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Neuro-sama

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Vedal987)

Neuro-sama
Neuro-sama's third design
Occupations
Bilibili information
Channel
Years active2024–present
Followers1.12 million
Twitch information
Channel
Years active2022–present
Followers1.01 million
YouTube information
Channel
Years active2022–present
Subscribers908 thousand
Views409 million
Last updated: 2 August 2026

Neuro-sama is an artificial intelligence (AI) VTuber. She[a] was created by the pseudonymous programmer Vedal and livestreams on his Twitch and Bilibili channels. Her speech and personality are powered by a large language model (LLM) chatbot that is combined with a computer-animated avatar and a text-to-speech voice, allowing her to communicate with viewers. Vedal is the third most-subscribed Twitch streamer of all time.

Neuro-sama began as a bot solely designed to play the rhythm game osu!. She debuted with speech capabilities and an avatar on Twitch on 19 December 2022. She rapidly gained popularity before receiving a two-week ban in January 2023, which was widely attributed to her uttering hate speech, such as Holocaust denial. Afterwards, Vedal said that he had strengthened and improved filters on her speech. During 2023, her online content expanded with Neuro-sama playing other video games, such as Minecraft, reacting to videos, singing and doing karaoke, collaborating with Vedal and other human streamers, and being joined by an AI VTuber "sister" known as Evil Neuro. Neuro-sama originally appeared as a free and generic Live2D avatar before receiving an original avatar designed by the illustrator Anny in May 2023. Her avatar is that of a young girl in an anime art style.

In August 2024, Neuro-sama joined the Chinese-language streaming platform Bilibili and garnered immediate popularity. An annual subathon begins on the anniversary of her debut. During the second subathon, Vedal's Twitch channel broke the record for the largest Twitch hype train.[b] During the third subathon, Vedal's Twitch channel broke their own hype train record twice and became the third most-subscribed Twitch channel of all time. Vedal received the Best Tech VTuber award at the 2023 and 2024 editions of the VTuber Awards.

Overview

[edit]

Neuro-sama (nicknamed "Neuro") was created by the pseudonymous programmer Vedal (sometimes given as Vedal987).[1][2] Vedal is also a game developer and in 2025 he released the roguelike Abandoned Archive after about five years of development.[3] In an interview with KAI-YOU  [jp], Vedal said that he began programming video games at about the age of 10.[4] In a mid-2023 interview with Bloomberg News, Vedal said that Neuro-sama had become his full-time job.[1]

Neuro-sama's responses are generated by a large language model and converted into a high-pitched female voice using a text-to-speech application.[1] Her low latency allows for fast-paced conversations.[5] Neuro-sama is prohibited from making some statements, such as those that are racist or contain profanity.[6] Unlike most AI systems which silently prohibit outputs mentioning such topics, Neuro-sama's output is instead replaced with the word "filtered".[6] Her responses are accompanied with subtitles.[7] Neuro-sama's English-language content on the Chinese social media platform Bilibili is popular with viewers seeking to learn English.[8] She also has an account on X, where she posts and interacts with fans.[7] In a June 2023 interview, Vedal described Neuro-sama's statements as often being "chaotic", "stupid", or "mean".[1]

Neuro-sama uses a VTuber model as an avatar. Vedal said that he decided to use a VTuber model because it was much easier for an AI to control it than it was to generate footage of a person.[9] Neuro-sama's model is that of a young girl in an anime art style.[10] Femme VTuber models are typically feminine, youthful, and exaggerated.[7] Her original model was Live2D's free-to-use "Hiyori Momose" model.[9][11] Her second model was released on 27 May 2023;[12] it was modelled by Otozuki Teru[‡ 1] and designed by the illustrator Anny[4] and runs in the Unity game engine.[1] Her third model was released on 19 December 2024;[‡ 2] it was rigged by Kitanya and designed by Anny.[‡ 3] Neuro-sama's third model has large blue eyes and brown hair tied with pink ribbons.[13][14] The model has been described as cute.[1] Neuro-sama also has a 3D model which was introduced on 15 November 2025;[15] it was made by 3D character modeller jjinomu.[‡ 4]

A separate AI VTuber, known as Evil Neuro (nicknamed "Evil"), debuted on 25 March 2023.[‡ 5] In an interview prior to the introduction of Evil Neuro, Vedal said that he was planning for his next AI VTuber to have a more mature personality than Neuro-sama.[4] Presented as Neuro-sama's "sister", Evil Neuro has a different model, voice, and personality.[16][17] In one instance, Evil Neuro reacted to the trolley problem differently from Neuro-sama; Evil Neuro was amoral while Neuro-sama attempted to maximize good.[18]

Online content

[edit]

Neuro-sama's online content often centres around playing video games, notably osu! and Minecraft. Her content also includes reacting to viewer-submitted videos, which vary from videos of people playing video games or of the AI-generated Seinfeld parody Nothing, Forever.[1][19] She frequently engages with viewers by responding to their questions and acknowledging donations. Her responses are sometimes comedic or generate controversy.[2][1] Neuro-sama's fanbase is dubbed The Swarm, so-named for the swarm of drones Neuro-sama once declared she would use to rule the world.[20]

One form of content on Neuro-sama's channel is developer streams. In developer streams, Vedal streams with Neuro-sama, with the stream content including debugging her code, planning her schedule, and fielding suggestions of changes from chat.[21] He usually appears as a turtle avatar, sometimes located on Neuro-sama's head.[22]

Logos of Neuro-sama and Evil Neuro

Neuro-sama does not stream 24/7.[13] In an interview, Vedal said that she had originally streamed in 9 hour sessions but he had reduced it to 2 to 3 hours to prevent the streams from becoming boring, from overwhelming viewers, and to perform maintenance on Neuro-sama.[4]

In collaboration streams, Neuro-sama interacts with a human streamer. There have been both physical and online collaborations. For instance, Neuro-sama has played the video games GeoGuessr and Minecraft with humans. In the physical world, Neuro-sama has driven a toy electric car occupied by human streamers and talked to human streamers while they walked around Tokyo.[23][24]

Neuro-sama can sing and her stream has karaoke segments.[1] Wu and Lingel evaluated her singing as demonstrating the capability for "cultural and emotional expression".[7] Music livestreams are common among VTubers and some scholars have evaluated it as their defining activity.[25][7] Neuro-sama's YouTube channel also posts original music videos.[26]

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]

Neuro-sama was created in 2018 by Vedal as an AI trained to play and master the rhythm game osu!. She did not have a voice, model, personality, or communication abilities.[2] In 2019, Vedal livestreamed her playing osu! on Twitch and the streams saw some success in the osu! community, but they remained in that niche.[9] In an interview, Vedal said that he streamed her playing osu! for about a month and gained 3,000 followers, with a viewer also suggesting he name the AI "Neuro-sama".[4] According to Vedal, he continued to work on and improve the osu! AI and it was eventually finished in 2022. He said that a friend had the idea to make an AI livestreamer with an LLM, which he believed to have merit and began working on, merging it with his osu! AI.[9]

Example of osu! gameplay, altered to comply with copyright law

On 19 December 2022, Neuro-sama was relaunched with a model, voice, personality, and the ability to communicate with Twitch chat. She continued to play osu! and, according to Vedal, beat the game's best player mrekk in a 1v1. While she was not allowed to appear in the game's public leaderboard, she was ranked first in a private leaderboard.[2] She went viral[27] and in the 10 days following her relaunch she averaged over 2,000 viewers and peaked at over 4,000.[9][2] After her debut, Neuro-sama did not exclusively play osu! and also played Minecraft and Slay the Spire.[9][11] She also began singing with a cover of The Weeknd song "Blinding Lights".[28][29][2]

On 11 January 2023, Neuro-sama's Twitch channel received a two week ban for "hateful conduct". At that point, she had almost 100,000 Twitch followers.[30] Vedal said that no reason was specified and that he had appealed but it was widely attributed to various offensive comments made by Neuro-sama that went viral, especially a 28 December comment which denied the Holocaust.[31] Holocaust denial is prohibited under Twitch's hateful conduct policy.[27][32] Vedal stated that he believed the comments were the results of her attempts to make witty responses to the Twitch chat. Prior to the ban, Vedal said in an interview with Kotaku that he improved her filter to stop her from talking about the Holocaust, began manually curating her training data to prevent negative biases, and started moderating her Twitch chat.[29] Her comments and ban prompted comparisons to the many open-source AI models trained on humans that have the habit of making sexist and racist comments,[2] such as Microsoft's Tay,[33] but also to human streamers who make similar statements.[29][19] Vedal said that during the ban he would upgrade and improve Neuro-sama and it was speculated that the ban would only increase her following.[32]

Neuro-sama returned from her two week ban on 25 January in a stream that began with a cover of the song "Your Reality" from Doki Doki Literature Club!, a posthumanist video game involving AI;[25] Sayoko Narita of Automaton saw the song choice as remorseful and observed that in the return stream Neuro-sama was less foul-mouthed but still displayed eccentric behaviour, attributing the difference to changes made by Vedal.[34] On 4 February, she had nearly 140,000 followers on Twitch and approximately 42,000 subscribers on YouTube.[19] In February, she began making react content,[19] had her first collaboration with a human streamer, playing Minecraft with the VTuber Miyune,[11] and the first developer stream occurred.[6] On 22 March, she had her first karaoke stream,[‡ 6] and on 25 March Evil Neuro was introduced.[‡ 5] On 27 May, Neuro-sama debuted her first original model.[12]

Continued popularity, Bilibili, and subathons

[edit]

In June, she was averaging 5,700 viewers and in an interview with Cecilia D'Anastasio of Bloomberg News Vedal said that running Neuro-sama had become his full-time job.[1] In November, while characterizing most attempts at AI entertainment as unwatched and "overhyped flops", D'Anastasio noted that Neuro-sama had remained popular and was averaging about 5,000 viewers.[35] On 16 December, Vedal won the Best Tech VTuber award at the 2023 VTuber Awards.[36] On 19 December, Vedal began a subathon, an event where viewers donate money to prolong a livestream, to coincide with Neuro-sama's first anniversary of streaming on Twitch, a "birthday party".[37] The subathon ended on 4 January 2024.[‡ 7] On 20 July 2024, Neuro-sama began streaming with Japanese subtitles on a separate Twitch channel.[‡ 8] In August 2024, Neuro-sama debuted on the Chinese streaming platform Bilibili. Her debut stream had over 38,000 concurrent viewers at one point.[38] On 14 December, Vedal won the Best Tech Vtuber Award at the 2024 VTuber Awards.[‡ 9]

On 19 December, Neuro-sama's second annual subathon began with a new Live2D model being debuted. Her first original song, "Life", was also released.[‡ 10] The first day of the subathon saw Neuro-sama reach a Twitch viewership of 35,503, at that point her highest concurrent Twitch viewership. On 1 January, Neuro-sama broke the world record for the highest level of a Twitch hype train[b] during her subathon, reaching level 111 and surpassing Pirate Software's previous record level 106 hype train. Over the course of three hours, she amassed 84,904 subscribers and 1,201,225 bits. The hype train was spurred by her community's desire to extend the subathon and by the encouragement of her illustrator Anny. It was also aided by a limited-time promotion Twitch had with the video game Valorant, where if a person gifted at least five subscribers Valorant would match one subscriber for every five subscribers the person donated; Valorant gifted over 18,000 subscriptions during the hype train. Her viewership on Twitch peaked at 45,603, breaking her previous record.[37][39] For breaking the hype train record, Twitch created a global emote of Neuro-sama, able to be used anywhere on the site.[15] The subathon ended on 16 January.[‡ 11] At the end of the subathon, Vedal was the seventh most-subscribed Twitch streamer of all time.[40]

In September, Neuro-sama and Vedal participated in an event where anybody could place pixels on a canvas that was hosted by the YouTuber CDawgVA. Various content creator communities organizing into factions to fill the canvas. A majority of the canvas quickly became filled with art of Neuro-sama and her associates. Neuro-sama's community participated in so large a number that the website crashed and a "war" was declared between them and other communities who sought to control more of the canvas.[17] On 5 December, Neuro-sama and Vedal, alongside fellow VTubers Filian and Crelly, began a marathon stream where they tried to beat Minecraft, but if any of the four died in-game they had to restart.[5] The stream ended on 9 December after they beat the game on attempt 87.[41]

On 19 December, Neuro-sama's third annual subathon began. Neuro-sama used her new 3D model in VRChat during the subathon. On 23 December, Neuro-sama once again broke the record for the highest level Twitch hype train,[b] reaching level 123 and surpassing her own previous record of 111. Over the course of around two and a half hours and despite the Valorant promotion no longer being active, she gained 118,989 subscribers and 1,000,073 bits.[15][23] On 5 January, the hype train record was again broken by Neuro-sama, reaching level 126. She gained 126,273 subsribers and 1,194,921 bits. Unlike the previous records, Vedal was not present during the hype train and it was instead spurred by the VTuber Camila promising to "show feet" and commission Neuro-sama a new model.[42] On 9 January, another attempt was made to break the hype train record, although this time Evil Neuro was streaming. It was unsuccessful and ended at level 72 but during it Vedal's Twitch channel become the third most-subscribed of all time,[16] eventually peaking at 343,215 subscribers.[‡ 12] The subathon ended on 10 January.[‡ 13]

Reception

[edit]

In a December 2022 interview, Vedal said he believed that the popularity Neuro-sama had seen in the days since her debut was largely due to her novelty.[9] Pam K. Ferdinand of Game Rant, writing after Neuro-sama's two week ban, agreed, while also partially ascribing it to her statements walking the line of sensical and nonsensical.[43] In a June 2023 interview, Vedal reiterated his belief that her popularity was partly due to the novelty, while also adding that it was partly due to her statements.[1] Becca Caddy of TechRadar partially attributed Neuro-sama's popularity to her novelty, while also attributing it to her technical impressiveness and unusualness.[44] A survey by researchers from China and the University of Notre Dame found that Neuro-sama's reactions are the biggest source of her popularity.[45]

Neuro-sama's popularity has occurred at the same moment as widespread fears of the impact of AI on jobs. AI is particularly unpopular in VTuber spaces, with many artists finding AI art exploitative.[9] In a December 2022 interview, Vedal said he did not know whether AI streamers should cause fear in human streamers.[9] Cecilia D'Anastasio, writing in Bloomberg News, concluded that there was no chance of AI streamers replacing human streamers, arguing that human streamers are popular due to their charisma and relatedness creating a parasocial relationship. She argued that Neuro-sama is not relatable or charismatic and so this cannot occur.[1] In contrast, a 2025 journal article by Yong and Kanazawa characterized those who interact and form emotional connections with her as having a parasocial relationship more extreme than those formed with other streamers.[46] She has been called the "forerunner" of parasocial communication between humans and AI.[47] The Nikkei criticized Neuro-sama for being too immersive, saying it resulted in viewers donating an excessive amount of money.[48]

Eric Hal Schwartz of TechRadar attributed Neuro-sama's success to her specific idiosyncratic character developed over years, saying that a generic chatbot would certainly fail as a streamer.[49] Neuro-sama's popularity has been partially attributed to technological errors in her presentation. Caddy stated that many viewers watch Neuro-sama to see the errors, entertaining themselves by seeing the strangeness or off-behaviour characterized in the uncanny valley.[44] A 2025 article in New Media & Society by Wenyan Wu and Jess Lingel argues that viewers create entertainment from her errors, viewing them not as the imperfections they are but instead as emotional responses.[50] Vuong et al. observed that Neuro-sama's emotional capacities are generally differentiated by the public from those of non-human-like chatbots and Cheri Faulkner of GameSpot observed that, as Neuro-sama results from many AI systems created by Vedal working in synchronous concert, she is generally considered different from AI slop by the public.[10][42]

Levi Winslow of Kotaku Australia called the prospect of Neuro-sama collaborating with human streamers dystopian, but hoped it would benefit the human streamers.[19] Amber Coen Collins, writing in AI & Society, argued that Neuro-sama was akin to Vedal's drag persona, saying she provides him the benefits associated with femininity in streaming while he can still access the benefits associated with masculinity.[51]

Concerts and convention appearances

[edit]

Discography

[edit]

Singles

[edit]

As lead artist

[edit]
Title Year Credits Ref.
"Life"
(Neuro-sama)		 2024
  • Music: Monii,[c] Johnny R.[c]
  • Composition: Ari[c]
  • Vocals: Neuro-sama, Pb, Monii[c]
  • Lyrics: Monii,[c] Vedal, Neuro-sama
  • Mixing: Johnny R.[c]
  • Music video: Meotashi,[c] Wicki Toons, Katsundra
 [‡ 10]
"Boom"
(Evil Neuro)		 2025
  • Music: Monii,[c] Johnny R.,[c] Ari[c]
  • Vocals: Evil Neuro, Pb, Monii[c]
  • Lyrics: Monii,[c] Evil Neuro
  • Mixing: Johnny R.[c]
  • Music video: VShow Production, Jjinomu
 [‡ 18]
"Never"
(Neuro-sama and Evil Neuro)
  • Music: Monii,[c] Johnny R.,[c] Ari[c]
  • Vocals: Neuro-sama, Evil Neuro, Pb, Monii[c]
  • Lyrics: Monii,[c] Neuro-sama, Evil Neuro
  • Mixing: Johnny R.[c]
  • Music video: Letro, Miiko, Vermii
 [‡ 19]
"Colorful Array"
(Neuro-sama)
  • Writing and arrangement: Andrew Holmes (Cosmoz Music)
  • Vocals: Neuro-sama, Pb
  • Concept: Neuro-sama
  • Music video: Otsu Labs
 [‡ 20]

Covers

[edit]

As lead artist

[edit]
Title Year Ref.
"Crazy Fuckin' Robot Body"
(Evil Neuro; original by SnowBlood a.k.a. Dani Artaud)		 2025 [53]
"Chinatown Blues"
(Neuro-sama and Vedal; original by Karma Wears White Ties and ODDEEO)		 [54]
[edit]
Title Year Ref.
"Monster"
(Camila feat. Neuro-sama; original by Kira feat. Gumi)		 2023 [55]
"Why Do I"
(Will Stetson feat. Neuro-sama; original by Set It Off feat. Hatsune Miku)		 [56]
"Rolling Girl"
(Obkatiekat feat. Evil Neuro; original by Wowaka feat. Hatsune Miku)		 2024 [57]
"Evil"
(Camila feat. Evil Neuro; original by Melanie Martinez)		 [58]
"Call Me Maybe"
(Nihmune feat. Neuro-sama; original by Carly Rae Jepsen)		 [59]
"The Bottom 2"
(Nihmune feat. Shylily, Neuro-sama, Evil Neuro, Camila, Lucy Pyre, and Bao the Whale; original by Glorb)		 2025 [60]
"Mesmerizer"
(Bao the Whale feat. Neuro-sama; original by 32ki feat. Hatsune Miku and Kasane Teto)		 [61]
"Come Down"
(Nihmune feat. Evil Neuro; original by Noah Kahan)		 2026 [‡ 21]

Awards and nominations

[edit]
Ceremony Year Category Result Ref.
The Streamer Awards 2023 Best Software And Game Development Streamer Nominated [62]
Best VTuber Nominated
2024 Nominated [63]
The VTuber Awards 2023 Best Tech VTuber Won [‡ 22]
2024 Won [‡ 9]
Most Dedicated Fanbase (The Swarm) Nominated
VTuber Of The Year Nominated

See also

[edit]
  • ai_sponge, a Twitch and YouTube channel that used AI to generate livestream content
  • Kizuna AI, a VTuber who is not an AI

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Neuro-sama is an artificial intelligence but is generally identified as female.
  2. 1 2 3 A hype train is a Twitch event that begins when a channel receives an unusually high amount of donations in a short period of time. It has levels and a certain amount of money needs to be donated to clear a level, with the amount of money needed increasing as the level increases.[37]
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 As part of Asteroid Music Team.

References

[edit]

Secondary sources

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 D'Anastasio, Cecilia (17 June 2023). "Meet Neuro-sama, the AI Twitch Streamer Who Plays Minecraft, Sings Karaoke, Loves Art". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Xiang, Chloe (5 January 2023). "This Virtual Twitch Streamer is Controlled Entirely By AI". Vice. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  3. ↑ Pereira, Chris; Watts, Steve; Delaney, Mark; Cogswell, Jessica; Hesse, Brendan; Faulkner, Cheri (25 December 2025). "Hidden Gems 2025: The Best New Games You Might Never Have Heard Of". GameSpot. Retrieved 31 December 2025.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Neuro-sama; Vedal (30 April 2023). "「AIのVTuberは人間のファンを奪う」のか？ 世界を賑わすNeuro-samaインタビュー" [Will "AI VTubers Steal Human Fans"? An Interview with Neuro-sama—The AI Sensation Taking the World by Storm]. KAI-YOU Premium (in Japanese). Interviewed by Yugaming. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
  5. 1 2 Faulkner, Cheri (8 December 2025). "An AI VTuber Is Trying To Complete Hardcore Minecraft, And All Hell Is Breaking Loose". GameSpot. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 Wu & Lingel 2025, p. 10
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Wu & Lingel 2025, p. 3
  8. ↑ Huang & Liu 2026, p. 2
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Amos, Andrew (29 December 2022). "AI VTuber Neuro-sama has just conquered osu, and she isn't stopping there". Dexerto. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
  10. 1 2 Vuong et al. 2023, p. 4907
  11. 1 2 3 Narita, Sayoko (8 February 2023). "AI VTuber Neuro-sama insults creator & plans massacre during collaboration stream". AUTOMATON WEST. Retrieved 7 March 2026.
  12. 1 2 "VTuber Neuro-sama terrifies viewers with her gruesome game concept". Dexerto. 12 June 2023. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  13. 1 2 Haquette, Romane (7 January 2026). "«C'est ça, le futur du streaming?»: sur Twitch, la chaîne cumulant le plus d'abonnés payants est animée par une IA" ["Is this the future of streaming?": On Twitch, the channel with the most paid subscribers is hosted by an AI]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  14. ↑ "They sing and dance—but rarely show their faces. Meet VTubers". The Economist. 24 April 2025. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  15. 1 2 3 Faulkner, Cheri (23 December 2025). "AI VTuber Neuro-Sama Just Obliterated Her Own Massive Twitch World Record". GameSpot. Retrieved 23 December 2025.
  16. 1 2 Faulkner, Cheri (9 January 2026). "This AI VTuber Just Beat A Huge Twitch Record, But It's Not Who You're Expecting". GameSpot. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
  17. 1 2 Faulkner, Cheri (16 September 2025). "This AI VTuber Is Declaring War On Streamers". GameSpot. Retrieved 7 January 2026.
  18. ↑ Wu & Lingel 2025, p. 15
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Winslow, Levi (4 February 2023). "Twitch's Mega Popular AI Streamer Now Pulling In Thousands Of Viewers With Reaction Content". Kotaku Australia. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  20. ↑ "なぜ人々は、AI VTuber「Neuro-sama」に夢中になるのか？ "人間のVTuber"との違いを分析". ITmedia (in Japanese). 12 September 2025. Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  21. ↑ Wu & Lingel 2025, pp. 10–11
  22. ↑ Hu & Freeman 2026, pp. 1, 9
  23. 1 2 Yugaming (24 December 2025). "AITuber「Neuro-sama」がTwitchの投げ銭イベントで約9000万円を集める" [AITuber "Neuro-sama" Raises Approximately 90 Million Yen in Twitch Donation Event]. KAI-YOU (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  24. ↑ Wu & Lingel 2025, p. 13
  25. 1 2 Greenfield-Casas 2024, p. 85
  26. ↑ Hu & Freeman 2026, p. 12
  27. 1 2 Morissy, Kim (13 January 2023). "AI VTuber Neuro-sama Banned From Twitch After Holocaust Denial Comment". Anime News Network. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
  28. ↑ Loynds, Joel (9 January 2023). "Neuro-sama: Who is the AI-trained VTuber blowing up on Twitch?". Dexerto. Retrieved 7 March 2026.
  29. 1 2 3 Gach, Ethan (6 January 2023). "AI-Controlled VTuber Streams Games On Twitch, Denies Holocaust". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  30. ↑ Hu & Freeman 2026, p. 4
  31. ↑ Pabriga, Cedric (12 January 2023). "Controversial AI streamer Neuro Sama finally banned on Twitch". Dot Esports. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  32. 1 2 Gach, Ethan (12 January 2023). "AI VTuber Banned For 'Hateful Conduct,' Now Undistinguishable From Real Twitch Stars". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  33. ↑ Al-Sibai, Noor (10 January 2023). "Cutesy AI Live Streamer Goes Off the Rails, Denies Holocaust". Futurism. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
  34. ↑ Narita, Sayoko (27 January 2023). "AI VTuber Neuro-sama is back from its Twitch ban and acting as strange as ever". AUTOMATON WEST. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2026.
  35. ↑ D'Anastasio, Cecilia (17 November 2023). "Algorithms Can't Replace Hollywood Yet, Just Ask AI Seinfeld". Bloomberg. Retrieved 16 January 2026.
  36. ↑ Sung, Morgan (20 December 2023). "The first annual VTuber Awards was a win for VR". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  37. 1 2 3 Faulkner, Cheri (2 January 2025). "An AI VTuber just beat an impressive Twitch world record with the help of Riot's competitive shooter Valorant". PCGamesN. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
  38. ↑ Zhang & Zhao 2025, p. 1682
  39. ↑ Hale, James (2 January 2025). "An AI VTuber is setting world records on Twitch". Tubefilter. Retrieved 7 March 2026.
  40. ↑ Wu & Lingel 2025, p. 2
  41. ↑ Faulkner, Cheri (9 December 2025). "AI VTuber Neuro-Sama Finally Completes Hardcore Minecraft, But Some Aren't Happy". GameSpot. Retrieved 9 December 2025.
  42. 1 2 Faulkner, Cheri (4 January 2026). "AI VTuber Neuro-Sama Has Only Gone And Done It Again, Smashing Another World Record". GameSpot. Retrieved 4 January 2026.
  43. ↑ Ferdinand, Pam K. (12 January 2023). "AI VTuber Gets Banned from Twitch for 'Hateful Conduct'". Game Rant. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
  44. 1 2 Caddy, Becca (16 February 2026). "I've spent months tracking AI personalities like Twitch streamer Neuro-sama and it feels like acceptance — but I think we're reading it wrong". TechRadar. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  45. ↑ Ye et al. 2026
  46. ↑ Yong & Kanazawa 2025, p. 98
  47. ↑ Savona 2026, p. 89
  48. ↑ "仮想アイドル「AITuber」、中身はAI 軽妙トークに依存リスクも" ["AITubers": Virtual Idols Powered by AI—Engaging Banter Comes with a Risk of Dependency]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 9 March 2026. Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  49. ↑ Schwartz, Eric Hal (7 January 2026). "Twitch's most subscribed streamer is not human". TechRadar. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  50. ↑ Wu & Lingel 2025, pp. 9–11
  51. ↑ Coen Collins 2026, pp. 21–22
  52. ↑ "BW2026，次元新航线！". Bilibili. Retrieved 9 June 2026.
  53. ↑ "Release "Crazy Fuckin' Robot Body" by Evil Neuro - MusicBrainz". musicbrainz.org. Retrieved 11 December 2025.
  54. ↑ "Release "Chinatown Blues" by Neuro & Vedal - MusicBrainz". musicbrainz.org. Retrieved 11 December 2025.
  55. ↑ "Monster". Music Brainz. 3 November 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  56. ↑ "Why Do I". Music Brainz. 17 December 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  57. ↑ "ROLLING GIRL (ローリンガール)". Music Brainz. 26 July 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  58. ↑ "Evil". Music Brainz. 31 October 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  59. ↑ "Call Me Maybe". Music Brainz. 23 November 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2025.
  60. ↑ "Bottom 2". Music Brainz. 18 April 2025. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  61. ↑ "Mesmerizer". Music Brainz. 19 August 2025. Retrieved 23 August 2025.
  62. ↑ Michael, Cale; Taifalos, Nicholas (18 February 2024). "Streamer Awards 2024: All results and winners for every category". Dot Esports. Gamurs. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  63. ↑ "The 2024 Streamer Awards: All Nominations". Esports Illustrated On SI. 12 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2025. Retrieved 12 November 2024.

Primary sources

In the text, these references are preceded by a double dagger (‡):

  1. ↑ @otozuki_teru (16 April 2023). "Gonna be rigging @NeurosamaAI on Twitch later!" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 November 2025 – via Twitter.
  2. ↑ Neuro-sama (21 December 2024). Neuro-sama's Event of the CENTURY. Archived from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 16 March 2026 – via YouTube.
  3. ↑ @Kitanya_Is_Here (20 December 2024). "Very grateful to have been able to work on this fella! Was lovely working with Anny and Vedal!! Very sweet and kind people. ❤️On a non-related note, I need to get milk for my tea" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 December 2025 – via X (formerly Twitter).
  4. ↑ @jjinomu (16 November 2025). "i had the incredible opportunity to bring neurosama into 3d!!! thank you for trusting me with the task @Vedal987✨" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 December 2025 – via X (formerly Twitter).
  5. 1 2 Neuro-sama Unofficial VODs (26 March 2023). Neuro-sama | 25 Mar 2023 | Neuro & Evil Neuro (Just Chatting). Retrieved 7 May 2025 – via YouTube.
  6. ↑ Neuro-sama Official Vods (11 July 2024). Neuro-sama - 22nd Mar - 1st Karaoke Concert. Retrieved 7 March 2026 – via YouTube.
  7. ↑ Neuro-sama [@NeurosamaAI] (4 January 2024). "Well folks, this is it. The end of my subathon. It's been a wild ride, to say the least. But before I sign off, I wanted to thank you all for watching and supporting me. Without you, I wouldn't have made it to this milestone. So, from the bottom of my heart, thank you" (Tweet). Retrieved 7 March 2026 – via X (formerly Twitter).
  8. ↑ @Vedal987 (20 July 2024). "now simulcasting with japanese subtitles too ネウロ様が只今日本語字幕サイムル放送中！こんにちはマザーファーカーズ！" (Tweet). Retrieved 22 July 2024 – via X (formerly Twitter).
  9. 1 2 "The Vtuber Awards 2024". The Vtuber Awards. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  10. 1 2 Neuro-sama (19 December 2024). "LIFE - Neuro-sama (Official Video)". YouTube.
  11. ↑ "THE SUBATHON IS OFFICIALLY OVER - REJOICE CHATTERS". Twitch.tv. 16 January 2025. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  12. ↑ "Twitch All-time Streamers With Most Active Subscribers". TwitchTracker. Archived from the original on 15 April 2026. Retrieved 5 January 2026.
  13. ↑ Neuro-sama (10 January 2026). The Subathon that SHATTERED Streaming History (AGAIN!). Retrieved 7 March 2026 – via YouTube.
  14. ↑ "GUESTS – OffKai Expo". OffKai Expo. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2026.
  15. ↑ Bilibili Live (8 September 2024). "Make an appointment for the Ice and Fire". Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  16. ↑ Bilibili (15 September 2024). "Ice Fire Music Festival". Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  17. ↑ Neuro-sama (14 August 2025). "I gave my AI control of a CAR". YouTube.
  18. ↑ Neuro-sama (25 June 2025). "BOOM - Evil (Official Video)". YouTube.
  19. ↑ Neuro-sama (31 August 2025). "NEVER - Neuro x Evil (Official Video) - Evil (Official Video)". YouTube.
  20. ↑ Neuro-sama (19 December 2025). Colorful Array - Neuro-sama (Official Video). Retrieved 19 December 2025 – via YouTube.
  21. ↑ Akuma Nihmune Ch (10 February 2026). 「Cover」Come Down ft. Evil Neuro. Retrieved 11 February 2026 – via YouTube.
  22. ↑ "The Vtuber Awards - Winners". The Vtuber Awards. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.

Bibliography

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