Peduncle (botany)
In botany, a peduncle is a stalk supporting an inflorescence or a solitary flower, or, after fertilisation, an infructescence or a solitary fruit. The peduncle sometimes has bracts (a type of cataphyll) at nodes. The main axis of an inflorescence above the peduncle is the rachis, which hosts flowers (as opposed to directly on the peduncle).[1][page needed][2][page needed][3][page needed]
Etymology
[edit]The word peduncle comes from New Latin pedunculus, a diminutive of Latin pes (stem ped-), meaning "foot". Its first known use in English, in the botanical sense, dates from 1702.[4] The related term pedicel comes from New Latin pedicellus, a diminutive of Latin pediculus.[5] In botanical Latin, the peduncle is pedunculus.[6]
Related structures
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The peduncle is the primary flower stalk, supporting either a cluster of flowers or a single flower.[6] In an inflorescence with several flowers, each flower may be carried on its own smaller stalk, the pedicel. The pedicel has been defined as a flower stalk of a second or higher order: in a raceme, for example, the principal flower stalk is the peduncle and the lateral, secondary stalks are pedicels.[6] Both terms also apply to the corresponding stalks after fruit has formed.[7] A flower or inflorescence without a stalk is described as sessile.[7] The stalk that connects a leaf blade to the stem is a separate structure, the petiole.[7]
When a peduncle arises from the ground level, either from a compressed aerial stem or from a subterranean stem (rhizome, tuber, bulb, corm), with few or no bracts except the part near the rachis or receptacle, it is referred to as a scape.[2][page needed]
Variation among plants
[edit]The acorns of the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) are borne on a long peduncle, hence the name of the tree. In the sessile oak (Quercus petraea), the acorns sit on short stalks or have none. The two species also differ in their leaf stalks, which are short in Q. robur and long in Q. petraea.[8]
Limes or lindens (Tilia) bear their flowers in cymes, and a large, narrow, persistent bract is fused at least to the base of the inflorescence peduncle. Because the inflorescence is usually attached near the middle of the bract, the bract acts as a wing when the fruits of most species are dispersed by the wind.[9]
In the wax plants (Hoya), the inflorescence is a raceme or umbel-like cluster, rarely a single flower, borne on a peduncle that does not arise from a leaf axil.[10] Many species keep the peduncle, known in horticulture as a spur, after the flowers fall, and it can flower again, often repeatedly; cutting it off with the spent flowers removes a site of future flowering.[11] A peduncle of Hoya carnosa that has already flowered can produce flowers repeatedly over several years,[12] while Hoya pottsii produces successive flowers from the same peduncle, which keeps growing as flowering continues.[13] The persistent peduncle of Hoya caudata carries a rachis marked with scars of previous flowerings.[14]
Cyperus scapes
Long, magenta peduncles on an American pokeweed, each supporting a raceme
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Harris, James G.; Harris, Melinda Woolf (2001). Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated Glossary (2nd ed.). Spring Lake, Utah: Spring Lake Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9640221-6-4. OCLC 45951032.
- 1 2 Henslow, John Stevens (2009). A Dictionary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-70154-2. OCLC 889956193.
- ↑ Beentje, Henk (2010). The Kew Plant glossary: An Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9. OCLC 464589004.
- ↑ "Peduncle". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 1 October 2026.
- ↑ "Pedicel". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 1 October 2026.
- 1 2 3 Eckel, P. M. "Peduncle". A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 1 October 2026.
- 1 2 3 "Glossary". Jepson eFlora. Jepson Flora Project, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 1 October 2026.
- ↑ Eaton, E.; Caudullo, G.; Oliveira, S.; de Rigo, D. (2016). "Quercus robur and Quercus petraea in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats". In San-Miguel-Ayanz, J.; de Rigo, D.; Caudullo, G.; Houston Durrant, T.; Mauri, A. (eds.). European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. pp. 160–163.
- ↑ Johnson, O.; Sutton, P. (2020). "Tilia". Trees and Shrubs Online. International Dendrology Society. Retrieved 1 October 2026.
- ↑ Middleton, D. J.; Rodda, M. (2019). "Apocynaceae" (PDF). Flora of Singapore. Vol. 13. Singapore: National Parks Board. p. 574.
- ↑ Steil, Aaron. "All About Hoyas". Yard and Garden. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. Retrieved 1 October 2026.
- ↑ "Hoya carnosa". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. NC State Extension. Retrieved 1 October 2026.
- ↑ Zich, F. A.; Hyland, B. P. M.; Whiffin, T.; Kerrigan, R. A. (2020). "Hoya pottsii" (PDF). Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (8 ed.). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 1 October 2026.
- ↑ Middleton, D. J.; Rodda, M. (2019). "Apocynaceae" (PDF). Flora of Singapore. Vol. 13. Singapore: National Parks Board. p. 577.
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