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Chaoui people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Chaouis)
Chaoui people (Shawiya)
Išawiyen
ⵉⵛⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ
Chaoui flag
Chaoui horserider
Total population
5,000,000-6,000,000
Regions with significant populations
Algeriac. 4,870,000[1]
Francec. 800,000[2][3]
Languages
Shawiya, Algerian Arabic, French
Religion
Majority: Sunni Islam Minorities: Christianity, Judaism, irreligion
Related ethnic groups
Kabyles, Riffians, Mozabites, Chenouas, other Berbers

The Chaoui people or Shawiya (Tachawit: Išawiyen / ⵉⵛⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ, Arabic: الشاوية) are a Berber ethnic group native to the Aurès region in northeastern Algeria [4] which spans Constantine, Setif, Batna, Khenchla, Oum El Bouaghi and Tébessa provinces located in and surrounded by the Aurès Mountains.[a][5][6][7][8][9] They were known as the Massylii in antiquity[10].

They call themselves Išawiyen/Icawiyen (pronounced [iʃawijən]) and speak the Shawiya language. They are the second largest Tell Atlas Berber-speaking ethnicity, alongside the Kabyles and Chenouas.[citation needed]

Etymology

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The name Chaoui is taken from the Berber word ‘Ich’, meaning ‘horn’ and is a reference to the Numidian god Amon, who is portrayed at having a human head with the horns of a ram.[11][12] According to de Slane, translator of the books of Ibn Khaldun, the term Chaoui/Shawi means "shepherd" and designates the Zenata Berbers.[13]

History

[edit]

Historically, the Aurès Mountains served as a refuge for Berber peoples, the Auresiens (Chaouis) formed a base of resistance against the Roman Empire, the Vandals, the Byzantine Empire and Arabs. The Chaouis are part of the Zenata berber confederation (Ifren, Maghraouas, Jarāwa, Abdalwadides[14] from the Houaras[14] and Awarbas[15] and Beni Ouacine of the Aurès (Marinids) who are Zenata[16]).

Massylii

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Madghacen, the burial of Numidians kings In Batna.

The Aurès, where the inhabitants of the Aures known as the Auresiens, are identified as the Chaouia, have been the cradle of the Massylii dynasty[10] its capital was Cirta. Under king Massinissa, the kingdom of the Massylii was able to unite Numidia to become the first unified Berber state in North Africa. The patriarch of Chaouis believed to have been Madghacen, the common ancestor of the Zenata and of the Botri as well. Ibn Khaldun identified the Zenata as Berbers. Modern historians rank this Berber region within the group of Numidians and Gaetuli or the much more ancient Meshwesh, Maesulians and Mazaxes, from whom the Zenata formed, the main inhabitants of the Aurès in the Middle Ages. Chaoui clans known by Ibn Khaldoun were the Ifren, Maghrawa, Djerawa, Abdalwadides, Howara and Awarba.[citation needed]

Punic Wars

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It is against Carthage that the Chaouia kingdom of the Massylii enter history[17]. As a federation of tribes, the Massylii soon became a coherent organization endowed with strong authority. as soon as conflict between Rome and Carthage began, the kingdom of the Massylii under king Massinissa were victorious.

Numidia map after the 2nd Punic wars.

Thus it was that Massinissa, son of the king of the Massylii, took the side of Rome with Scipio and triumphed with him in the two victories of the Great Plains and Zama. It was also Massinissa who unified the Massylii and the Masaessylii under Numidia. Not long after, he provoked the third Punic war, from which Numidia emerged stronger. After him, it was Jugurtha who, against the will of the Roman Senate, waged a fierce war against Rome in the Jugurthine war.

Scipio Africanus honored Masinissa with a gold crown, a gold patera, a curule chair, an ivory sceptre, a toga picta, and a tunica palmata—the traditional symbols of a Roman triumphator. Scipio declared that nothing was more magnificent among the Romans than these honors, implying that Masinissa was the only foreigner worthy of such distinction. These rewards recognized Masinissa's crucial role in securing Rome's victory in the war.[18]

Arab conquest

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One of the most prominent Chaoui characters that symbolized resistance against arabs was was Queen Dihya who originated from the chaoui tribe of Jarāwa [19] The Zenata tribe (awarba and jarawa[15]) inhabited the territory at the time of the Islamic conquest, followed by the Huwara and Luwata tribes[14], especially at the height of the war between Hassan Ibn Numan and the armies of Dihya[16].

Algerian Independence

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Painting of a Chaoui Berber woman from Aurès,1870, by Frederick Arthur Bridgman

After the independence of Algeria, the Chaouis remained localized mainly in the Auresian region. They are the second largest Berber-speaking group in terms of number of speakers, the first being the Kabyle.[citation needed]

Language

[edit]
Map of linguistic areas in North-Eastern Algeria (in French)

The Chaoui traditionally speak the Shawiya language (Berber: Tachawit). It belongs to the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family, and is a variety of the Zenati languages. Shawiya is a closely related cluster of dialects spoken in the Aurès region (Berber: Awras) of eastern Algeria and surrounding areas including Batna, Khenchela, south Sétif, Oum El Bouaghi, Souk Ahras, Tébessa, and the north part of Biskra. Recently the Shawiya language, together with the Kabyle language, has begun to achieve some cultural prominence due to the Berber cultural and political movements in Algeria.[citation needed]

Genetics

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Scientists have studied modern maternal haplogroups collected from 264 Algerian Chaoui Berbers, and found them to be linked to Southern Europe, Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. The times of coalescence for select European clades such as ~6,000 ybp for H1cb1, U3a1c, and U5b1b1e could be traced to the Neolithic. The other European origin lineages like H1e1a, were given a time of ~3000 ybp, as they were also found in the Canary Islands. Middle Eastern origin lineages like J2a2d were dated to ~9,000 ybp, and was said to represent potential pre-agricultural contact between the Near-East and North Africa. While others like T1a7 was associated with Bedouin expansions into the Maghreb from 1,000 ybp. Sub-Saharan lineages like L3e5, L3b1a9a were dated to ~ 10,000-5000 ybp, and may be from trans-Saharan migration during the Green Sahara period with a prehistoric origin. However, the great majority of sub-Saharan sequences in North Africa do not form phylogenetic clades, and most sub-Saharan African mitogenomes have a recent arrival into the region during trans-Saharan slave trades.[20]

Culture and art

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Chaoui music is a specific style of Berber music. The Shawia dance is called Rahaba; men and women dancing at weddings. There are many 20th century singers, such as Aïssa Djermouni, Ali Khencheli, Massinissa, Ishem Boumaraf, Djamel Sabri, Groupe Iwal, Houria Aïchi, etc.[citation needed]

Chaoui painters and sculptors (of whom there are many) include Cherif Merzouki, Abdelkhader Houamel, Hassane Amraoui, Adel Abdessemed, and Mohamed Demagh.[citation needed]

The fantasia is a traditional exhibition of horsemanship in the Aurès performed during cultural festivals.[citation needed]

The Chaoui were featured in Amor Hakkar's 2008 film La Maison jaune.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ "the Chaouis have remained essentially in the district of the Aurès Mountains – an expansion of the Atlas mountain range. They are found in Khenchela, Batna, Sétif, Souk Ahras, Tébessa, Oum El Bouaghi and in the Northern part of Biskra. They talk the Chaouïa dialect, likewise alluded to as Shawiya, Shawia,Tachawit and Tachaouith"

References

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  1. ↑ "Centre de Recherche Berbère - Chaouia". www.centrederechercheberbere.fr.
  2. ↑ World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - France : North Africans (Report). Minority Rights Group International. 2018-05-01.
  3. ↑ "Chaoui – Encyclopédie Sambuc". www.sambuc.fr. Retrieved 2026-07-18.
  4. ↑ "Shawiya | Berber Tribe, North Africa & Algeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  5. ↑ NEDJAI, Djelloul (2017). An Analytical Account of Chaoui Identity. University of Msila.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ↑ Ouahmiche, Ghania; Beddiaf, Abderrazak; Beddiaf, Abdelkader (2017). "Reflections on the Linguistic Landscape and the Prospects of English Language Teaching in Algeria". International Journal of Language and Linguistics. doi:10.11648/j.ijll.s.2017050301.13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ↑ "Amazigh in Algeria". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  8. ↑ "The Chaouis of Algeria". Algeria.com. Retrieved 2024-08-18. In modern-day Algeria, following the country's independence, the Chaouis have remained mainly in the region of the Aurès Mountains – an extension of the Atlas mountain range. They are found in Khenchela, Batna, Sétif, Souk Ahras, Tébessa, Oum El Bouaghi and in the northern part of Biskra.
  9. ↑ Hardy, Georges (1950). "Une région historique de l'Algérie : le pays Chaouia". Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire. 37 (130): 81–100. doi:10.3406/outre.1950.1149.
  10. 1 2 E. B; Leveau, Ph; Morizot, P.; Morizot, J.; Chamla, M.-C.; Demoulin, F.; Adjali, S.; Chaker, S. (1990-07-01). "Aurès". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (8): 1097–1169. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.258. ISSN 1015-7344.
  11. ↑ "The Chaouis of Algeria". Algeria.com. Retrieved 2024-07-10. The name Chaoui is taken from the Berber word 'Ich', meaning 'horn' and is a reference to the Numidian god Amon, who is portrayed at having a human head with the horns of a ram.
  12. ↑ English Department, Mostéfa Benboulaïd Batna-2 University, Algeria.; Nédjai., Djelloul (2017-08-31). "AN ANALYTICAL ACCOUNT OF CHAOUI IDENTITY". International Journal of Advanced Research. 5 (8): 245–249. doi:10.21474/IJAR01/5057.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Khaldûn, ʻAbd al-Raḥman b Muḥammad Ibn (1856). Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale (in French). Translated by de Slane, William McGuckin. pp. 495.
  14. 1 2 3 Ibn Khaldoun, History of the Berbers
  15. 1 2 Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale depuis les temps les plus reculs jusqu'à la conquête française 1830, p. 188, Enest Mercier, tome 1
  16. 1 2 Piquet, Victor (1909). Les civilisations de l'Afrique du nord: Berbères-Arabes Turcs (in French). A. Colin.
  17. ↑ Hardy, Georges (1950). "Une région historique de l'Algérie : le pays Chaouia". Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire. 37 (130). Société française d'histoire d'outre-mer: 81–100. doi:10.3406/outre.1950.1149.
  18. ↑ Braund 1984, pp. 27–28.
  19. ↑ International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences; International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences; Laboratoire d'anthropologie et de préhistoire des pays de la Méditerranée occidentale (France); Institut de recherches et d'études sur le monde arabe et musulman, eds. (1984). Encyclopédie berbère. Aix-en-Provence, France: EDISUD. ISBN 978-2-85744-201-1.
  20. ↑ Aizpurua-Iraola, Julen; Abdeli, Amine; Benhassine, Traki; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David (2023-06-27). "Whole mitogenomes reveal that NW Africa has acted both as a source and a destination for multiple human movements". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 10395. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37549-4. hdl:10230/58060. ISSN 2045-2322.

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