Khu Liên
| Sri Mara | |
|---|---|
| King of Champa (Lâm Ấp) | |
| Reign | 192 CE |
| Predecessor | Inaugural holder |
| Successor | Phạm Hùng? |
| Born | Xianglin, Rinan Commandery, Han China |
Sri Mara (Cham: ꨦꨴꨫ ꨠꨩꨣ, Khmer: ឝ្រី មារ, Thai: ศรีมาระ fl. 137 or 192 AD), also known as Khu Liên or Ou Lian (Chinese: 甌連), was the founder of the kingdom of Lâm Ấp in 192.[1][2]: 43 He was originally a local official of Xianglin (Tượng Lâm), then under the rule of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.
Biography
[edit]He is known in Chinese records as Ōu Lián (甌連), or Zhulian, which in Vietnamese pronunciation is Khu Liên (chữ Hán: 區連). Attempts have also been made to identify Sri Mara with Fan Shiman (范師蔓) of Funan (circa 230 CE).[3][4][5] on a stele recorded as Sri Mara (Chinese 释利摩罗).[6]
He was born in Tượng Lâm (Vietnamese pronunciation of Chinese 象林, in what is today Thừa Thiên Huế province in Central Vietnam) an area of tension between the Han dynasty and the natives of Lâm Ấp (Vietnamese pronunciation of Chinese Lin Yi 林邑, the precursor to Champa). According to Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, in 137, he led thousands of Chams to rebel against the Han prefect in Tượng Lâm.[7][8] However, while Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư mentions his name in the uprising in 137, An Nam chí lược states that the rebellion was led by 'barbarians' and does not mention him by name. Jiaozhi governor Phàn Diễn led an army of over ten thousands troops from both Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen to quell the uprising but soon failed.[9] Giả Xương, another Han official was appointed to Rinan to lead the army of other districts and provinces in the region to quell the uprising but failed and was besieged by the rebels for more than one year. In 138, Jiaozhou's governor Trương Kiều along with Jiuzhen's governor Chúc Lương successfully made peace with the rebels in Tượng Lâm.[10][9]
Some scholars have proposed that the name “Śrī Māra” has a Tamil origin and may refer to a title associated with the Pandyan royal tradition.[11] His name has been associated with the Võ Cạnh inscription, and some writers have identified him as a Pandyan ruler of South India. The identification is disputed, however, and the inscription itself does not conclusively establish that he was a Pandyan king. Some interpretations connect the name “Sri Mara Raja Kula” with the Pandyan royal tradition, while others consider the identification uncertain. A few writers have further proposed that he may have been connected with the Tamil tradition of Thiru Maran and with traditions concerning the movement of the Pandyan capital to Madurai following a tsunami. The suggestion that he, or a representative of his dynasty, ruled or exercised authority in present-day Vietnam remains speculative and is not established by the inscription alone.[12]
In 192, Khu Liên declared himself King of Lâm Ấp and founded the kingdom.[13]: 323 This is considered the official founding of Champa, though Cham legend dates the founding to be much earlier.[14]
The Book of Jin (648) record on Khu Lien states: "The Kingdom of Linyi originated from Xianglin County during the Han Dynasty, the place where Ma Yuan cast his pillar, located three thousand li (one li = 415 m/.248 mile) from the South China Sea. At the end of the Later Han Dynasty, a county official surnamed Qu had a son named Lian who killed the magistrate and declared himself king, with his descendants succeeding him. Later, the king had no heir, and his grandson Fan Xiong succeeded him."[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Milton Walter Meyer Asia: A Concise History 1997 Page 63 "around the beginning of the third century a Hindu ruler named Sri Mara founded the kingdom of Champa and conquered ..."
- ↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ↑ Dougald J. W. O'Reilly Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia - 2007 -Page 131 "preferred to identify Sri Mara with Fan Shi-man of Funan (circa 230 C.E.). This view is indirectly supported by Filliozat (1968) and Jacques (1969, 123).
- ↑ H. R. Chakrabartty Vietnam, Kampuchea, Laos, bound in comradeship: a panoramic study 1988 - Volume 2 - Page 423 "Maintaining his tempo of triumphs, Fan Shih-man, or Sri Mara, conquered most of Siam, central Burma and northern Malaya.5 According to Chinese sources, the Great King died in action while campaigning in Chin-lin, meaning 'Frontier of ."
- ↑ Kelley Ross webpage "The Periphery of China -- Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Tibet, and Mongolia"
- ↑ 邱新民, 东南亚文化交通史 Singapore Society of Asian Studies - 1984- Page 184 "晋书卷九十七林邑国传说: "后汉末,县功曹姓区,有子日连,杀令自立为王,子孙相承"。其详细情形,据水经注卷三十六引林邑记说: "国无文史,失其籌代,世数难详"。但据一般的研究,以为林邑王统的始祖,是碑文中所载的释利摩罗"
- ↑ Book of the Later Han, Vol. 86: "永和二年，日南、象林徼外蛮夷區憐等数千人攻象林县，烧城寺，杀长吏。" (Translation: In the second year of Yonghe, led by Khu Liên, several thousand barbarians from the border areas of Rinan and Xianglin attacked Xianglin County, burned the city temple, and killed the officials.)
- ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, page 22, Peripheral Records vol. 4.
- 1 2 Lê Tắc (1335), An Nam chí lược, page 67, volume 7
- ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, page 23, Peripheral Records vol. 4.
- ↑ Đổng, Thành Danh (2018-03-15). "Nhìn lại những diễn ngôn về Bia ký Võ Cạnh". Nghiên Cứu Lịch Sử (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2026-09-07.
- ↑ "Pandya King Who Ruled Vietnam". Tamil and Vedas. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
- ↑ Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., ISBN 9786167339443
- ↑ Nguyễn Khắc Viện Vietnam, a Long History reprint 2002 Page 107 "... Cù Mông Pass (present-day Quảng Nam and Nghĩa Bình provinces) which Chinese historians called Lin Yi, or Lâm Ấp in ... Under the Gangaraja Dynasty (6[th] to 8[th] century) which comprised nine successive kings, the capital was transferred to "
- ↑ Book of Jin, vol. 97
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