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Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from /d/)
Voiced alveolar plosive
d
IPA number104
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d
Unicode (hex)U+0064
X-SAMPAd
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)
Voiced dental plosive
d̪
IPA number104 408
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d​̪
Unicode (hex)U+0064 U+032A
X-SAMPAd_d
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145) ⠠ (braille pattern dots-6) ⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)

Voiced alveolar and dental plosives (or stops) are a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The alveolar is familiar to English-speakers as the ⟨d⟩ sound in adore.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar plosives is ⟨d⟩; the diacritic in ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental.

There are only a few languages that distinguish dental and alveolar stops (or often more precisely laminal and apical alveolar stops), among them Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects.

Features

[edit]
d̪
d
Sagittal sections of voiced dental and alveolar plosives

Features of a voiced alveolar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.
  • There are three specific variants of [d]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Dental or denti-alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Albanianderë[dɛːɾ]'door'
ArabicEgyptianدنيا / donya[ˈdonjæ]'world'See Egyptian Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[1]դեմք / demk'[d̪ɛmkʰ]ⓘ'face'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Westernտալ / dal[d̪ɑl]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkirдүрт / dürt[dʏʷrt]ⓘ'four'
Basquediru[d̪iɾu]'money'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian[2]падарожжа/padarožža[päd̪äˈroʐːä]'travel'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengaliদুধ/dūdh[d̪ud̪ʱ]'milk'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[3]drac[ˈd̪ɾɑk]'dragon'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Dinka[4]dhek[d̪ek]'distinct'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dhivehiދެރަ/Dhera[d̪eɾa]'sad'Laminal denti-alveolar.
DutchBelgianding[d̪ɪŋ]'thing'Laminal denti-alveolar.
EnglishDublin[5]then[d̪ɛn]'then'Laminal denti-alveolar.Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be [d͡ð].[5]See English phonology
Southern Irish[6]
Geordie[7]Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7]
Indian
Ulster[8]dream[d̪ɹim]'dream'Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperantomondo[ˈmondo]'world'See Esperanto phonology.
French[9]dais[d̪ɛ]'canopy'Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian[10]კუდი[ˈkʼud̪i]'tail'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology
Hindustani[11] Hindi दूध / dūdh [d̪uːd̪ʱ] 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Contrasts with aspirated form <ध>. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Urdu دودھ / dūdh Contrasts with aspirated form <دھ>.
Hungarian adó [ɒd̪oː] 'tax' See Hungarian phonology
Irishdorcha[ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə]'dark'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian[12]dare[ˈd̪äːre]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese[13]男性的 / danseiteki[d̪ä̃ɰ̃se̞ːt̪e̞kʲi]'masculine'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian[14][example needed]Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakhдос[d̪os̪]'friend'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[15]дос[d̪os̪]'friend'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[16]drudzis[ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪]'fever'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Malayalam ദിവസം/divasam [d̪iʋɐsɐm] 'day' See Malayalam phonology
Marathiदगड/dagaḍ[d̪əɡəɖ]'stone'Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
MinangkabauPadangdakek[d̪äke̞ʔ]'near'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Nepaliदिन/din[d̪in]'daytime'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology
Odiaଦଶ/daśa[d̪ɔsɔ]'ten'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashtoﺪﻮﻩ/dwa[ˈd̪wɑ]'two'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish[17]dom[d̪ɔm]ⓘ'home'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[18]Many dialectsdar[ˈd̪aɾ]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhiਦਾਲ/dāl[d̪ɑːl]'lentils'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Shahmukhi دال/dāl
Russian[19]два/dva[ˈd̪va]'two'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Scottish GaelicUist and Barraleantail[ˈʎɛnd̪al]'following'Allophone of [t̪] after nasals. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[20]дуга / duga[d̪ǔːgä]'rainbow'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhala දවස [d̪aʋəsə] 'day'
Slovene[21]danes[ˈd̪àːnə́s̪]'today'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Spanish[22]hundido[ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞]'sunken'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Teluguదయ[d̪aja]'Kindness'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant.
Turkishdal[d̪äɫ]'twig'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[23][24]дерево/derevo[ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ]'tree'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[25]sifatida[siɸætidæ]'as'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Wu 唐/da [d̪ɑ̃] 'the Tang dynasty'
ZapotecTilquiapan[26]dan[d̪aŋ]'countryside'Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Adygheдахэ/daahė[daːxa]'pretty'
Assyrianܘܪܕܐ werda[wεrda]'flower'Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Bengaliডাব/ḍab[dab]'green coconut'True alveolar in some eastern dialects. But all Bengali speakers allophone of /d/ after and before denti-alveolar or postalveolar /t̪, t̪ʰ, d̪, d̪ʱ, tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ, dʒʱ, ʃ/. See Bengali phonology
Breton distro [distɾo] 'back'
Catalan[27]susdit[sʊzˈd̻it̪]'said before'Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Czechdo[do]'into'See Czech phonology
Dutch[28]dak[dɑk]'roof'See Dutch phonology
EnglishMost speakersdash[ˈdæʃ]'dash'See English phonology
Finnishsidos[ˈsido̞s]'bond'See Finnish phonology
Greekντροπή / dropí[dro̞ˈpi]'shame'See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrewדואר/ do'ar[ˈdo̞.äʁ̞]'mail'See Modern Hebrew phonology
HmongWhite Hmong𖬈𖬲𖬞𖬰 / dej[de˥˨]'water'In Green Hmong, it'll be 𖬈𖬲𖬭𖬰 / dlej [dle˥˨]
Hungarianholdra[ˈholdra]'onto the moon'Allophone of [d̪] before [r] or [ɾ]. See Hungarian phonology
Kabardianдахэ/ daahė[daːxa]'pretty'
Khmerដប / dab[dɑp]'bottle'
Korean아들 / adeul[ɐdɯl]'son'See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern diran [dɪɾä:n] 'tooth' See Kurdish phonology
Central ددان/ dadân [dædä:n]
Southern دیان/dîân [diːä:n]
Luxembourgish[29]brudder[ˈb̥ʀudɐ]'brother'More often voiceless [t].[29] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Standard (incl. Malaysian)dahan[dähän]'branch'See Malay phonology
Indonesian[30]
Kelantan-Pattani [dahɛː] See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Malayalam എന്റെ/ente [ende] 'my' or 'mine' See Malayalam phonology
Maltesedehen[den]'wit'
Tagalogdalaga[dɐˈlaɰɐ]'maiden'See Tagalog phonology
Thaiดาว/ dāw[daːw]'star'
Welsh diafol [djavɔl] 'devil' See Welsh phonology
West Frisiandoarp[ˈdwɑrp]'village'
Yiꄿ/dda[da˧]'competent'
Yonaguni与那国 / dunan[dunaŋ]'Yonaguni'

Postalveolar

[edit]
Voiced postalveolar plosive
d̠
Audio sample

To distinguish from the voiced dental and alveolar plosives, a voiced postalveolar plosive can be transcribed as ⟨d̠⟩. A more explicit (though convoluted) transcription ⟨d͇˗⟩, using a combination of extIPA and obsolete diacritics, can also be used.[31]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Bengali[32]ডাকাত[d̠akat̪]'robber'Apical postalveolar; contrasts aspirated forms.[32] See Bengali phonology
Hindustani[33][34]डालना/ڈالنا[d̠aːlnaː]'to put'Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.[34] See Hindustani phonology
Nepaliडर[d̠ʌr]'fear'See Nepali phonology
Odiaଡଙ୍ଗା/ḍaṅgā[d̠ɔŋga]'boat'Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.

Variable

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Arabicدين/dīn[diːn]'religion'Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
EnglishBroad South African[35]dawn[doːn]'dawn'Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[35][36][37]
Scottish[36][dɔn]
Welsh[37][dɒːn]
GermanStandard[38]oder[ˈoːdɐ]ⓘ'or'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[38] See Standard German phonology
NorwegianUrban East[39]dans[d̻ɑns]'dance'Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[39] See Norwegian phonology
Persian[40]اداره/edâre[ʔɛd̪äː'ɾe̞]'office'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[40] See Persian phonology
Slovak[41][42]do[d̻ɔ̝]ⓘ'into'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[41][42] See Slovak phonology
SwedishCentral Standard[43]dag[dɑːɡ]'day'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[43] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. ↑ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  3. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. ↑ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
  5. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  6. ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  7. 1 2 Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
  8. ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
  9. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  11. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  12. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  13. ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  14. ↑ Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  15. ↑ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  16. ↑ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  17. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  18. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  19. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  20. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  21. ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  22. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  23. ↑ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  24. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  25. ↑ Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  26. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  27. ↑ Rafel Fontanals (1999), p. 14.
  28. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  29. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  30. ↑ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  31. ↑ Rybka Piotr Klaudiusz. "Międzynarodowy alfabet fonetyczny w slawistyce". opus.us.edu.pl (in Polish). University of Silesia (Polish: Uniwersytet Śląski).
  32. 1 2 Mazumdar (2000:57)
  33. ↑ Ladefoged (2005:141)
  34. 1 2 Tiwari (2004:?)
  35. 1 2 Lass (2002), p. 120.
  36. 1 2 Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  37. 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 388.
  38. 1 2 Mangold (2005), p. 47.
  39. 1 2 Kristoffersen (2000:22)
  40. 1 2 Mahootian (2002:287–289)
  41. 1 2 Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
  42. 1 2 Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
  43. 1 2 Riad (2014:46)

References

[edit]
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