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Pangong Tso

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bangong Lake)

Pangong Tso
Pangong Tso from space
A view of Pangong Tso from space
Location of Pangong Lake
Location of Pangong Lake
Pangong Tso
Location of Pangong Lake
Map
Interactive map of Pangong Tso
Location
Coordinates33°43′04.59″N 78°53′48.48″E / 33.7179417°N 78.8968000°E / 33.7179417; 78.8968000
TypeSoda, dimictic lake (east basin)
Saline lake (west basin)
Basin countriesChina, India
Max. length134 km (83 mi)
Max. width5 km (3.1 mi)
Surface area
604 km2 (233 sq mi)
Max. depth330 ft (100 m)
Surface elevation
14,200 ft (4,300 m)
FrozenIn winter
Pangong Tso
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese班公錯
Simplified Chinese班公错
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBāngōng cuò
Wade–GilesPan-kung ts'o
Tibetan name
Tibetanསྤང་གོང་མཚོ
Transcriptions
Wyliespang gong mtsho
THLpangongtso
Tibetan PinyinBanggong Co
Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese錯木昂拉仁波
Simplified Chinese錯木昂拉仁波
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinCuòmù ánglā rénbō
Tibetan name
Tibetanམཚོ་མོ་ངང་ལྷ་རིང་པོ
Transcriptions
Wyliemtsho mo ngang lha ring po
THLtsomo nganglha ringpo
Tibetan PinyinComo Nganglharingbo

Pangong Tso or Pangong Lake[a] is an endorheic lake spanning eastern Ladakh in India and Ngari Prefecture in Tibet. Situated at an elevation of 14,200 ft (4,300 m), it occupies an area of approximately 604 km2 (233 sq mi). It stretches for 134 km (83 mi) and is 5 km (3.1 mi) wide at its broadest point. It is located in a landlocked basin and is separated from the Indus River basin by an elevated ridge. The water is saline, and the lake freezes during winter.

Approximately two-thirds of the lake lies within the area administered by China, with the remainder controlled by India. The Line of Actual Control, which demarcates the Sino-Indian border, passes through the lake. A section of the lake is claimed both by China and India, and has been part of the wider Sino-Indian border dispute. As a result of the dispute, the region saw conflict during the Sino-Indian War in 1962 and 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes.

Etymology

[edit]

Historically, the name Pangong Tso only applied to the westernmost of the five sub-lakes that was in Ladakh. On the Tibetan side, the two larger parts of the lake, called Nyak Tso (the "middle lake"), sandwiched the twin smaller lakes of Rum Tso.[1][2] The whole lake group is often referred to as Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo (Tibetan: མཚོ་མོ་ངང་ལྷ་རིང་པོ) in the Tibetan language.[3]

There are different interpretations of the meanings of Pangong Tso and Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo. As per the Government of Ladakh, "Pangong Tso" means "high grassland lake" in Tibetan.[4] However, other literature states that "Pangong" means "hollow" or "concave".[5][6] Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo is interpreted to have various similar meanings in Tibetan. Chinese media sources state that it means "long, narrow, enchanted lake",[7] while it has been described as "female narrow very long lake" by European explorers,[8] and "long-necked swan lake" by other sources.[9]

Geography

[edit]

Pangong Tso spans the Leh district in the Indian union territory of Ladakh, and the Ngari Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.[10] The boomerang-shaped lake,[11] is situated at an altitude of 14,200 ft (4,300 m),[12] and is one of the highest brackish water lakes in the world. The lake stretches for 134 km (83 mi), and is about 5 km (3.1 mi) wide at its broadest point.[10] The lake is surrounded by several mountain ranges–the Changchenmo Range to the north, Pangong Range to the west, and Gangdise Shan (Kailash Range) to the south.[11][13][14] The Changchenmo and Pangong Ranges form the easternmost parts of the Karakoram.[15] Mountain spurs of the Chang Chenmo range extend into the lake, forming several "fingers".[11]

Pangong Tso is located in an endorheic basin, separated from the Indus River basin by a small elevated ridge.[16] Formerly, the lake had an outlet to the Shyok River, a tributary of the Indus River, but it was closed off by natural damming. Five streams feed the lake from the Indian side, forming marshes and wetlands along the western edges of the lake.[17] Strand lines above the current lake level reveal a 5 m (16 ft) thick layer of mud and laminated sand, suggesting the lake has shrunk recently on the geological scale.[18]

The eastern part of the lake has a relatively low salinity, with the total dissolved solids (TDS) content of 0.68 g/L, and is highly alkaline, while the western part of the lake is more saline, with the TDS of 11.02 g/L.[19][20] Despite its high salinity, the lake freezes in the winter.[10]

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Pangong Tso
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −5.9
(21.4)		 −3.7
(25.3)		 0.9
(33.6)		 6.9
(44.4)		 11.6
(52.9)		 17.4
(63.3)		 20.5
(68.9)		 19.7
(67.5)		 15.5
(59.9)		 7.9
(46.2)		 1.5
(34.7)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 7.4
(45.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −13.3
(8.1)		 −10.8
(12.6)		 −6.0
(21.2)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 3.8
(38.8)		 9.5
(49.1)		 13.1
(55.6)		 12.7
(54.9)		 7.8
(46.0)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 −6.8
(19.8)		 −11.3
(11.7)		 −0.2
(31.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −20.6
(−5.1)		 −17.9
(−0.2)		 −12.8
(9.0)		 −7.8
(18.0)		 −3.9
(25.0)		 1.6
(34.9)		 5.8
(42.4)		 5.7
(42.3)		 0.2
(32.4)		 −8.5
(16.7)		 −15.1
(4.8)		 −19.3
(−2.7)		 −7.7
(18.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4
(0.2)		 2
(0.1)		 3
(0.1)		 3
(0.1)		 4
(0.2)		 2
(0.1)		 11
(0.4)		 15
(0.6)		 4
(0.2)		 2
(0.1)		 2
(0.1)		 3
(0.1)		 55
(2.3)
Source: Climate-Data.org

Sino-Indian border dispute

[edit]
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
7km
4.3miles
26
Bridge
25
Traditional customary
boundary of China
declared 1960
24
Ane La
Boundary of China
declared 1960
20
Changlung
Lungpa
19
Spangmik
18
Merak
17
Traditional customary
boundary of China
declared 1960
13
Khurnak Fort
13 Khurnak Fort
13 Khurnak Fort
12
Sirijap
11

Chinese post
at Sirijap
10

Indian
post
10 ITBP post
10 ITBP post
9
Traditional customary
boundary of China
declared 1960
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Map showing the Line of Actual Control[b] and important features and locations along the Pangong Lake.

Approximately two-thirds of the lake lies within the area administered by China, with the remaining controlled by India.[4] The Line of Actual Control (LAC), which demarcates the Sino-Indian border, passes through the lake.[24] India claims the Johnson-Ardagh Line as the official boundary, while China recongises the Macartney–MacDonald Line.[25] There are two disputed areas– the Aksai Chin, and the Ladakh-Tibet boundary extending from the Changchenmo Valley, north of Pangong Tso.[26]

Khurnak Fort lies on the northern bank of the lake, and the dispute over the control of the area was discussed in a 1924 conference between the British Raj, on behalf of Jammu and Kashmir and Tibet, which remained inconclusive. Although, the British later felt that the Tibetans had a better case, they dropped further claims in 1929, following protests from the Kashmir state against the British.[27] The Chinese established their military presence in the Khurnak Fort by 1958.[28]

On 20 October 1962, Pangong Tso saw military action during the Sino-Indian War, which resulted in a decisive win for the Chinese People's Liberation Army.[29] The dispute is along the eight fingers (mountainous spurs) on the lake, located close to the LAC. Traditionally, three of these fingers are within the Indian controlled territory. While India claims the other five fingers as part of its territory, it has been jointly patrolled by the Indian and Chinese forces since the end of the 1962 war.[24][30] After the war, the area remained a sensitive border zone,[31][32] with frequent incursions by the Chinese.[33]

In August 2017, Indian and Chinese forces engaged in a fight near Pangong Tso. As prior agreements prohibited the use of firearms near the LAC, the melee involved kicking, punching, rock throwing, and use of makeshift weapons such as sticks and rods.[30][34] On 11 September 2019, the Chinese troops confronted the Indian troops on the northern bank of the lake.[35][36] In early May 2020, the Chinese occupied positions up to Finger 4, and obstructed Indian patrols that had previously reached Finger 8.[30] On 5–6 May 2020,[37][38] a face-off between about 250 Indian and Chinese troops near the lake resulted in casualties on both sides.[39][40]

On 29–30 August 2020, Indian troops occupied higher positions on the south bank of Pangong Tso such as Rezang La, Reqin La, Black Top, Hanan, Helmet, Gurung Hill, Gorkha Hill and Magar Hill.[41] Some of these are located in the grey zone of the LAC and overlook the Chinese camps on the other side of the lake.[42][43] Both the militaries also stationed vessels on the lake.[44][45][46] In February 2021, both the sides agreed to withdraw from their positions on the north and south banks, with China pulling back eastwards of Finger 8 and India to Finger 3, and the intermediate zone was designated as a no-patrol buffer zone.[30]

Transportation

[edit]

On the Indian side, a motorable road connects Phobrang with the border outpost of Hot Springs in the Chang Chenmo Valley via Marsimik La,[47] which then extends till "Finger 4" on the northern bank of the Pangong Tso.[48] A 32 km (20 mi)-long road connects Lukung with Chartse near the "Finger 1" on northwest bank of Pangong Tso.[49] The Chushul-Lukung road was extended 5.8 km (3.6 mi) to connect to the Thakung post on the south bank of the lake.[50]

On the Tibetan side, the China National Highway 219 passes along the eastern end of Pangong Tso. In August 2021, China began building a bridge spanning the narrowest part of the lake, near Khurnak Fort.[51] The first bridge was completed in April 2022, and bypassed the 180 km (110 mi)-long route from Khurnak to the south bank of the lake.[52][53][54] China started building a second higher bridge across the lake, which was 515 m (1,690 ft)-long and 9 m (30 ft)-wide, in 2022.[51] The second bridge was completed in July 2024.[55] India opposed the construction of these bridges,s stating that they were built on illegally occupied territory.[56][57] A road connects to the village of Shandong on the south bank.[48]

Tourism

[edit]

Pangong Tso in eastern Ladakh

Pangong Tso is part of the Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan initiative of the Indian Armed Forces, aimed at boosting local infrastructure and tourism, and providing information on historical battleground locations.[58] An Inner Line Permit is required to visit the lake on the Indian side, as it lies on the Sino-Indian border. Groups are to be accompanied by an accredited guide, and no boating is permitted for security reasons.[59][60] However, a surge in Indian tourists has presented environmental challenges due to inadequate infrastructure to accommodate and manage the growing number of visitors.[61] The Pangong Frozen Lake Marathon is held annually in February to promote winter tourism at Pangong Tso.[62]

On the Chinese side, tourists can rent a boat on the lake, while landing on islands is not allowed, to protecting avian breeding grounds. There are a few restaurants located along the shore.[63]

Flora and fauna

[edit]
Birds at Pangong Tso

Due to its extreme salinity, there is no vegetation in the deeper parts of the Pangong Tso. There are grasslands along the margins and marshes in the west, and sedges and grasses along the northern and eastern shore. Low thorn scrubs and herbs cover the surrounding hills and raised ledges.[64]

On the Chinese side, the lake hosts certain fish species such as false osman,[65] and Kunar snowtrout.[66] Freshwater snails of the genus Radix have also been noted in the lake.[67] On the Indian side, no fish have been observed, however, in the stream coming from the south-eastern side (Cheshul nalla), three fish species (false osman, Tibetan stone loach, and snow loach) have been reported.[68]

The lake acts as an important breeding ground for a variety of birds, including a number of migratory species such as the bar-headed goose, and ruddy shelduck.[10][64][69] The black-necked crane, which breeds in the nearby Chushul, uses the lake as its foraging ground.[10][64] Bird Islet is a popular location for bird-watching in the Ngari Prefecture.[70] The surrounding hills support several species of Himalayan wildlife including snow leopard, Indian wild ass, argali, urial, bharal, Tibetan gazelle, Himalayan wolf, red fox, and Himalayan marmot.[64]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Tibetan: སྤང་གོང་མཚོ; Chinese: 班公错; pinyin: Bān gōng cuò
  2. ↑ The Line of Actual Control (LAC) displayed in the map is as marked by the OpenStreetMap editors, and reflects the traditional customary boundary line marked in the Chinese maps. There Sino-India border along the LAC is roughly divided into three sectors, western, middle and eastern. It runs from Ane Pass southwards, along the mountain ridge and passes through peak 6,127 (approximately 78° 46' E, 38° 50' N) and then southwards to the northern bank of the Pangong Lake (approximately 78° 49' E, 33° 44' N). It crosses the lake and reaches its southern bank at approximately 78° 43' E, 33° 40' N. Then it traverses in a south-easterly direction along the watershed dividing the Tongada River and the streams flowing into the Spanggur Lake until it reaches Mount Sajum.[21][22] The "fingers" are mountain spurs jutting into the lake.[23]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Hedin, Sven Anders (1907). Scientific Results of a Journey in Central Asia 1899-1902: Central and West Tibet. Lithographic institute of the General staff of the Swedish army. p. 521. From Noh to Bal Rawling followed the same route that I did along the northern shore of the Tso-ngombo, which he calls the Tso Mo Gualari, dividing it into the sections: Tso Nyak, the twin lakes Rum Tso and Nyak Tso. He says that it consists of a string of five lakes 120 m. in length, the four most southern of which are fresh, and Pangong, the most northerly, salt. They are joined together by channels about 60 feet in width and 15 feet deep, the current running at nearly 1½ mile an hour.
  2. ↑ Saward, M. H. (1878). Routes in Asia: Routes in the territories of the Maharaja of Jummoo and Kashmir, and adjacent countries. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. pp. 31–33. Only the lower lake (the Pangong Tso proper) lies in Ladak, the middle (Tso Nyak) and upper lakes being in Rudok territory. ... The waters of the western end are much more salt than those of the eastern end near Ot. in the stream connecting the Pangong Tso with Nyak Tso the water becomes drinkable, and rich grass is found on the banks.
  3. ↑ "Ngari prefecture". Geographical names of Tibet AR (China). Institute of the Estonian Language. 3 June 2018. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Pangong Lake". Government of Ladakh. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Pangong Lake, one of the most famous lakes in Leh Ladakh, derives its name from the Tibetan word, "Pangong Tso", which means "high grassland lake".
  5. ↑ Michelle Coxall; Paul Greenway (1 September 1996). Indian Himalaya: a Lonely Planet travel survival kit. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-0-86442-413-6. The salty Pangong Tso - Pangong means 'hollow' - is the highest lake in Ladakh at about 4300m, and is flanked by massive peaks over 6500m high.
  6. ↑ Rindani, Kirit (7 January 2016). Indian Himalaya: Story of a 100 Visits. Partridge Publishing India. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4828-5886-0. The word Pangong means 'extensive concavity' which probably explains its size.
  7. ↑ "Pangong Tso Lake in Tibet". China Daily. 17 July 2012. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Pangong Tso Lake is a trans-border lake extending from the Ali prefecture of China's Tibet autonomous region to India. About 155 kilometers in length, the geographic features of the lake are indicated in the name which in Tibetan means "long, narrow, enchanted lake".
  8. ↑ Trotter, H. (1877). "Account of the Pundit's Journey in Great Tibet from Leh in Ladakh to Lhasa, and of His Return to India Via Assam". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 47: 86–136. doi:10.2307/1798740. ISSN 0266-6235. JSTOR 1798740. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020. the Pangong, but better known to the Tibetans as the Chomo Gna Laring Cho, which, being literally interpreted, means "Female narrow very long lake."
  9. ↑ "Pangong Tso Lake in the Northern Tibet". Kangba TV. 6 March 2017. Pangong Tso Lake, at an altitude of 4,200 meters, is also called Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo Lake, which means "a swan with a long neck" in Tibetan.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Pangong". Administration of Leh district. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  11. 1 2 3 "India, China ramp up infra on north bank of Pangong Tso lake". The Hindu. 3 July 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  12. ↑ Balfour, Edward (1885). The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. Quaritch. p. 107.
  13. ↑ Dortch, Jason M.; Owen, Lewis A.; Caffee, Marc W.; Kamp, Ulrich (2011). "Catastrophic partial drainage of Pangong Tso, northern India and Tibet". Geomorphology. 125 (1): 109–121. Bibcode:2011Geomo.125..109D. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.08.017. ISSN 0169-555X.
  14. ↑ "If India loses grip on Kailash Range, PLA will make sure we never get it back". The Print. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  15. ↑ "Pangong Range". Britannica. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  16. ↑ "River basins with Major and medium dams & barrages". Water Resources Information System. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  17. ↑ Biksham Gujja; Archana Chatterjee; Parikshit Gautam & Pankaj Chandan (August 2003). "Wetlands and Lakes at the Top of the World". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (3). Bern, Switzerland: International Mountain Society: 219–221. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0219:WALATT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1994-7151. S2CID 130202320.
  18. ↑ R. K. Pant; N. R. Phadtare; L. S. Chamyal; Navin Juyal (10 June 2005). "Quaternary deposits in Ladakh and Karakoram Himalaya: A treasure trove of the palaeoclimate records". Current Science. 88 (11). Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  19. ↑ "班公错" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  20. ↑ Wang, M.; Hou, J.; Lei, Y. (2014). "Classification of Tibetan lakes based on variations in seasonal lake water temperature". Chinese Science Bulletin. 59 (34): 4847–4855. Bibcode:2014ChSBu..59.4847W. doi:10.1007/s11434-014-0588-8.
  21. ↑ Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question. Government of India Press. 1962.
  22. ↑ Chinese Report, Part 1 (PDF) (Report). pp. 4–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  23. ↑ Panag, Harcharanjit Singh (4 June 2020). "India's Fingers have come under Chinese boots. Denial won't help us". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  24. 1 2 "The India - China agreement to disengage at Pangong Lake is welcome, but more needs to be done". European Foundation for South Asian Studies. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  25. ↑ "From Johnson Line to Macdonald Line". Frontier Weekly. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  26. ↑ Bhonsle, Mihir (12 February 2018). "Understanding Sino-Indian border issues: An analysis of incidents reported in the Indian media". Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  27. ↑ Lamb, A. (1989). Tibet, China & India 1914-1950: A History of Imperial Diplomacy. Roxford Books. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-907129-03-5. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  28. ↑ Sali, M. L. (1998). India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector. APH Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-8-17024-964-1.
  29. ↑ Burkitt, Laurie; Scobell, Andrew; Wortzel, Larry M. (July 2003). The Lessons of History: The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75 (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. pp. 340–341. ISBN 1-58487-126-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "Finger Area, Pangong Tso". Model Diplomat. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  31. ↑ Pubby, Manu (7 October 2008). "Pangong Lake is border flashpoint between India and China". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 6 July 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  32. ↑ Shahin, Sultan (1 August 2003). "Vajpayee claps with one hand on border dispute". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 1 August 2003.
  33. ↑ Holslag, Jonathan (2008). "China, India and the Military Security Dilemma, Vol 3(5)" (PDF). BICCS Background Papers. Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Studies (BICCS). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  34. ↑ Singh, Sushant (20 May 2020). "India-China conflict in Ladakh: The importance of the Pangong Tso lake". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  35. ↑ "Indian, Chinese Troops Face-off in Ladakh Ahead of Modi-Xi Summit, Army Says Tension De-escalated". News18. 12 September 2019. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  36. ↑ Chang Ya-Han 張雅涵, ed. (10 March 2020). 中國在西藏地區軍演頻繁 牽動中印未來危機應對 [China's military exercises in Tibet frequently affect China and India's future crisis response]. Radio Taiwan International (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  37. ↑ "Chinese military bolsters troops in Aksai Chin region in Sino-India border: Report". The Economic Times. 19 May 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020. On May 5, around 250 Indian and Chinese army personnel clashed in Pangong Tso lake area in Eastern Ladakh.
  38. ↑ Khalid, Saif (28 May 2020). "'All-out combat' feared as India, China engage in border standoff". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  39. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (10 May 2020). "Indian, Chinese troops face off in Eastern Ladakh, Sikkim". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  40. ↑ 費風 (11 May 2020). 中印邊境再爆衝突 150士兵毆鬥釀12傷 [Another 150 soldiers in the Sino-Indian border conflict caused 12 injuries in a fight]. Hong Kong Economic Times (in Traditional Chinese). 消息指，第一起事件發生於5月5日至6日，在中印邊境的班公錯湖（Pangong Tso ）地區，當時解放軍的「侵略性巡邏」（aggressive patrolling）被印度軍方阻攔。「結果發生了混亂，雙方都有一些士兵受傷。」{...}2017年8月，兩國軍隊曾於拉達克地區班公湖附近爆發衝突，當時雙方擲石攻擊對方，雙方均有人受傷，最終兩軍在半小時後退回各自據點。
  41. ↑ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (3 September 2020). "Army now holding 30 dominating heights, earlier unoccupied, on southern bank of Pangong Tso". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  42. ↑ Sagar, Pradip R (2 September 2020). "India controls dominating heights in Chushul sector". The Week. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  43. ↑ Dhoundial, Shreya (17 February 2021). "India's Move to Occupy Kailash Range Became Turning Point in Disengagement Talks: Lt Gen YK Joshi". News18. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  44. ↑ Hooper, Craig (5 July 2020). "On Pangong Lake, Chinese And Indian Fleets Square Off At 14,000 Feet". Forbes. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  45. ↑ P, Rajat (13 June 2021). "Army gets special boats for Pangong Tso". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  46. ↑ Singh, Mayank (18 August 2021). "China raises firepower & mobility near Pangong Tso". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  47. ↑ Singh, Mayank (2 July 2023). "India boosts road links to LAC standoff points". Indian Express.
  48. 1 2 "India, China ramp up infra on north bank of Pangong Tso lake". The Hindu. 2 July 2023. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  49. ↑ "To Counter China, India Begins Work on Strategic Road to Right Side of Pangong Lake Near LAC". News18. 23 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  50. ↑ "Wildlife Board approves 5 roads in Ladakh, including Daulat Beg Oldie route". Business Standard. 17 October 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  51. 1 2 "China's Infrastructure Buildup Near India's Northern Borders: The Eight-Year Surge Since Doklam". Observer Research Foundation. 4 November 2025. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  52. ↑ "China completes Pangong Tso bridge, now making road to link Tibet garrison, satellite images show". ThePrint. 3 May 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  53. ↑ Som, Vishnu (7 January 2022). "Chinese Bridge Over Pangong Lake In Illegally Held Territory: Government". NDTV. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  54. ↑ Laskar, Rezaul H. "India says China's bridge on Pangong Lake located in areas under 'illegal occupation'". Hindustan Timesdate=4 February 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  55. ↑ "China Makes Pangong Lake Bridge Operational, Builds Village Near LAC in Demchuk". Kashmir Times. 31 July 2024.
  56. ↑ "MEA: Two bridges built by China in Pangong area occupied illegally". The Indian Express. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  57. ↑ "'Xi Hao' India! China's 2nd Bridge On Disputed Pangong Lake Is Near Completion, Satellite Imagery Reveals". The Eurasian Times. 17 November 2022. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  58. ↑ "Add Galwan, Siachen to holiday plan. India is opening battle tourism bunker". India Today. 15 January 2025. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  59. ↑ "A handy guide on how to visit the famous Pangong Lake in Ladakh". The Times of India. 3 December 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  60. ↑ Javaid, Azaan (13 January 2021). "Pangong Tso opens for tourists amid Ladakh stand-off. This is how you can visit it". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  61. ↑ Ariel Sophia Bardi (22 November 2016). "How "3 Idiots" Destroyed Ladakh". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  62. ↑ "India holds first frozen lake marathon in Ladakh to flag climate change". The Straits Times. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  63. ↑ 黄慧英 (4 August 2018). 一措再措 邂逅高原湖泊的绝美 [Take measures to meet the beauty of plateau lakes]. Tibet.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  64. 1 2 3 4 "Pangong Tso". Key Biodiversity Areas. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  65. ↑ "Schizopygopsis stoliczkae". China Animal Scientific Database. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  66. ↑ "Racoma labiata". China Animal Scientific Database. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  67. ↑ Oheimb, Parm Viktor von; Albrecht, Christian; Riedel, Frank; Du, Lina; Yang, Junxing; Aldridge, David C.; Bößneck, Ulrich; Zhang, Hucai; Wilke, Thomas (2011). "Freshwater Biogeography and Limnological Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau - Insights from a Plateau-Wide Distributed Gastropod Taxon (Radix spp.)". PLOS One. 6 (10) e26307. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...626307V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026307. PMC 3197626. PMID 22028853.
  68. ↑ F. A. Bhat; A. R. Yousuf; Aftab A.; Arshid J.; M. D. Mahdi; M. H. Balkhi (4 October 2011). "Ecology and biodiversity in Pangong Tso (lake) and its inlet stream in Ladakh, India". International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation. 3 (10): 501–511. ISSN 2141-243X.
  69. ↑ Khan, Asif (2016). "Ladakh: The Land Beyond". Buceros. 21 (3): 6–15. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  70. ↑ Dreams of Snow Land. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. 2005. pp. 273-275. ISBN 7-119-03883-4 – via archive.org.

Further reading

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