2005
Details
Montreal,
Canada

Hungary
10–7 (OT)
United States

Canada
8–3
Russia
8 2007
Details
Melbourne,
Australia

United States
6–5
Australia

Russia
9–8
Hungary
9 2009
Details
Rome,
Italy

United States
7–6
Canada

Russia
10–9
Greece
10 2011
Details
Shanghai,
China

Greece
9–8
China

Russia
8–7
Italy
11 2013
Details
Barcelona,
Spain

Spain
8–6
Australia

Hungary
10–8
Russia
12 2015
Details
Kazan,
Russia

United States
5–4
Netherlands

Italy
7–7
(5–3 pen.)

Australia
13 2017
Details
Budapest,
Hungary

United States
13–6
Spain

Russia
11–9
Canada
14 2019
Details
Gwangju,
South Korea

United States
11–6
Spain

Australia
10–9
Hungary
15 2022
Details
Budapest,
Hungary

United States
9–7
Hungary

Netherlands
7–5
Italy
16 2023
Details
Fukuoka,
Japan

Netherlands
12–12
(5–4 pen.)

Spain

Italy
16–14
Australia
17 2024
Details
Doha,
Qatar

United States
8–7
Hungary

Spain
10–9
Greece
18 2025
Details
Singapore,
Singapore

Greece
12–9
Hungary

Spain
13–12
United States
19 2027
Details
Budapest,
Hungary
20 2029
Details
Beijing,
China

Confederation statistics

[edit]

Best performances by tournament

[edit]

This is a summary of the best performances of each confederation in each tournament.[1]

Legend
  •  1st  – Champions
  •  2nd  – Runners-up
  •  3rd  – Third place
  •  4th  – Fourth place
  •  Q  – Qualified for forthcoming tournament
Confederation 1986 1991 1994 1998 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2022 2023 2024 2025
Africa – CANA————————16th15th15th16th16th14th13th12th14th15th
Americas – ASUA3rd2nd4th6th3rd1st2nd1st1st6th5th1st1st1st1st5th1st4th
Asia – AASF——12th12th8th11th15th13th11th2nd9th5th10th10th11th13th10th8th
Europe – LEN2nd1st1st1st1st2nd1st3rd3rd1st1st2nd2nd2nd2nd1st2nd1st
Oceania – OSA1st5th6th3rd5th7th6th2nd6th5th2nd4th8th3rd6th4th6th6th
Nations9912121216161616161616161616161616

Team statistics

[edit]

Participating teams

[edit]

Note: Results of qualification tournaments are not included.

Legend
  •  1st  – Champions
  •  2nd  – Runners-up
  •  3rd  – Third place
  •  4th  – Fourth place
  •  Q  – Qualified for forthcoming tournament
  •     – Hosts
  • † – Defunct team
Africa – CANA (1 team)
Women's team[1] 1986 1991 1994 1998 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2022 2023 2024 2025 Years
 South Africa 16th15th15th16th16th14th13th12th14th15th10
Americas – ASUA (8 teams)
Women's team[1] 198619911994199820012003200520072009201120132015201720192022202320242025Years
 Argentina 12th16th14th3
 Brazil 8th11th10th10th13th13th10th13th14th14th10th14th14thWD15th14
 Canada 4th2nd5th6th3rd4th3rd6th2nd8th8th11th4th9th9th7th8th17
Colombia 16th1
 Cuba 9th15th10th15th4
 Puerto Rico 16th1
 United States 3rd3rd4th8th4th1st2nd1st1st6th5th1st1st1st1st5th1st4th18
 Venezuela 14th14th2
Asia – AASF (7 teams)
Women's team[1] 198619911994199820012003200520072009201120132015201720192022202320242025Years
 China 16th14th11th2nd9th5th10th11thWD13th10th9th11
 Japan 11th11th15th13th13thWD14thWD8th7
 Kazakhstan Part of URS12th12th8th12th13th14th13th11th12th15th10th11th15th12th14
 Singapore 16th16th2
 South Korea 16th1
 Thailand 15th1
 Uzbekistan Part of URS15th15th16th16th4
Europe – LEN (14 teams)
Women's team[1] 198619911994199820012003200520072009201120132015201720192022202320242025Years
 Belgium 7th1
 Croatia 13th1
 France 9th9th15th14th11th8th9th13th12th9
 Germany FRG6th8th10th8th11th10th6
 Great Britain 9th16th13th11th11th5
 Greece 5th7th9th5th8th4th1st6th6th7th8th7th8th4th1st15
 Hungary 5th4th1st7th2nd5th1st4th7th9th3rd9th5th4th2nd6th2nd2nd18
 Israel 10th1
 Italy 3rd1st1st2nd7th5th9th4th10th3rd6th6th4th3rd7th7th16
 Netherlands 2nd1st2nd2nd9th6th10th9th5th7th7th2nd9th7th3rd1st5th5th18
 Norway 8th1
 Russia Part of URS7th4th6th3rd4th3rd3rd3rd4th8th3rd5thDQDQDQDQ12
 Spain 9th8th11th7th8th11th1st7th2nd2nd5th2nd3rd3rd14
 West Germany† 6thSee Germany1
Oceania – OSA (2 teams)
Women's team[1] 198619911994199820012003200520072009201120132015201720192022202320242025Years
 Australia 1st5th6th3rd5th7th6th2nd6th5th2nd4th8th3rd6th4th6th6th18
 New Zealand 7th10th11th12th12th12th12th12th12th13th12th12th10th11th9th10th16
Total teams 9912121216161616161616161616161616

Finishes in the top four

[edit]

The following table is pre-sorted by total finishes in the top four (in descending order), number of gold medals (in descending order), number of silver medals (in descending order), number of bronze medals (in descending order), name of the team (in ascending order), respectively.

Legend
  • * – Host team
RkWomen's team[1]TotalChampionsRunners-upThird placeFourth placeFirstLast
1 United States148 (2003, 2007, 2009, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2024)1 (2005)2 (1986, 1991)3 (1994, 2001, 2025)19862025
2 Hungary102 (1994, 2005)4 (2001, 2022*, 2024, 2025)1 (2013)3 (1991, 2007, 2019)19912025
3 Italy82 (1998, 2001)1 (2003)3 (1994*, 2015, 2023)2 (2011, 2022)19942023
4 Russia85 (2003, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2017)3 (1998, 2005, 2013)19982017
5 Netherlands72 (1991, 2023)4 (1986, 1994, 1998, 2015)1 (2022)19862023
6 Australia71 (1986)2 (2007*, 2013)2 (1998*, 2019)2 (2015, 2023)19862023
7 Canada72 (1991, 2009)2 (2001, 2005*)3 (1986, 2003, 2017)19862017
8 Spain61 (2013*)3 (2017, 2019, 2023)2 (2024, 2025)20132025
9 Greece42 (2011, 2025)2 (2009, 2024)20092025
10 China11 (2011*)20112011
RkWomen's teamTotalChampionsRunners-upThird placeFourth placeFirstLast

Medal table

[edit]

The following table is pre-sorted by number of gold medals (in descending order), number of silver medals (in descending order), number of bronze medals (in descending order), name of the team (in ascending order), respectively.

RankWomen's teamGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 United States81211
2 Hungary2417
 Netherlands2417
4 Italy2136
5 Greece2002
6 Spain1326
7 Australia1225
8 Canada0224
9 China0101
10 Russia0055
Totals (10 entries)18181854

Champions (results and squads)

[edit]

The following table shows results of world champions in women's water polo by tournament.

Legend
  •  6  – Winning 6 matches during the tournament
  •  4  – Drawing 4 matches during the tournament
  •  2  – Losing 2 matches during the tournament
  •  100.0%  – Winning all matches during the tournament
  •  team  – Winning streak (winning three or more world championships in a row)
  •     – Host team
  • † – Defunct team
Abbreviation
  • MP – Matches played
  • W – Won
  • D – Drawn
  • L – Lost
  • GF – Goals for
  • GA – Goals against
  • GD – Goals difference
  • GF/MP – Goals for per match
  • GA/MP – Goals against per match
  • GD/MP – Goals difference per match
Results of champions by tournament
#Women's tournamentChampionMPWDLWin %GFGAGDGF/MPGA/MPGD/MP
1 Madrid 1986 Australia (1st title)7700100.0%83364711.8575.1436.714
2 Perth 1991 Netherlands (1st title)6600100.0%71472411.8337.8334.000
3 Rome 1994 Hungary (1st title)760185.7%5538177.8575.4292.429
4 Perth 1998 Italy (1st title)850362.5%7757209.6257.1252.500
5 Fukuoka 2001 Italy (2nd title)861175.0%7745329.6255.6254.000
6 Barcelona 2003 United States (1st title)6600100.0%62313110.3335.1675.167
7 Montreal 2005 Hungary (2nd title)6600100.0%64352910.6675.8334.833
8 Melbourne 2007 United States (2nd title)6600100.0%5638189.3336.3333.000
9 Rome 2009 United States (3rd title)760185.7%77532411.0007.5713.429
10 Shanghai 2011 Greece (1st title)6600100.0%62511110.3338.5001.833
11 Barcelona 2013 Spain (1st title)650183.3%88533514.6678.8335.833
12 Kazan 2015 United States (4th title)760185.7%72363610.2865.1435.143
13 Budapest 2017 United States (5th title)6600100.0%92375515.3336.1679.167
14 Gwangju 2019 United States (6th title)6600100.0%93266715.5004.33311.167
15 Budapest 2022 United States (7th title)6600100.0%94336115.6675.50010.167
16 Fukuoka 2023 Netherlands (2nd title)6600100.0%104505417.3338.3339.000
17 Doha 2024 United States (8th title)6600100.0%92415115.3336.8338.500
18 Singapore 2025 Greece (2nd title)760185.7%122675517.4299.5717.857
#Women's tournamentTotal1171071991.5%144177466712.3166.6155.701
ChampionMPWDLWin %GFGAGDGF/MPGA/MPGD/MP

Sources:

The following table shows women's teams that won all matches during the tournament.

Winning all matches during the tournament
#YearChampionMPWDLWin %
11986 Australia (1st title)7700100.0%
21991 Netherlands (1st title)6600100.0%
32003 United States (1st title)6600100.0%
42005 Hungary (2nd title)6600100.0%
52007 United States (2nd title)6600100.0%
62011 Greece (1st title)6600100.0%
72017 United States (5th title)6600100.0%
82019 United States (6th title)6600100.0%
92022 United States (7th title)6600100.0%
102023 Netherlands (2nd title)6600100.0%
112024 United States (8th title)6600100.0%
#YearChampionMPWDLWin %

The following tables show records of goals for per match.

Top 5 most goals for per match
RkYearChampionMPGFGF/MP
12025 Greece (2nd title)712217.429
22023 Netherlands (2nd title)610417.333
32022 United States (7th title)69415.667
42019 United States (6th title)69315.500
52017 United States (5th title)69215.333
2024 United States (8th title)69215.333
Top 5 fewest goals for per match
RkYearChampionMPGFGF/MP
11994 Hungary (1st title)7557.857
22007 United States (2nd title)6569.333
31998 Italy (1st title)8779.625
2001 Italy (2nd title)8779.625
52015 United States (4th title)77210.286
Historical progression of records – goals for per match
Goals for
per match
AchievementYearChampionDate of
winning gold
Duration of record
11.857Set record1986 Australia (1st title)22 August 198626 years, 345 days
14.667Broke record2013 Spain (1st title)2 August 20133 years, 360 days
15.333Broke record2017 United States (5th title)28 July 20171 year, 363 days
15.500Broke record2019 United States (6th title)26 July 20192 years, 341 days
15.667Broke record2022 United States (7th title)2 July 20221 year, 26 days
17.333Broke record2023 Netherlands (2nd title)28 July 20231 year, 360 days
17.429Broke record2025 Greece (2nd title)23 July 20251 year, 71 days

The following tables show records of goals against per match.

Top 5 most goals against per match
RkYearChampionMPGAGA/MP
12025 Greece (2nd title)7679.571
22013 Spain (1st title)6538.833
32011 Greece (1st title)6518.500
42023 Netherlands (2nd title)6508.333
51991 Netherlands (1st title)6477.833
Top 5 fewest goals against per match
RkYearChampionMPGAGA/MP
12019 United States (6th title)6264.333
21986 Australia (1st title)7365.143
2015 United States (4th title)7365.143
42003 United States (1st title)6315.167
51994 Hungary (1st title)7385.429

The following tables show records of goals difference per match.

Top 5 most goals difference per match
RkYearChampionMPGDGD/MP
12019 United States (6th title)66711.167
22022 United States (7th title)66110.167
32017 United States (5th title)6559.167
42023 Netherlands (2nd title)6549.000
52024 United States (8th title)6518.500
Top 5 fewest goals difference per match
RkYearChampionMPGDGD/MP
12011 Greece (1st title)6111.833
21994 Hungary (1st title)7172.429
31998 Italy (1st title)8202.500
42007 United States (2nd title)6183.000
52009 United States (3rd title)7243.429

Player statistics

[edit]
(C) Captain Apps Appearances Ref Reference Rk Rank
L/R Handedness Pos Playing position FP Field player GK Goalkeeper

Multiple gold medalists

[edit]

The following table is pre-sorted by number of gold medals (in descending order), number of silver medals (in descending order), number of bronze medals (in descending order), name of the player (in ascending order), date of receiving the last gold medal (in ascending order), date of receiving the first gold medal (in ascending order), respectively.

Fourteen female athletes won three or more gold medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships. They were all members of the United States women's national water polo team. Rachel Fattal, Maddie Musselman and Maggie Steffens are the only athletes (men or women) to win five gold medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships.

There are twenty six female athletes who won two gold medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships.

Legend
  •     – Hosts
Female athletes who won three or more gold medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships
RkPlayerBirthHeightWomen's teamPosWater polo tournamentPeriod
(age of
first/last)
MedalsRef
GSBT
1Rachel Fattal19931.73 m
(5 ft 8 in)
 United StatesFP2013201520172019202220232024Does not appear11 years
(19/30)
5005[19]
Maddie Musselman19981.81 m
(5 ft 11 in)
 United StatesFP201520172019202220232024Does not appearDoes not appear8 years
(17/25)
5005[20]
Maggie Steffens19931.73 m
(5 ft 8 in)
 United StatesFP2011201320152017201920222023202412 years
(18/30)
5005[21]
4Kaleigh Gilchrist19921.76 m
(5 ft 9 in)
 United StatesFP2015Does not appear2019202220232024Does not appearDoes not appear8 years
(23/31)
4004[22]
Ashleigh Johnson19941.86 m
(6 ft 1 in)
 United StatesGK2015Does not appear2019202220232024Does not appearDoes not appear9 years
(20/29)
4004[23]
Amanda Longan19971.85 m
(6 ft 1 in)
 United StatesGK201720192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appear8 years
(20/28)
4004[24]
7Heather Petri19781.80 m
(5 ft 11 in)
 United StatesFP200120032005200720092011Does not appearDoes not appear10 years
(23/33)
3104[25]
Brenda Villa19801.63 m
(5 ft 4 in)
 United StatesFP1998200120032005200720092011Does not appear13 years
(17/31)
3104[26]
9Kami Craig19871.81 m
(5 ft 11 in)
 United StatesFP20072009201120132015Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear8 years
(19/28)
3003[27]
Makenzie Fischer19971.86 m
(6 ft 1 in)
 United StatesFP201520172019Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear4 years
(18/22)
3003[28]
Kiley Neushul19931.73 m
(5 ft 8 in)
 United StatesFP2013201520172019Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear6 years
(20/26)
3003[29]
Jordan Raney19961.78 m
(5 ft 10 in)
 United StatesFP2017Does not appear202220232024Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear6 years
(21/27)
3003[30]
Melissa Seidemann19901.83 m
(6 ft 0 in)
 United StatesFP20112013201520172019Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear8 years
(21/29)
3003[31]
Alys Williams19941.81 m
(5 ft 11 in)
 United StatesFP201520172019Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear4 years
(21/25)
3003[32]
RkPlayerBirthHeightWomen's teamPosWater polo tournamentPeriod
(age of
first/last)
GSBTRef
Medals

Multiple medalists

[edit]

The following table is pre-sorted by total number of medals (in descending order), number of gold medals (in descending order), number of silver medals (in descending order), name of the player (in ascending order), date of receiving the last medal (in ascending order), date of receiving the first medal (in ascending order), respectively.

Nine female athletes won five medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships. Spanish player Anni Espar[33] is the only female athlete to win six medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships.

Legend
  •     – Hosts
Female athletes who won four medals in water polo at the World Aquatics Championships
RkPlayerBirthHeightWomen's teamPosWater polo tournamentPeriod
(age of
first/last)
MedalsRef
GSBT
1Anni Espar19931.80 m
(5 ft 11 in)
 SpainFP201120132015201720192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appear14 years
(18/32)
1326[33]
2Rachel Fattal19931.73 m
(5 ft 8 in)
 United StatesFP2013201520172019202220232024Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear11 years
(19/30)
5005[19]
Maddie Musselman19981.81 m
(5 ft 11 in)
 United StatesFP201520172019202220232024Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear8 years
(17/25)
5005[20]
Maggie Steffens19931.73 m
(5 ft 8 in)
 United StatesFP20112013201520172019202220232024Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear12 years
(18/30)
5005[21]
5Laura Ester19901.70 m
(5 ft 7 in)
 SpainGK200920112013201520172019202220232024Does not appearDoes not appear15 years
(19/34)
1315[34]
Pili Peña19861.74 m
(5 ft 9 in)
 SpainFP2005200720092011201320152017201920222023202418 years
(19/37)
1315[35]
7Paula Crespí19981.75 m
(5 ft 9 in)
 SpainFP20172019Does not appear202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear8 years
(19/27)
0325[36]
Paula Leitón20001.87 m
(6 ft 2 in)
 SpainFP2015201720192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear10 years
(15/25)
0325[37]
Beatriz Ortiz19951.76 m
(5 ft 9 in)
 SpainFP201720192022202320242025Does not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appearDoes not appear8 years
(22/30)
0325[38]
RkPlayerBirthHeightWomen's teamPosWater polo tournamentPeriod
(age of
first/last)
GSBTRef
Medals

Combined medal table

[edit]

The following table is pre-sorted by number of gold medals (in descending order), number of silver medals (in descending order), number of bronze medals (in descending order), name of the country (in ascending order), respectively.

Italy, Hungary and Spain are the only three countries to win both the men's and women's water polo tournaments at the World Aquatics Championships.

Legend
  • † – Former country
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 United States81211
2 Hungary612220
3 Italy65415
4 Spain57517
5 Croatia3148
6 Netherlands2417
7 Greece2147
8 Serbia2114
 Soviet Union†2114
10 Yugoslavia†2024
11 Australia1225
12 FR Yugoslavia†[a] /
 Serbia and Montenegro†
1124
13 Canada0224
14 China0101
 Montenegro0101
16 Russia0077
17 West Germany†0011
Totals (17 entries)404040120

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 After the breakup of Yugoslavia, FR Yugoslavia men's national water polo team participated at the 1998 and 2001 World Aquatics Championships. In 2003, after the country was renamed from FR Yugoslavia to Serbia and Montenegro, the team was also renamed to Serbia and Montenegro men's national water polo team.

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "HistoFINA – Water polo medalists and statistics" (PDF). fina.org. FINA. September 2019. pp. 14, 57. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Slobodan Nikić". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  3. 1 2 "Felipe Perrone". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Andro Bušlje". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  5. ↑ "Maro Joković". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  6. ↑ "Marko Bijač". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  7. ↑ "Alejandro Bustos". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  8. ↑ "Sergi Cabañas". worldaquatics.com. Worldaquatics. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  9. ↑ "Miguel de Toro". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  10. ↑ "Álvaro Granados". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  11. ↑ "Marc Larumbe". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  12. ↑ "Luka Lončar". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  13. ↑ "Eduardo Lorrio". worldaquatics.com. Worldaquatics. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  14. ↑ "Alberto Munárriz". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  15. ↑ "Roger Tahull". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  16. ↑ "Blai Mallarach". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  17. ↑ "Josip Pavić". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  18. ↑ "Sandro Sukno". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  19. 1 2 "Rachel Fattal". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  20. 1 2 "Maddie Musselman". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  21. 1 2 "Maggie Steffens". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  22. ↑ "Kaleigh Gilchrist". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  23. ↑ "Ashleigh Johnson". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  24. ↑ "Amanda Longan". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  25. ↑ "Heather Petri". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  26. ↑ "Brenda Villa". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  27. ↑ "Kami Craig". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  28. ↑ "Makenzie Fischer". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  29. ↑ "Kiley Neushul". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  30. ↑ "Jordan Raney". gostanford.com. Gostanford. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  31. ↑ "Melissa Seidemann". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  32. ↑ "Alys Williams". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  33. 1 2 "Anni Espar". olympedia.org. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  34. ↑ "Laura Ester". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  35. ↑ "Pili Peña". Olympedia. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  36. ↑ "Paula Crespí". worldaquatics.com. Worldaquatics. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  37. ↑ "Paula Leitón". olympedia.org. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  38. ↑ "Beatriz Ortiz". olympedia.org. Olympedia. Retrieved 30 November 2020.

Sources

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Official Reports (FINA)

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PDF documents on the FINA website:

Official Results Books (FINA)

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PDF documents on the Omega Timing website:

PDF documents on the Sport Result website:

Olympedia

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Water polo on the Olympedia website:

Todor66

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Water polo on the Todor66 website:

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