Histidine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic

"HARS" redirects here. For other uses, see Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and Historical Aircraft Restoration Society.

HARS1
Identifiers
Aliases	HARS1, HRS, USH3B, CMT2W, histidyl-tRNA synthetase, HARS, histidyl-tRNA synthetase 1
External IDs	OMIM: 142810; MGI: 108087; GeneCards: HARS1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1X59, 2LW7, 4G84, 4G85, 4PHC, 4X5O
Enzyme activity EC # BRENDA ExPASy KEGG MetaCyc 6.1.1.21 ↗ ↗ ↗ ↗
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 5 (human) Band 5q31.3 Start 140,673,035 bp End 140,691,537 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 18 (mouse) Band 18|18 B2 Start 36,899,581 bp End 36,916,258 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in lateral nuclear group of thalamus right frontal lobe anterior pituitary pars compacta pars reticulata right hemisphere of cerebellum Brodmann area 9 nucleus accumbens putamen caudate nucleus Top expressed in ureter cingulate gyrus primitive streak fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell medial vestibular nucleus medullary collecting duct lateral hypothalamus epiblast medial dorsal nucleus dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity nucleotide binding ligase activity ATP binding histidine-tRNA ligase activity identical protein binding Cellular component cytoplasm mitochondrion cytosol Biological process tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation protein biosynthesis mitochondrial translation histidyl-tRNA aminoacylation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Databases NCBI: entry; OMA: entry Species Human Mouse Entrez 3035 15115 Ensembl ENSG00000170445 ENSMUSG00000001380 UniProt P12081 Q61035 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002109 NM_001258040 NM_001258041 NM_001258042 NM_001289092 NM_001289093 NM_001289094 NM_008214 RefSeq (protein) NP_001244969 NP_001244970 NP_001244971 NP_001276021 NP_001276022 NP_001276023 NP_002100 NP_032240 Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 140.67 – 140.69 Mb Chr 18: 36.9 – 36.92 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Histidine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic, also called histidyl-tRNA synthetase 1, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the HARS1 gene (previously HARS). As a histidine–tRNA ligase, this enzyme functions to attach the amino acid histidine to its corresponding (cognate) transfer RNA (tRNA^His), which is required for RNA-to-protein translation.

Function

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytoplasmic enzyme which belongs to the class II family of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. The enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of histidyl-transfer RNA, which is essential for the incorporation of histidine into proteins. The gene is located in a head-to-head orientation with HARS2 on chromosome five, where the homologous genes share a bidirectional promoter.

Clinical significance

The gene product is a frequent target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Pathogenic mutations in HARS1 are the cause of Type IIIB usher syndrome (USH3B), which is associated with progressive hearing and vision loss.

Interactions

HARS has been shown to interact with EEF1B2 and EEF1G.

See also

• Histidine–tRNA ligase, mitochondrial

Further reading

• Raben N, Borriello F, Amin J, Horwitz R, Fraser D, Plotz P (1992). "Human histidyl-tRNA synthetase: recognition of amino acid signature regions in class 2a aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases". Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (5): 1075–81. doi:10.1093/nar/20.5.1075. PMC 312093. PMID 1549469.
• Shi MH, Tsui FW, Rubin LA (1991). "Cellular localization of the target structures recognized by the anti-Jo-1 antibody: immunofluorescence studies on cultured human myoblasts". J. Rheumatol. 18 (2): 252–8. PMID 2023220.
• Carlock LR, Skarecky D, Dana SL, Wasmuth JJ (1985). "Deletion mapping of human chromosome 5 using chromosome-specific DNA probes". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 37 (5): 839–52. PMC 1684692. PMID 2996334.
• Wasmuth JJ, Carlock LR (1986). "Chromosomal localization of human gene for histidyl-tRNA synthetase: clustering of genes encoding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases on human chromosome 5". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 12 (5): 513–7. doi:10.1007/BF01539922. PMID 3464104. S2CID 28520231.
• Tsui FW, Siminovitch L (1987). "Isolation, structure and expression of mammalian genes for histidyl-tRNA synthetase". Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (8): 3349–67. doi:10.1093/nar/15.8.3349. PMC 340734. PMID 3554142.
• O'Hanlon TP, Raben N, Miller FW (1995). "A novel gene oriented in a head-to-head configuration with the human histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HRS) gene encodes an mRNA that predicts a polypeptide homologous to HRS". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 210 (2): 556–66. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1696. PMID 7755634.
• Ogata K, Kurahashi A, Nishiyama C, Terao K (1994). "Presence of role of the 5SrRNA-L5 protein complex (5SRNP) in the threonyl- and histidyl-tRNA synthetase complex in rat liver cytosol". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1218 (3): 388–400. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(94)90192-9. PMID 8049265.
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
• Tsui HW, Mok S, de Souza L, Martin A, Tsui FW (1993). "Transcriptional analyses of the gene region that encodes human histidyl-tRNA synthetase: identification of a novel bidirectional regulatory element". Gene. 131 (2): 201–8. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90294-D. PMID 8406012.
• Vázquez-Abad D, Carson JH, Rothfield N (1996). "Localization of histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1) in human laryngeal epithelial carcinoma cell line (HEp-2 cells)". Cell Tissue Res. 286 (3): 487–91. doi:10.1007/s004410050718. PMID 8929351. S2CID 1552865.
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
• Sang Lee J, Gyu Park S, Park H, Seol W, Lee S, Kim S (2002). "Interaction network of human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and subunits of elongation factor 1 complex". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291 (1): 158–64. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2002.6398. PMID 11829477.
• O'Hanlon TP, Miller FW (2002). "Genomic organization, transcriptional mapping, and evolutionary implications of the human bi-directional histidyl-tRNA synthetase locus (HARS/HARSL)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294 (3): 609–14. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00525-9. PMID 12056811.
• Ascherman DP, Oriss TB, Oddis CV, Wright TM (2002). "Critical requirement for professional APCs in eliciting T cell responses to novel fragments of histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1) in Jo-1 antibody-positive polymyositis". J. Immunol. 169 (12): 7127–34. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.7127. PMID 12471150.
• Lu Q, Hope LW, Brasch M, Reinhard C, Cohen SN (2003). "TSG101 interaction with HRS mediates endosomal trafficking and receptor down-regulation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (13): 7626–31. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.7626L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0932599100. PMC 164637. PMID 12802020.
• Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.
• Levine SM, Raben N, Xie D, Askin FB, Tuder R, Mullins M, Rosen A, Casciola-Rosen LA (2007). "Novel conformation of histidyl-transfer RNA synthetase in the lung: the target tissue in Jo-1 autoantibody-associated myositis". Arthritis Rheum. 56 (8): 2729–39. doi:10.1002/art.22790. PMID 17665459.