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Transport law in Australia

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Transport Integration Act)

Transport law in Australia includes both federal and state legislation. It includes laws of carriage by road, rail, sea and air.[1] There are laws relating to common carriers and private carriers.[2]

Commonwealth

[edit]

There was a National Road Transport Commission. It was established by the National Road Transport Commission Act 1991[3] and continued by the National Road Transport Commission Amendment Act 1998.[4] That commission was replaced by the National Transport Commission, created by the National Transport Commission Act 2003.[5]

The Road Transport Reform (Vehicles and Traffic) Act 1993[6][7] was repealed by Schedule 3 to the Statute Law Revision Act 2011. The Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods) Act 1995[8] was repealed by Schedule 1 to the Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods) Repeal Act 2009.

The Interstate Road Transport Act 1985[9] and the Interstate Road Transport Charge Act 1985[10] were repealed by Schedule 2 to the Interstate Road Transport Legislation (Repeal) Act 2018. The National Road Transport Commission Amendment Act 1992[11] was repealed by Schedule 1 to the Amending Acts 1990 to 1999 Repeal Act 2016.

The Commonwealth Railways Commissioner[12] was created by the Commonwealth Railways Act 1917 (from 1975 renamed the Australian National Railways Act 1917), and replaced by the Australian National Railways Commission created by the Australian National Railways Act 1975.[13][14]

The National Rail Corporation was created by the National Rail Corporation Agreement Act 1992.[15]

National

[edit]

There is a Rail Safety National Law (RSNL), first passed through the South Australian Parliament[16] on 12 May 2012. The Office of the National Rail Safety Regulator (ONRSR) administers the RSNL.[17] The RSNL includes SFAIRP.[16][18]

There is a Heavy Vehicle National Law (HVNL), first passed through the Queensland Parliament on 10 February 2014. The National Heavy Vehicle Regulator (NHVR) administers the HVNL.[19] As of 2026, Western Australia and the Northern Territory have not adopted the HVNL.[20] The HVNL includes the chain of responsibility.[21][22][23][24]

New South Wales

[edit]

Legislation includes the Common Carriers Act 1902,[25] the Traffic Act 1909,[26] the Transport Administration Act 1988[27] and the Road Transport Legislation Amendment (Penalties and Other Sanctions) Act 2018.[28]

The Road Transport Legislation Amendment (Interlock Devices) Act 2002[29] was repealed by section 4 of, and Schedule 3 to, the Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2004. The Passenger Transport Act 1990[30][31] is prospectively repealed by section 179 of the Passenger Transport Act 2014.

Part II of the Government Railways Act 1912,[32] made provision in relation to the Commissioners.[33] The Transport Legislation (Repeal and Amendment) Act 1988 repealed the Government Railways Act 1912, except for Part 9 of that Act, and renamed it the Government Railways (Superannuation) Act 1912. The rest of the Act was repealed by section 4(1)(a) of the Superannuation Legislation (Amendment) 1991.

The Public Transport Commission was established by the Public Transport Commission Act 1972.[34] RailCorp was created by amendments made by the Transport Administration Amendment (Rail Agencies) Act 2003.[35][36] Schedule 1 of the Transport Administration Amendment (Transport Entities) Act 2017 inserted Part 3B of the Transport Administration Act 1988 which made provision for Sydney Trains.[37] The Transport Administration (State Transit Authority—Fares) Order 2004 defined the CityRail area.[38]

Northern Territory

[edit]

Legislation includes the Commercial Passenger (Road) Transport Act 1991,[39] the Marine Act 1981[40] and the Traffic Act 1987.[41]

Queensland

[edit]

Legislation includes the Transport Infrastructure Act 1994,[42][43] the Transport Operations (Passenger Transport) Act 1994[44][45] and the Transport Operations (Marine Safety) Act 1994.[46]

The State Transport Act 1960[47] was repealed by section 93 of, and Schedule 2 to, the Transport Operations (Road Use Management) Act 1995.[48][49] The Traffic Act 1949[50] was repealed by section 55 of the Road Transport Reform Act 1999.[51] The Railways Act of 1914[52][53][54] was repealed by section 8.10 of the Transport Infrastructure (Railways) Act 1991. The Queensland Marine Act 1958[55] was repealed by section 233 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Transport Operations (Marine Safety) Act 1994.

Queensland did not have an Act identical to the Carriers Act 1830 (11 Geo 4 & 1 Will 4 c  68).[25][56] In Barron v Cyril Golding Earthmoving (1979)[57] the court held there was no difference between common carriers and private carriers.[58][59] The Carriage of Goods by Land (Carriers' Liabilities) Act of 1967[60] was repealed by the Carriage of Goods by Land (Carriers' Liabilities) Repeal Act 1993.[61]

South Australia

[edit]

Legislation includes Motor Vehicles Act 1959[62][63] and the Railways (Operation and Access) Act 1997.[64]

The South Australian Railways Commissioner's Act 1936 consolidated provisions relating to the South Australian Railways Commissioner,[65] who was abolished by section 6(1) of the South Australian Railways Commissioner's Act Amendment Act 1975.[66] These Acts, and the rest of the Railways Act 1936-1979, were repealed by section 3(b) of the State Transport Authority Act Amendment Act (No 2) 1981.

The Marine Act 1936[55] was repealed by paragraph 1(c) of Schedule 2 to the Harbors and Navigation Act 1993.

The Carriers Act 1891 made provision in relation to common carriers.[67] It was repealed by section 2 of the Carriers Act Repeal Act 1999.

Tasmania

[edit]

Legislation includes the Common Carriers Act 1874,[68] the Traffic Act 1925,[69] the Transport Act 1981[70] and the Rail Company Act 2009.[71]

The Railway Management Act 1935[72] was repealed by section 3 of the Railway Management Act (Repeal) Act 1997.

The Marine Act 1976[73][74] was repealed by section 32(1) of, and Schedule 2 to, the Port Companies Act 1997.[75]

Victoria

[edit]

Legislation has included the Transport Act 1983,[76] the Road Safety Act 1986[77][78] and the Marine Act 1988.[55] Amending legislation has included the Road Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 1989.[79][80]

Pearce and Shepherd made a number of observations about the defects of the Transport Act 1983 and the other transport legislation in force in 2003.[81]

The Transport Legislation Review was a legislation review project conducted in the State of Victoria, Australia.[82][83][84] The Review was policy-driven and proceeded on a modular basis. There is commentary by Pearce and Shepherd on this approach.[85] The centrepiece of the Review and now the prime transport statute in Victoria is the Transport Integration Act 2010 which came into effect on 1 July 2010. There is commentary on the Act by Pearce and Shepherd,[86] Morris and Kinnear,[87] Withington[88] and Unkles.[89] Other statutes include the Rail Safety Act 2006,[90][91] the Bus Safety Act 2009[92][93] and the Marine Safety Act 2010[94][95]

Provision in relation to tow trucks was made by Division 8 of Part VI of the Transport Act 1983,[96] which was repealed by section 231 of the Accident Towing Services Act 2007, an Act that makes provision in relation to tow trucks.[97] Other legislation has included the Transport (Tow Truck) Regulations 1983[98][99] and 1994[100] and the Accident Towing Services Regulations 2008.[97]

The Major Transport Projects Facilitation Act 2009 changed planning approvals procedures for major transport projects.[101] The Tourist and Heritage Railways Act 2010 created a new regulatory scheme for the tourist and heritage railways sector.[102] The Director of Marine Safety[103][104] was replaced, under section 171 of the Transport Integration Act 2010, by the Director, Transport Safety.[105]

Legislation on hoons[106] includes the Transport Legislation Amendment (Hoon Boating and Other Amendments) Act 2009[107]

Other statutes

[edit]
  • Transport Legislation (Amendment) Act 2004[108]
  • Transport Legislation (Further Amendment) Act 2005[109]
  • Transport Legislation Amendment (Compliance, Enforcement and Regulation) Act 2010[110]
  • Transport Legislation Amendment (Ports Integration) Act 2010.[111]

Regulations

[edit]
  • Transport (Infringements) Regulations 1990 (revoked)[112]
  • Transport (Passenger Vehicles) Regulations 1994 (revoked);[113] Transport (Passenger Vehicles) Regulations 2005[114]
  • Transport (Alcohol Measurement) Regulations 2004[115]
  • Transport (Ticketing and Conduct) Regulations 2005[114]
  • Transport (Conduct) Regulations 2005[116]
  • Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006[117]
  • Rail Safety Regulations 2006[97]
  • Marine Regulations 2009[118]
  • Port Management (Port of Melbourne Safety and Property) Regulations 2010[119]
  • Bus Safety Regulations 2010[92]

Taxis

[edit]
  • Transport (Taxi-cab Accreditation and Other Amendments) Act 2006[120]
  • Transport (Taxi-Cabs) Regulations 1994 (revoked);[121] Transport (Taxi-cabs) Regulations 2005[114]
  • Transport (Taxi-cab Licences – Trading) Regulations 2005[114]
  • Transport (Taxi-cab Licences – Market and Trading) Regulations 2005[97]

The Victorian Government established a Taxi Industry Inquiry in May 2011 under a new agency, the Taxi Services Commission.[122]

Western Australia

[edit]

Legislation includes the Transport Co-ordination Act 1966.[123][124] Railway legislation includes the Government Railways Act 1904[125][126] and the Railways (Access) Act 1998.[127] Road traffic legislation includes the Road Traffic Act 1974.[128]

Marine legislation includes the Western Australian Marine Act 1982.[55] There are the Western Australian Marine (Infringements) Regulations 1985.[129]

The Carriers Act 1920 made provision in relation to common carriers.[130] It was repealed by section 3(1) of, and paragraph 6 of Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 2006.

The Taxi-car Control Act 1985[131][132] was repealed by section 46 of the Taxi Act 1994,[133] and that Act was repealed by section 303 of the Transport (Road Passenger Services) Act 2018.

See also

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • John Livermore. Transport Law in Australia. Kluwer Law International. Third Edition. 2017. Fourth Edition. 2020. Fifth Edition. 2023.
  • Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. "Federal Road Transport Legislation and Regulation". International Trade & Business Law & Policy. Cavendish Publishing. 1998. Reprinted 2000. ISBN 1876213256. pp 257 to 283.
  • Margaret Starrs, "Towards Uniform Road Transport Laws in a Federal System" (1995) 29 Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 215
  • "425 - Transport". Australian Current Law: Legislation. 1995. p 697. See also other annual volumes.
  • "Acts Governing Railways and Transport". The Australian Digest.
  • "Railways and other Public Transport". The Australian Digest.
  • "Railways and other Public Transport". Australian Legal Monthly Digest.
  • P A Leslie and M G Britt. Motor Vehicle Law in New South Wales. 1955. 3rd Edition. 1969. 4th Edition. 1975.
  • N E Palmer. Bailment. Law Book Company Limited. 1979. Chapter XV (Carriage of goods by road). p 553 et seq. Chapter XVIII (Carriage by rail). Sections V to XI. pp 697 to 716.

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Livermore, Transport Law in Australia, 5th Ed, contents
  2. ↑ John Livermore. Transport Law in Australia. 5th Ed. Part III. Chapter 1. Section 2 (Common and private carriers). paras 267 to 285.
  3. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. p 267.
  4. ↑ Global Transport. 1998. Issues 13-15. p 21. [Chartered Institute of Transport in the UK, Stroudgate]
  5. ↑ John Livermore. Transport Law in Australia. 5th Ed. Part III. Chapter 1. Section 4. Subsection III (Uniform Road Transport Law). para 295.
  6. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillieso. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. p 262.
  7. ↑ Margaret Starrs, "Vehicle Operations Module" in "Towards Uniform Road Transport Laws in a Federal System" (1995) 29 Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 215 at 217.
  8. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. p 264.
  9. ↑ Cullen, "Canada and Australia: A Federal Parting of the Ways" (1989) 18 Federal Law Review 53 at 63
  10. ↑ Annotations to the Acts and Regulations of the Australian Parliament to 31 December 1986. Butterworths. 1987. p 621.
  11. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. p 259.
  12. ↑ N E Palmer. Bailment. Law Book Company Limited. 1979. pp 697 to 700.
  13. ↑ Parliamentary Papers
  14. ↑ Annotations to Acts and Regulations of the Australian Parliament
  15. ↑ John Livermore. Transport Law in Australia. 5th Ed. Part I. Section 1. Subsection XI (National Rail Corporation). para 31.
  16. 1 2 Graham Holden. "What does safe SFAIRP really mean in major project delivery?". CORE 2023 Conference on Railway Excellence: Celebrating 25 Years in Motion. Informit.
  17. ↑ "Legislation - Rail Safety National Law & related legislation". ONRSR. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  18. ↑ Richard Robinson and Gaye Francis. "SFAIRP vs ALARP". CORE 2014: Rail Transport For A Vital Economy. Informit.
  19. ↑ "About the NHVR | NHVR". NHVR. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  20. ↑ "Heavy Vehicle National Law and Regulations | NHVR". www.nhvr.gov.au. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  21. ↑ Chris Kummerow. Major changes for heavy vehicle national law. Bulletin. 1 November 2017. (Law Society of South Australia).
  22. ↑ Elizabeth Guerra-Stolfa. Changes to the Heavy Vehicle National Law. MHD Supply Chain Solutions. 1 October 2017.
  23. ↑ Nathan Cecil and Adam Vrahnos. Transport and business law: The 'Heavy Vehicle National Law' and the chain of responsibility. LSJ. 1 August 2018.
  24. ↑ Geoff Farnsworth and Jarrad McCarthy. Heavy Vehicle National Law reform: New approach to chain of responsibility liability. Governance Directions. 1 February 2016.
  25. 1 2 G W Paton. The Commonwealth of Australia: The Development of Its Laws and Constitution. 1952. p 277.
  26. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. p 269.
  27. ↑ 11 Australian Transport Research Forum: 1 Forum Papers 46
  28. ↑ John Sutton. "Driving laws: New driving laws: A zero-sum game for NSW". LSJ. 1 July 2019. Informit.
  29. ↑ Philip G Harvey. "Alcohol interlock: helping drivers keep drink off the road". LSJ. 1 May 2004. Informit
  30. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. "Passenger Transport Act 1990". International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. pp 271 & 272.
  31. ↑ "The New South Wales Passenger Transport Act". Proceedings Roads 96 Conference. Australian Road Research Board. Part 6. p 107.
  32. ↑ N E Palmer. Bailment. 1979. pp 671, 702, 704, 706 and 708 to 710.
  33. ↑ F A Bland. Shadows and Realities of Government. (WEA series, number 7). Workers Educational Association. 1923. p 254.
  34. ↑ Australian Current Law
  35. ↑ Carey Curtis and Nicholas Low. Institutional Barriers to Sustainable Transport. p 74.
  36. ↑ 28 The University of New South Wales Law Journal 211
  37. ↑ Abbott and Cohen. Utilities Reform in Twenty-First Century Australia: Providing the Essentials. pp 267 & p 293, footnote 53.
  38. ↑ Australian Legal Words and Phrases. 1900-2009. vol 1. p 411.
  39. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. Reprinted 2000. p 283.
  40. ↑ D A Butler and W D Duncan. Maritime Law in Australia. 1992. pp 18 & 21.
  41. ↑ The Australian Digest (Second Edition) 1994 and Interim Supplement 1987-1994. The Australian Digest (Second Edition) Supplement 1994 and Interim Supplement 1987-1994. (1994 Supp). Sections 568, 569 & 595.
  42. ↑ An Annual Survey of Australian Law 1994
  43. ↑ 29 The Australian Digest 42-207
  44. ↑ John Livermore. Transport Law in Australia. 5th Ed. 2023. Note 712.
  45. ↑ Australian Current Law: Legislation: 1994
  46. ↑ Rothwell and Bateman. Navigational Rights and Freedoms, and the New Law of the Sea. 2000. p 248.
  47. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. p 275.
  48. ↑ Australian legal monthly digest. 1995. para 4319.
  49. ↑ Australian Current Law: Legislation: 1995. p 703.
  50. ↑ The Australian Digest. 2nd Edition. vol 41.
  51. ↑ Paula Quinn. It's green for Queensland's new traffic laws. The Proctor. 1 December 1999.
  52. ↑ 40 The Australian Digest 67-1097, para 5356.
  53. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. p 290.
  54. ↑ N E Palmer. Bailment. Law Book Company Limited. 1979. p 710.
  55. 1 2 3 4 Martin Davies and Anthony Dickey. Shipping Law. The Law Book Company Limited. 1990. ISBN 0455209367. p 3.
  56. ↑ Geoffrey Sawer. The Australian and the Law. Penguin Books. Revised Edition. 1972. p 151.
  57. ↑ Barron v Cyril Golding Earthmoving Pty Ltd [1979] 5 QL 215
  58. ↑ Australian Current Law.
  59. ↑ The Australian Digest. Permanent Supplement to the Second Edition. Cumulative to 31 December 1986.
  60. ↑ R B Vermeesch and K E Lindgren. Business Law of Australia. 6th Edition. Butterworths. 1990. p 777.
  61. ↑ Australian Current Law: Legislation: 1993. p 153.
  62. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. Reprinted 2000. p 277
  63. ↑ K G Nicholson and A A Tarr. "The liability of the nominal defendant for third party claims arising out of motor vehicle accidents in South Australia". The Adelaide Law Review. 1 July 1989. Informit.
  64. ↑ John Livermore. Transport Law in Australia. 5th Ed. Part III. Chapter 2. Section 1. Subsection II, paragraph C. para 318.
  65. ↑ N E Palmer. Bailment. Law Book Company Limited. 1979. p 711.
  66. ↑ Australian Current Law
  67. ↑ R Keith Yorston and Edward E Fortescue. "Common Carriers". Australian Mercantile Law. 13th Edition. Law Book Company Limited. 1965. p 246. See also "Carriage by Rail" at p 251.
  68. ↑ N E Palmer. Bailment. Law Book Company Limited. 1979. p 600.
  69. ↑ 41 The Australian Digest 381, 385, 387, 609, 701, 747, 759, 825, 827, 935, 949, 959 and passim.
  70. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. p 279.
  71. ↑ John Livermore. Transport Law in Australia. 5th Ed. Part III. Chapter 2. Section 1. Subsection II, paragraph D. para 319.
  72. ↑ N E Palmer. Bailment. Law Book Company Limited. 1979. p 712.
  73. ↑ Martin Davies and Anthony Dickey. Shipping Law. The Law Book Company Limited. 1990. ISBN 0455209367. pp 3, 4, 6, 11, 32, 266, 363 & 386
  74. ↑ Annual Survey of Commonwealth Law 1977
  75. ↑ Australian Legal Monthly Digest
  76. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. pp 273 to 275.
  77. ↑ W Benjamin Lindner, "Expert evidence under the Road Safety Act 1986" (1988) 62 Law Institute Journal 618
  78. ↑ "Road Safety Act 1986". Victorian Statutes Annotations. To October 2003. Lawbook Co.
  79. ↑ Catrina Mulderry, "The Road Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 1989" (1990) 64 Law Institute Journal 381
  80. ↑ Catrina Mulderry, "New road laws" (1989) 63 Law Institute Journal 936
  81. ↑ Robert Pearce and Ian Shepherd, The Transport Integration Act 2010: driving integrated and sustainable transport outcomes through legislation, Urban Transport XVII, page 356.
  82. ↑ "The transport legislation review in Victoria". Urban Transport XVII. pp 356 & 357.
  83. ↑ Victoria hails response to transport legislation review. Railexpress. 4 February 2008.
  84. ↑ The work of the Transport Legislation Review was described in a 2009 paper released by the Department of Transport: Improving Marine Safety in Victoria;– Review of the Marine Act 1988, Discussion Paper, July 2009. Foreword, Page 1. Paper available at the Department of Transport website. The explanatory memorandum to the Transport Legislation Amendment (Compliance, Enforcement and Regulation) Bill 2010 also contained observations:Explanatory memorandum, page 1, Transport Legislation (Compliance, Enforcement and Regulation) Bill 2010, from the official Victorian Government legislation site.
  85. ↑ Robert Pearce and Ian Shepherd, The Transport Integration Act 2010: driving integrated and sustainable transport outcomes through legislation, Urban Transport XVII, page 357.
  86. ↑ R Pearce and I Shepherd. "The Transport Integration Act 2010: Driving integrated and sustainable transport outcomes through legislation". Pratelli and Brebbia (eds). Urban Transport XVII: Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century. WIT Press. 2011. p 355.
  87. ↑ Jenny Morris and Ray Kinnear. "Transport Integration Act 2010" in "Transport Policy and Planning Perspectives". Graham Currie (ed). New Perspectives and Methods in Transport and Social Exclusion Research. Emerald Group. 2011. pp 264 & 265.
  88. ↑ David Withington. "The Transport Integration Act: a major change for the transport portfolio, but why should planners take notice?". Planning News. Volume 37. No 10. November 2011. p 16. Informit.
  89. ↑ Bill Unkles. "Transport Integration Act 2010: Good statute neutered". Planning News. Volume 44. No 2. 1 March 2018. Informit.
  90. ↑ Chris Wullems, "Towards the adoption of low-cost rail level crossing warning devices in regional areas of Australia: A review of current technologies and reliability issues" (2011) 49 Safety Science 1059 at section 2.1
  91. ↑ Rex Deighton-Smith. "Process and performance-based regulation: challenges for regulatory governance and regulatory reform". Minding the Gap: Appraising the promise and performance of regulatory reform in Australia. ANU Press. 2008. Chapter 7. p 99.
  92. 1 2 Bus Safety Act. BusVic. 16 October 2019.
  93. ↑ Gold Bus operator could face $1.5m fine for hitting Montague Street bridge
  94. ↑ Wildlife Research in Australia: Practical and Applied Methods, p 10. Modern Statutory Interpretation: Framework, Principles and Practice, p 587.
  95. ↑ Jetski rules change for children. Bellarine Times. 4 January 2018.
  96. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. p 275.
  97. 1 2 3 4 Australian Legal Words and Phrases: 1900-2010. Butterworths. vol 2.
  98. ↑ Victorian Statutes Annotations. Lawbook Co. p 664.
  99. ↑ The Australian Digest. vol 52.
  100. ↑ Australian Current Law: Legislation: 1995
  101. ↑ Paul Martin and Amanda Kennedy. Implementing Environmental Law. 2015. p 105.
  102. ↑ Ian Shepherd, Kate Williams and Jenny Gabriele. "Supporting Victoria's Railway Heritage". Railway Gazette International. May 2012. p 59.
  103. ↑ Asia Pacific Shipping, vol 2, p 23
  104. ↑ Places of Refuge for Ships: Emerging Environmental Concerns of a Maritime Custom. p 389.
  105. ↑ Urban Transport XVII. p 362.
  106. ↑ Water police target 'hoon' boaters. Sydney Morning Herald. 22 December 2009.
  107. ↑ Rudi Capra and Antonio Pettierre. Le strade furiose di Mad Max: Filosofia del mondo post-atomico. Mimesis. 2024.
  108. ↑ Sophie Cacciaguidi-Fahy. Obscurity and Clarity in the Law: Prospects and Challenges. p 191.
  109. ↑ Constitutions of Dependencies and Special Sovereignties. Oceana. p 78.
  110. ↑ Round-up: legislation across Australia. Lexology.
  111. ↑ Abbott and Cohen. Utilities Reform in Twenty-First Century Australia: Providing the Essentials. p 297.
  112. ↑ Victorian Statutes Annotations. Lawbook Co. p 663.
  113. ↑ Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression: Comparative, Theoretical and the Historical Reflections after the Charlie Hebdo Massacre. p 524.
  114. 1 2 3 4 79 Law Institute Journal 64
  115. ↑ 79 Law Institute Journal 67
  116. ↑ Human Factors in Transportation: Social and Technological Evolution Across Maritime, Road, Rail, and Aviation Domains. p 140.
  117. ↑ Engineering Systems Acquisition and Support. p 3.
  118. ↑ Philip Woodhouse. Sea Kayaking: A Guide for Sea Canoeists. p 274.
  119. ↑ Ecolex
  120. ↑ Reforming the law of taxi and private hire services. Law Com 203. p 65.
  121. ↑ Victorian Statutes Annotations. Lawbook Co. p 664.
  122. ↑ Sach, Neil (May 2011). "Taxi inquiry announced". Taxi Talk. Victorian Taxi Association: 4
  123. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. p 277.
  124. ↑ 52 The Australian Digest 82-416
  125. ↑ Carey Curtis and Nicholas Low. Institutional Barriers to Sustainable Transport. p 75.
  126. ↑ N E Palmer. Bailment. Law Book Company Limited. 1979. p 715.
  127. ↑ John Livermore. Transport Law in Australia. 5th Ed. Part III. Chapter 2. Section 1. Subsection II, paragraph F. para 321.
  128. ↑ "Traffic Law" (2004) 52 The Australian Digest
  129. ↑ Australian Current Law: Legislation: 1993. p 312.
  130. ↑ Clive Turner. Australian Commercial Law. 21st Edition. pp 492 & 494.
  131. ↑ Australian Legal Monthly Digest
  132. ↑ Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies. International Trade & Business Law & Policy. 1998. Reprinted 2000. p 279.
  133. ↑ Australian Current Law: Legislation: 1995. p 716.
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