Yine language
| Yine | |
|---|---|
| Piro | |
| yinerɨ tokanɨ | |
| Pronunciation | [jine-lɨ tokanɨ] |
| Native to | Peru |
| Ethnicity | Yine people, Manchineri |
Native speakers | 4,000 (2010)[1] |
| Dialects | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pib |
| Glottolog | yine1238 |
| ELP | |
Yine (Yine: yinerɨ tokanɨ 'Yine people's language'[1]) is a Maipurean language spoken in Peru by about 4,000 people.[1]
Names
[edit]Yine is also called Chontaquiro, Pira, Piro, Pirro, Simiranch, or Simirinche. The name Mashco, a derogatory name for the linguistically unrelated Harakmbut, has sometimes been incorrectly applied to the Yine and other similar groups, such as the Mashco Piro.[2] The name Piro is apparently derived from a Panoan-language name for a species of Megalodoras catfish.[1]
Classification
[edit]The Manchineri who live in Brazil (Acre) and reportedly also in Bolivia speak Machinere, which may be a dialect of Yine,[3][4] though the Yine are reported to require a month of practice before they can communicate with the Machinere.[5] A vocabulary of a language labeled Canamaré is "so close to Piro [Yine] as to count as Piro", but has been a cause of confusion with the unrelated Kanamarí language.[6] Yine belongs to the Piro group which also includes the nearly extinct Iñapari and Apurinã.[3] The Kuniba language is a "co-dialect" of Yine.[7][8][9][10]
Varieties
[edit]Varieties of Piro (Yine):[11]: 244
- Chontaquiro (Simirinche, Upatarinavo): Ucayali River
- Manchineri (Manatinavo): Purus River
- Kushichineri (Kuxiti-neri, Kujigeneri, Cusitinavo): upper Purus River in Peru (in 1886, spoken on the Curumahá River or Curanja River, and probably also on the Cujar River)
- Kuniba (Kunibo): Juruá River
- Katukina: Juruá River. Documented by Natterer (1833). Not to be confused with the unrelated Katukina language.
- Canamare (Canamirim, Canamary): Iaco River, a tributary of the Purus River. Documented by Spix (1819). Not to be confused with the unrelated Kanamarí language.
- Mashco-Piro: Madre de Dios River
Demographics
[edit]As of 2000, essentially all of the 4,000 ethnic Yine people speak the language.[12]
Geographical distribution
[edit]They live in the Ucayali and Cusco Departments, near the Ucayali River, and near the Madre de Dios River in the Madre de Dios Region in Peru.[12]
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | ɨ ɨː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open | a aː |
Vowels are phonetically nasalized after /m, n, h̃/.[1]
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | h̃ | |||
| Plosive | p | t | c~c͡ç | k | ||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | ç | |||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||
| Approximant | w | l | j |
/h̃/ is phonetically nasalized. /w/ becomes a bilabial approximant [β̞] before a close vowel. /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k/. /ɾ/ can be trilled [r] when in word-initial position.[13] The palatal stop varies in articulation between a stop and an affricate.[1]
Writing system
[edit]Literacy is comparatively high. A dictionary has been published in the language and the language is taught alongside Spanish in some Yine schools.[12]
Syntax
[edit]Piro has an active–stative syntax.[14]
Notes
[edit]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hanson, Rebecca (2010). A Grammar of Yine (Piro) (Ph.D. thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/536008.
- ↑ Gray, Andrew (1997). Indigenous rights and development: self-determination in an Amazonian community. Berghahn Books. p. 140–. ISBN 978-1-57181-837-9. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- 1 2 Moseley, Christopher; Asher, R. E.; Tait, Mary (1994), Atlas of the world's languages, London ; New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5
- ↑ Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.
- ↑ Matteson, Esther (1965). The Piro (Arawakan) Language. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 42. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald (September 2015). "Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices". Language. 91 (3): s1–s188. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0049. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-1D58-0. ISSN 1535-0665.
- ↑ Rivet, P.; Tastevin, C. (1919). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I⁰ Le groupe arawak pré-andin". Anthropos. 14/15 (4/6): 857–890. ISSN 0257-9774.
- ↑ Rivet, P.; Tastevin, C. (1921). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I⁰ Le groupe arawak pré-andin. (Suite)". Anthropos. 16/17 (1/3): 298–325. ISSN 0257-9774.
- ↑ Rivet, P.; Tastevin, P. C. (1921). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I° Le groupe arawak pré-andin. (Suite)". Anthropos. 16/17 (4/6): 819–828. ISSN 0257-9774.
- ↑ Rivet, P.; Tastevin, C. (1923). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I° Le groupe arawak pré-andin (Fin)". Anthropos. 18/19 (1/3): 104–113. ISSN 0257-9774.
- ↑ Ramirez, Henri (2020). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV. doi:10.24824/978652510234.4. ISBN 978-65-251-0234-4. S2CID 243563290.[permanent dead link]
- 1 2 3 Yine at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ↑ Urquía Sebastián, Rittma; Marlett, Stephen A. (2008). "Yine". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (3): 365–369. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003356.
- ↑ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
Further reading
[edit]- Sebastián, Rittma Urquía; Marlett, Stephen A. (2008). "Yine". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (3): 365–369. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003356, with supplementary sound recordings.
References
[edit]- Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Matteson, Esther. (1965). The Piro (Arawakan) language. University of California Publications in Linguistics, 42. Berkeley y Los Angeles: University of California Press. (Es la tesis para doctorado presentada en 1963 a la University of California, Los Angeles.)
- Nies, Joyce, compilador. (1986). Diccionario piro (Tokanchi gikshijikowaka-steno). Serie Lingüística Peruana, 22. Yarinacocha: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
- Parker, Stephen. (1989). "Un análisis métrico del acento en el piro". Estudios etno-lingüísticos, Stephen Parker (ed.), pp. 114–125. Documento de trabajo 21. Yarinacocha, Pucallpa: Ministerio de Educación e Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
- Solís Fonseca, Gustavo. (2003). Lenguas en la amazonía peruana. Lima: edición por demanda.
- Urquía Sebastián, Rittma (2006). "La situación sociolingüística de la lengua yine en 2006". In Stephen A. Marlett (ed.). Situaciones sociolingüísticas de lenguas amerindias, (PDF). Lima: SIL International and Universidad Ricardo Palma.
- Urquía Sebastián, Rittma. (2006). Yine. Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International and Universidad Ricardo Palma.
- Urquía Sebastián, Rittma and Wagner Urquía Sebastián. (2009). Diccionario yine–castellano