// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhy was the Holocene extinction timeline sad? It had a dino-mite ending.

This article is a list of biological species, subspecies, and evolutionary significant units that are known to have become extinct during the Holocene, the current geologic epoch, ordered by their known or approximate date of disappearance from oldest to most recent.

The Holocene is considered to have started with the Holocene glacial retreat around 11650 years Before Present (c. 9700 BC). It is characterized by a general trend towards global warming, the expansion of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) to all emerged land masses, the appearance of agriculture and animal husbandry, and a reduction in global biodiversity. The latter, dubbed the sixth mass extinction in Earth history, is largely attributed to increased human population and activity, and may have started already during the preceding Pleistocene epoch with the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna.

The following list is incomplete by necessity, since the majority of extinctions are thought to be undocumented, and for many others there isn't a definitive, widely accepted last, or most recent record. According to the species-area theory, the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year.^[1]

10th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range
10050-9550 BC^[2]	Giant beaver	Castoroides ohioensis	North America
100010-9907 BC		Morenelaphus brachyceros	Temperate South America
9948–9306 BC^[3]	North American glyptodont	Glyptotherium cylindricum	Florida and Texas to northeastern Brazil
9880–8280 BC^[4]	Harlan's ground sloth	Paramylodon harlani	Southwestern United States and Mexico
9830–9530 BC^[4]	Shrub-ox	Euceratherium collinum	Southwestern North America
9700–6200 BC^[5]	Dire wolf	Aenocyon dirus	North America and western South America
	Fraternal horse	Equus fraternus	Eastern North America
	Large-headed llama	Hemiauchenia macrocephala	North and Central America
	Long-nosed peccary	Mylohyus fossilis^[6]	Eastern United States
9600 BC^[7]	Cèdres tahr	Hemitragus cedrensis	France and the Iberian Peninsula
9540–9420 BC^[4]	Jefferson's ground sloth	Megalonyx jeffersonii	North America
9531–9196 BC^[8]	Sardinian dhole	Cynotherium sardous	Corsica and Sardinia
c. 9515 BC^[9]	Southeastern giant tortoise	Hesperotestudo crassiscutata	Southern United States
9405 BC^[10]	American lion	Panthera atrox	British Columbia to Central America
9381–9281 BC^[11]		Macrauchenia patachonica	Southwestern South America
9350 BC	Eurasian cave lion^[7]	Panthera spelaea	Northern Eurasia and Beringia
9350 BC	Toronto subway deer^[12]	Torontoceros hypogaeus	Toronto, Canada
9230–8930 BC^[4]	Stag-moose	Cervalces scotti	Eastern United States
9130–9030 BC^[4]	Pygmy mammoth	Mammuthus exilis	Channel Islands of California, United States
9117–8793 BC^[3]	Cuvier's gomphothere	Cuvieronius hyodon	Central America, northern and central Andes^[13]
9110–9030 BC^[14]		Valgipes bucklandi	Brazil
9110–8950 BC^[4]	Woodland muskox	Bootherium bombifrons	North America
9105–8482 BC^[15]		Peroryctes aruensis	Pulau Kobroor, Aru Islands, Indonesia
c. 9050 BC^[9]	Wilson's tortoise	Hesperotestudo wilsoni	Southwestern United States
c. 9050 BC^[9]	Ryukyu tortoise	Manouria oyamai	Ryukyu, Japan
9050 BC^[16]	Cypriot genet	Genetta plesictoides	Cyprus
9050-8050 BC^[16]	Miyako roe deer	Capreolus tokunagai	Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan
	Miyako long-tailed rat	Diplothrix miyakoensis
		Sus sp.

9th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
8995–8845 BC^[4]	Giant short-faced bear	Arctodus simus	North America	Competition with the grizzly bear.^[17]
8990-8690 BC^[4]	Flat-headed peccary	Platygonus compressus	North America	Possibly vegetation changes induced by climate change and competition with the American black bear.^[17]
8965–8875 BC^[4]	Mexican horse	Equus conversidens	Western North America	Hunting.^[18]
8902-8638 BC^[19]		Damaliscus hypsodon	Kenya and Tanzania	Undetermined.
8750 BC^[7]^[A]		Spermophilus superciliosus	North Central Europe and the British Isles to Crimea and the Middle Urals	Undetermined.
8725–8175 BC^[4]	Shasta ground sloth	Nothrotheriops shastensis	Southwestern United States	Hunting.^[21]
8718–8300 BC^[22]		Aquila nipaloides	Corsica and Sardinia	Undetermined.
8697–8355 BC		Xibalbaonyx oviceps	Quintana Roo, Mexico	Hunting.^[3]
8640–8500 BC^[4]	Ancient bison	Bison antiquus	North America	Possibly hybridisation with western bison resulting in modern American bison.^[23]
8450 BC^[7]		Microtus brecciensis	Iberian Peninsula	Undetermined.
8301–7190 BC^[15]	Giant pika	Ochotona whartoni	Northern North America; Eastern Siberia?	Undetermined.
8170-7840 BC^[4]	American camel	Camelops hesternus	Western North America	Hunting.^[17]
8120–7980 BC	Giant Cape zebra	Equus capensis	Southern Africa	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[19]^[B]
8080-7700 BC^[4]	Columbian mammoth	Mammuthus columbi	Northern Mexico, western and southern United States	Hunting.^[17]
8050–7650 BC^[25]	Woolly rhinoceros	Coelodonta antiquitatis	Northern Eurasia	Shrinking of the mammoth steppe due to warmer and wetter climate conditions.^[26]
8050 BC or less^[27]		Hipposideros besaoka	Northern coast of Madagascar	Undetermined.
8050 BC or less^[27]		Triaenops goodmani	Northern coast of Madagascar	Undetermined.

8th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 7950 BC^[28]		Antifer ultra	River Plate and central Chile	Undetermined.
7830–7430 BC^[15]		Catonyx cuvieri	Eastern South America	Undetermined.
7615–7305 BC^[4]	North American sabertooth cat	Smilodon fatalis	Southern North America and northern South America	Prey loss.^[17]
7600–6245 BC^[29]^[C]	East Asian ostrich	Pachystruthio anderssoni^[31]	Tuva, Transbaikalia, Mongolia, and northern China^[32] to the Yellow River^[33]	Undetermined.
7433–7035 BC	Mediterranean brown fish owl	Ketupa zeylonensis lamarmorae	Corsica, Sardinia, southern Italy, Crete, and Israel	Possibly prey loss due to human hunting.^[34]
7330–6250 BC ^[D]	Asian straight-tusked elephant	Palaeoloxodon namadicus	South and east Asia	Undetermined.
7160–6760 BC^[15]		Scelidodon chiliensis	Western South America^[36]	Undetermined.
7129–6239 BC^[37]	South American sabertooth cat	Smilodon populator	Eastern South America	Competition with human hunters.^[38]
7110–6810 BC^[4]	American mastodon	Mammut americanum	North America	Undetermined.
7050–6550 BC^[39]	European dhole	Cuon alpinus europaeus	Central and southern Europe, and the Caucasus	Undetermined.
7043–6507 BC^[15]	Cuban pauraque	Siphonorhis daiquiri	Cuba	Undetermined.
7043–6503 BC^[15]	Giant ghost-faced bat	Mormoops magna	Cuba and Hispaniola^[40]
7000–4000 BC^[41]	European water buffalo	Bubalus murrensis	Central, eastern, and southeastern Europe

7th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
6810–6650 BC^[15]		Notiomastodon platensis^[E]	South America^[43]	Undetermined.
6810–6650 BC^[15]		Glossotherium robustum
6660–4880 BC^[15]		Equus neogeus
		Glyptodon clavipes	Eastern South America
		Hoplophorus euphractus	Eastern Brazil
		Propraopus sulcatus	Eastern South America^[44]
6442–6210 BC^[19]	Giant hartebeest	Megalotragus priscus	Southern Africa; Eastern Africa?	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[19]
6389–6060 BC^[45]		Eutatus seguini	Northern Argentina and Uruguay^[46]	Undetermined.

6th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
5850 BC		Stenocranius anglicus	Europe	Undetermined.^[7]
5740–5500 BC	Bond's springbok	Antidorcas bondi	Southern Africa	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[19]
5660–5540 BC^[47]		Scelidotherium leptocephalum	Southern South America	Hunting?^[17]
5641–5075 BC^[8]		Praemegaceros cazioti	Corsica and Sardinia	Undetermined.
5477–4170 BC^[37]	Panamerican ground sloth	Eremotherium laurillardi^[48]	Southern United States to Brazil
5474–5339 BC^[49]	Haitian cave rail	Nesotrochis steganinos	Hispaniola
5295–4848 BC	Ibiza rail	Rallus eivissensis	Ibiza, Spain	Undetermined, but presumably a result of human colonization.^[50]
5295–4848 BC	Ibiza dwarf viper	Vipera latastei ebusitana	Ibiza, Spain
5270–4310 BC^[51]	Giant ground sloth	Megatherium americanum	Temperate South America and the Andes	Hunting.^[38]
5226–5156 BC^[4]	Haitian pine forest sloth	Neocnus dousman	Hispaniola	Undetermined.
5120 BC^[52]		Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis	Southern South America
5050–4050 BC^[53]	Cuban cursorial owl	Ornimegalonyx oteroi	Cuba
	Cuban titan-hawk	Buteogallus borrasi
	Cuban giant tortoise	Chelonoidis cubensis
	Cuban sloth	Acratocnus antillensis
5030 BC^[54]	Cave hyena	Crocuta spelaea	Europe, Central and Western Asia

5th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
4855–4733 BC	North African horse	Equus algericus	Maghreb	Aridification.^[19]
4850–3350 BC	Giant kangaroo	Protemnodon tumbuna^[55]	Northern New Guinea	Hunting and habitat fragmentation.^[56]
4840–4690 BC	Majorcan giant dormouse	Hypnomys morpheus	Mallorca, Spain	Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.^[57]
4765–4445 BC^[51]^[F]	Club-tailed glyptodont^[45]	Doedicurus clavicaudatus	South American Pampas	Hunting and habitat loss.
4691–4059 BC		Megaceroides algericus	Northern Maghreb	Possibly habitat fragmentation.^[59]
4650–1450 BC^[15]	Toxodont	Toxodon platensis	South America	Undetermined.
4570 BC – 130 CE^[60]	Jamaican caracara	Caracara tellustris	Jamaica
4514–4244 BC^[15]		Muridae indet. sp. 1	Morotai, Indonesia
4514–4244 BC^[15]		Muridae indet. sp. 2	Morotai, Indonesia
4360–4280 BCE	Unnamed South African caprine	?Makapania sp.	South African mountains	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[19]
4240–1529 BC^[15]	Halmahera bandicoot	Peramelidae indet.	Halmahera, Indonesia	Undetermined.^[15]
c. 4000 BC	North African zebra	Equus mauritanicus	North Africa	Aridification.^[19]
c. 4000 BC		Equus melkiensis^[G]	Northern Algeria and Morocco^[19]	Aridification.^[19]

4th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
3979–2640 BC^[62]	Yukon horse	Equus lambei	Northwestern North America	Undetermined.
3628–3377 BC^[H]	Steppe bison	Bison priscus	Northern Eurasia and North America	Undetermined.
3570–3630 BC^[68]	Malagasy crowned eagle	Stephanoaetus mahery	Central and southern Madagascar	Possibly natural aridification or habitat degradation and prey loss caused by human activity.^[69]
3540–3355 BC^[70]	Kauaʻi mole duck	Talpanas lippa	Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
3500–775 BC^[15]	Flores cave rat	Spelaeomys florensis	Flores, Indonesia
3340–2890 BC^[71]		Babakotia radofilai	Northern coast of Madagascar
3290–2730 BC^[72]	Matthew's ground sloth	Parocnus brownii	Cuba	Hunting.^[73]
3060-2470 BC	Giant African buffalo	Syncerus antiquus	Africa and the Arabian Peninsula^[74]	Aridification and competition with domestic cattle for water and pastures.^[15]
3050 BC^[16]	Buka Island mosaic-tailed rat	Melomys spechti	Buka Island, Papua New Guinea	Undetermined.
3050 BC^[16]	Buka Island solomys	Solomys spriggsarum	Buka Island, Papua New Guinea	Undetermined.
3050–550 BC	Don hare	Lepus timidus tanaiticus	Russia	Replacement by the mountain hare.^[75]
3040–1840 BC^[I]	Tilos dwarf elephant	Palaeoloxodon tiliensis	Tilos, Greece	Undetermined.
3030–2690 BC	Balearic giant shrew	Nesiotites hidalgo	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.^[57]

3rd millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
2830–2470 BC	Balearic cave goat	Myotragus balearicus	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	Likely vegetation changes related to aridification or human activity.^[77]^[78]
2550 BC	Bennu heron	Ardea bennuides	Arabian Peninsula	Wetland degradation.^[15]
2550–1550 BC^[15]	Niue night heron	Nycticorax kalavikai	Niue	Undetermined.
2480–2400 BC^[79]	Lesser Haitian ground sloth	Neocnus comes	Hispaniola
2320 BC^[7]	Irish elk	Megaloceros giganteus	Europe and southern Siberia
2281–1402 BC^[37]		Palaeolama major	North and east South America	Hunting.^[38]
2280–2240 BC^[80]	Cuban giant sloth	Megalocnus rodens	Cuba	Undetermined.
2267–1543 BC^[37]		Xenorhinotherium bahiense	Northeastern South America	Undetermined.
2200 BC	Indian aurochs	Bos primigenius namadicus	Indian subcontinent	Undetermined.^[J]
2134–1408 BC^[15]^[K]	Chatham raven	Corvus moriorum	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	Undetermined.
2050–50 BC	Sierra Madre giant cloud rat^[82]	Carpomys dakal	Luzon, Philippines
	Sierra Madre bushy-tailed cloud rat^[82]	Crateromys ballik	Luzon, Philippines
		Niviventer sp.^[16]	Ishigaki Island, Japan
2035–1735 BC^[72]	Hispaniola monkey	Antillothrix bernensis	Hispaniola

2nd millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes	Picture
1935–1700 BC		Raksasamys tikusbesar	Sumba Island, Indonesia	Undetermined.^[16]
1900–1600 BC	Noel's barn owl	Tyto noeli	Cuba, Jamaica, and Bermuda	Undetermined.^[83]
1795–1675 BC^[84]	Woolly mammoth	Mammuthus primigenius	Northern Eurasia and North America	Hunting^[85] and habitat loss due to climate change.^[26]
1750–1650 BC^[86]	Short-horned water buffalo	Bubalus mephistopheles	South to northeastern China^[87]	Undetermined.
1738–1500 BC^[15]	Puerto Rican ground sloth	Acratocnus odontrigonus	Puerto Rico	Undetermined.
1738–1385 BC^[15]	Christensen's pademelon	Thylogale christenseni	New Guinea	Predation by introduced dingoes.^[88]
1738–1385 BC^[15]		Thylogale sp.	New Guinea
1666–1506 BC	Ovodov horse	Equus ovodovi	North and East Asia	Undetermined.^[89]
c. 1640 BC	East Asian aurochs	Bos primigenius sinensis	Southern Siberia to northeastern China	Hunting, habitat loss, and capture of females to supplement domestic taurine cattle herds introduced from the west.^[L]
c. 1600 BC		Zonites santoriniensis	Santorini, Greece	Minoan eruption.^[93]
c. 1500 BC	Puerto Rican flower bat	Phyllonycteris major	Puerto Rico and Antigua	Undetermined.^[94]
c. 1500 BC	Leeward Islands curlytail	Leiocephalus cuneus	Antigua and Barbuda	Undetermined.^[94]
1400–1190 BC	Greater Azores bullfinch	Pyrrhula crassa	Graciosa Island, Azores, Portugal	Human settlement.^[95]
1159–790 BC	Dune shearwater	Puffinus holeae	Canary Islands, Spain; mainland Portugal (Pleistocene)	Predation by introduced house mice.^[96]
1120–840 BC	New Caledonian giant scrubfowl	Sylviornis neocaledoniae	Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, New Caledonia	Hunting.^[97]
c. 1050 BC^[9]	Mona tortoise	Chelonoidis monensis	Mona Island of Puerto Rico	Undetermined.
1050 BC^[16]	Hooijer's giant rat	Hooijeromys nusantenggara	Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia
		Mekosuchus kalpokasi	Efate, Vanuatu		Hunting.^[98]
	Verhoeven's giant tree rat	Papagomys theodorverhoeveni	Flores, Indonesia	Undetermined.
1050–850 BC^[99]	Lini's megapode	Mwalau walterlinii	Efate, Vanuatu
1021–806 BCE^[100]	Madeiran quail	Coturnix lignorum	Madeira, Portugal

1st millennium BC

10th–6th century BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 1000-500 BC	Giant nukupuʻu	Hemignathus vorpalis	Hawaii Island, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.^[101]
1000–1 BC	Giant Fiji ground frog	Platymantis megabotoniviti	Viti Levu, Fiji	Predation by introduced Polynesian rats and large New Guinea spiny rats.^[102]
c. 950 BC	Noble scrubfowl	Megavitiornis altirostris	Fiji	Hunting.^[103]
	Fiji giant iguana	Lapitiguana impensa
		Volia athollandersoni
950 BC	Erromango starling	Aplonis sp.	Erromango, Vanuatu	Undetermined.^[15]
900–750 BC	Tongan tooth-billed pigeon	Didunculus placopedetes	Tonga	Undetermined.^[15]
855–730 BC	Shutler's fruit pigeon	Ducula shutleri
855–730 BC	Unnamed Tongan rail^[104]	Rallidae incertae sedis
c. 850 BC	Lakeba pigeon	Ducula lakeba	Lakeba and Aiwa, Fiji
850–600 BC	Tongan giant pigeon	Tongoenas burleyi	Tonga	Hunting.^[105]
840–740 BC^[106]	Consumed scrubfowl	Megapodius alimentum	Tonga and Fiji	Hunting, egg harvesting, and predation by introduced animals.^[69]
821–171 BC	Balsam shrew	Crocidura balsamifera	Nile gallery forests, Egypt	Habitat destruction.^[15]
c. 810 BC^[9]		?Meiolania damelipi	Vanuatu and Viti Levu, Fiji	Hunting.^[107]
800–700 BC	Syrian elephant	Elephas maximus asurus	Mesopotamia	Hunting and habitat loss due to agriculture and aridification.^[M]
790–410 BC	MacPhee's shrew tenrec	Microgale macpheei	Southeastern Madagascar	Aridification.^[109]
787–320 BC	Jamaican ibis	Xenicibis xympithecus	Jamaica	Undetermined.^[15]
770–400 BC	Law's diving-goose	Chendytes lawi	Coastal California and Oregon, United States	Hunting.^[110]
748–406 BC^[111]	European wild ass	Equus hydruntinus	Southern Europe and Southwest Asia; Northern Europe (Pleistocene)	Hunting and habitat fragmentation after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[112]
744-202 BC	Kauaʻi stilt-owl	Grallistrix auceps	Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.^[15]
701–119 BC^[N]	Chatham coot	Fulica chathamensis	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	Probably hunting and predation by introduced mammals.^[69]
550–50 BC^[15]	David's imperial pigeon	Ducula david	Ouvéa Island, New Caledonia	Hunting.^[69]
511–407 BC	Plate-toothed giant hutia	Elasmodontomys obliquus	Puerto Rico	Undetermined.^[113]

5th-1st century BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
450 BC		Mesocapromys kraglievichi	Cuba	Undetermined.^[113]
412–199 BC^[71]		Archaeoindris fontoynontii	Central Madagascar	Hunting.^[114]
404 BC^[115]	Wild dromedary camel	Camelus dromedarius	Arabian Peninsula	Desertification, hunting, and capture to replenish domestic herds. Domestic and feral descendants survive.^[116]
400–231 BC	Tenerife giant rat	Canariomys bravoi	Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain	Habitat alteration by introduced goats, sheep, pigs, and house mice.^[117]
c. 350 BC	Tongan giant iguana	Brachylophus gibbonsi	Tonga and Fiji	Hunting.^[106]^[118]
348 BC – 283 BC	Sardinian giant shrew	Asoriculus similis^[O]	Corsica and Sardinia^[119]	Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.^[34]
	Sardinian pika	Prolagus sardus		Hunting, predation and competition with introduced mammals.^[120]^[P]
	Hensel's field mouse	Rhagamys orthodon		Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.^[34]
	Tyrrhenian vole	Tyrrhenicola henseli		Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.^[34]
320–220 BC^[Q]	Lena horse	Equus lenensis	Northern Siberia	Hunting.^[121]
c. 240 BC^[R]	Imperial gibbon	Nomascus imperialis	Chongqing^[123] and possibly Shaanxi, China	Possibly capture as pets and deforestation.^[124]
170 BC - 370 CE^[125]	Maui flightless ibis	Apteribis brevis	Maui, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
130 BC	Gran Canaria giant rat	Canariomys tamarani	Gran Canaria, Canary Islands	Hunting or predation by introduced dogs?^[126]
110 BC – 130 BC^[71]	Ancient coua	Coua primaeva	Madagascar	Undetermined.
62 BC – 87 CE	Alor Island giant rat	Alormys aplini	Alor Island, Indonesia	Aridification and deforestation.^[127]
50 BC^[16]	Buhler's coryphomys	Coryphomys buehleri	Timor	Undetermined.
50 BC^[16]	Timor giant rat	Coryphomys musseri	Timor	Undetermined.
49 BC – 125 CE	São Miguel scops owl	Otus frutuosoi	São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal	Introduced predators?^[128]
after 30 BC^[129]	North African aurochs	Bos primigenius africanus	North Africa	Aridification. Domestic descendants survive in captivity.^[19]
10 BC^[130]	Greater Cuban nesophontes	Nesophontes major	Cuba	Undetermined.
10 BC^[130]	Lesser falcate-winged bat	Phyllops vetus	Cuba and Juventud	Undetermined.

1st millennium CE

1st–5th centuries

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
1–1000^[131]	Eyles's harrier	Circus teauteensis	New Zealand	Prey loss and habitat alteration.^[69]^[132]
1–1000^[131]	North Island goose^[133]	Cnemiornis gracilis	North Island, New Zealand	Probably hunting.^[69]
54–68	Silphium	Ferula or Thapsia sp.	Cyrenaica coast, Libya	Aridification, overgrazing, and overharvesting.^[134]
54–222		Milimonggamys juliae	Sumba Island, Indonesia	Undetermined.
80^[135]	Halmahera wallaby	Dorcopsis sp.	Halmahera, Indonesia	Predation by introduced dogs.^[88]
86–428^[15]	Powerful goshawk	Accipiter efficax	New Caledonia	Undetermined.
	Gracile goshawk	Accipiter quartus	New Caledonia	Undetermined.
	Kanaka pigeon	Caloenas canacorum	New Caledonia and Tonga; Vanuatu and Fiji?	Probably hunting.^[69]
	Pile-builder megapode^[136]	Megapodius molistructor	New Caledonia and Tonga	Undetermined.
	New Caledonian ground dove	Pampusana longitarsus	New Caledonia
	New Caledonian gallinule^[137]	Porphyrio kukwiedei	New Caledonia
140–180^[S]		Mekosuchus inexpectatus	Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, New Caledonia	Hunting.^[98]
200-300	Fern Weevil	Tymbopiptus valeas	Waitomo, New Zealand	Likely deforestation and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.^[138]
210^[139]	Giant fossa	Cryptoprocta spelaea	Madagascar	Undetermined.
220^[140]	Western bison	Bison occidentalis	Alaska and Yukon	Undetermined.
220–320	Waitomo frog	Leiopelma waitomoensis	North Island, New Zealand	Predation by polynesian rats.^[141]
245-429^[71]		Mesopropithecus globiceps	Southwestern Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.^[114]
290–430	Bahaman caracara	Caracara creightoni	Cuba and Bahamas	Undetermined.^[83]
c. 300	Atlas wild ass	Equus africanus atlanticus	North Africa	Undetermined. Domestic descendants survive in captivity.^[142]
300–1200^[15]	Marquesas cuckoo-dove	Macropygia heana	Nuku Hiva and Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands	Undetermined.
347–535^[15]	New Ireland forest rat	Rattus sanila	New Ireland, Papua New Guinea	Undetermined.
before 370^[143]	North African elephant	Loxodonta africana pharaoensis	Northwest Africa	Hunting and aridification.^[144]^[T]
428–618^[71]		Hypogeomys australis	Central and southern Madagascar	Undetermined.
439–473^[146]	Jamaican monkey	Xenothrix mcgregori	Jamaica
440–639^[15]	Oʻahu moa-nalo	Thambetochen xanion	Oahu, Hawaii, United States
448–657^[U]	Chatham duck	Anas chathamica	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	Hunting?^[15]

6th–10th centuries

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
530–590	Cuban spectacled owl	Pulsatrix arredondoi	Cuba	Undetermined.^[83]
530–860^[71]	Malagasy shelduck	Alopochen sirabensis	Madagascar	Possibly hunting and aridification.^[69]
c. 531		Meiolania mackayi	New Caledonia	Hunting.^[147]
535-876^[45]		Hadropithecus stenognathus	Central and southern Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.^[114]
586–670		Voay robustus	Madagascar	Possibly overexploitation of eggs for consumption, environmental changes (natural or caused by human activity), and competition with the Nile crocodile.^[148]
c. 600	Ua Huka rail	Gallirallus gracilitibia	Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands	Human settlement.^[149]
600-765^[45]		Mesopropithecus pithecoides	Central Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.^[114]
650		Turnix sp.	Timor, Indonesia	Undetermined.^[16]
650–780^[71]		Archaeolemur majori	Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.^[114]
650–869	Small O'ahu crake	Porzana ziegleri	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.^[15]
664–773	Hildebrandt's elephant bird	Aepyornis hildebrandti	Central Madagascar	Deforestation.^[150]
666–857^[151]		Geocapromys caymanensis	Cayman Islands	Undetermined.
666–857^[151]	Cayman Islands nesophontes	Nesophontes hemicingulus	Cayman Islands	Undetermined.
670–836	Lemerle's dwarf hippopotamus	Hippopotamus lemerlei	Southwestern Madagascar^[152]	Deforestation,^[150] hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.^[114]
680–880^[150]	Lesser elephant bird	Mullerornis modestus	Central and southern Madagascar	Hunting, aridification,^[114] and deforestation.^[150]
668–881		Astrochelys rogerbouri	Central and southern Madagascar	Undetermined.^[153]
687-880	Madagascar dwarf hippopotamus	Hippopotamus madagascariensis	Northwestern and central Madagascar^[152]	Deforestation,^[150] hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.^[114]
700–1150^[15]	Huahine starling	Aplonis diluvialis	Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia	Undetermined.
	Huahine gull	Chroicocephalus utunui		Undetermined.
	Huahine rail	Gallirallus storrsolsoni		Possibly hunting and predation by introduced animals.^[69]
	Huahine cuckoo-dove	Macropygia arevarevauupa		Undetermined.
	Huahine swamphen	Porphyrio mcnabi		Possibly hunting and introduced predators.^[69]
772–870	Insular cave rat	Heteropsomys insulans	Puerto Rico	Undetermined.^[113]
810–1025	Sinoto's lorikeet	Vini sinotoi	Marquesas and Society Islands, French Polynesia	Hunting.^[154]
865–965	Malagasy aardvark	Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis	Central and southern Madagascar	Undetermined.^[17]
c. 884^[9]	Grandidier's giant tortoise	Aldabrachelys grandidieri	Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.^[114]
890–990^[45]	Giant ruffed lemur	Pachylemur insignis	Southwestern Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.^[114]
c. 900–1000		Synemporion keana	Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui, Hawaii, United States	Hunting and predation by introduced rodents.^[155]
900-1150	Giant aye-aye	Daubentonia robusta	Southern Madagascar	Hunting, expansion of grasses and deforestation caused by domestic cattle and goat grazing.^[114]
c. 950	Giant island deer mouse	Peromyscus nesodytes	Channel Islands of California, United States	Possibly habitat loss through overgrazing and erosion.^[156]
	Nuku Hiva rail	Gallirallus epulare	Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands	Undetermined.^[149]
	Tahuata rail	Gallirallus roletti	Tahuata, Marquesas Islands
950–1350		Ducula tihonireasini	Kamaka, Gambier Islands, French Polynesia
980–1170		Megaladapis grandidieri	Madagascar	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.^[114]
c. 986–1425	Mangaia rail	Gallirallus ripleyi	Mangaia, Cook Islands	Hunting, habitat alteration, and predation by introduced rats, dogs, and pigs.^[157]
c. 986–1425	Mangaia crake	Porzana rua	Mangaia, Cook Islands

2nd millennium CE

11th–12th century

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 1000	North Island adzebill	Aptornis otidiformis	North Island, New Zealand	Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.^[69]
1000–1200^[158]^{[better source needed]}	Conquered lorikeet	Vini vidivici	Marquesas, Society, and Cook Islands	Possibly predation by Polynesian rats.^[69]
1000–1430^[69]	Easter Island heron	cf. Egretta sp.	Easter Island, Chile	Undetermined.
	Easter Island crake	Zapornia sp.
	Easter Island parrots	Psittaciformes incertae sedis (two species)
	Eastern Island rail	Rallidae incertae sedis
1000–1600^[15]	Henderson archaic pigeon	Bountyphaps obsoleta	Henderson Island, Pitcairn	Undetermined.
	Henderson imperial pigeon	Ducula harrisoni		Probably hunting and predation by introduced animals.^[69]
	Henderson ground dove	Pampusana leonpascoi		Undetermined.
1015–1147^[113]	Puerto Rican nesophontes	Nesophontes edithae	Puerto Rico
1015–1155^[100]	Cape Verde quail	Coturnix centensis	São Vicente, Cape Verde
1040–1380^[69]^[V]	Giant elephant bird	Aepyornis maximus	Southern Madagascar	Hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.^[114]
1046–1380^[15]	Nēnē-nui	Branta hylobadistes	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	Probably hunting or introduced predators.^[69]
1047–1280^[71]		Archaeolemur edwardsi	Central Madagascar^[160]	Hunting and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.^[114]
1057–1375^[15]	Maui Nui moa-nalo	Thambetochen chauliodous	Molokai and Maui, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
1057–1440^[15]	Maui stilt-owl	Grallistrix erdmani	Maui, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
1059–1401	New Zealand swan	Cygnus sumnerensis	New Zealand	Hunting.^[15]
1104–1672	Azorean little gadfly petrel	Pterodroma zinorum	Azores Islands, Portugal	Probably human activity and introduced mammals.^[161]
1170^[162]	Bahaman tortoise	Chelonoidis alburyorum	Bahamas	Undetermined.
1173–1385^[15]	Barbuda giant rice rat	Megalomys audreyae	Barbuda
1175–1295^[163]	Atalaye nesophontes	Nesophontes hypomicrus	Hispaniola
1183	New Zealand owlet-nightjar	Aegotheles novaezealandiae	New Zealand	Predation by introduced Polynesian rats.^[164]

13th–14th century

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 1200	Ua Huka Booby	Papasula abbotti costelloi	Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia	Hunting and possibly also deforestation.^[69]
1200–1600	Chatham kaka	Nestor chathamensis	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	Probably hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.^[69]
1206–1427^[45]		Megaladapis madagascariensis	Madagascar	Hunting.^[114]
1230–1315^[165]	Abrupt giant tortoise	Aldabrachelys abrupta	Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.^[114]
1234-1445^[131]	South Island adzebill	Aptornis defossor	South Island, New Zealand	Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.^[69]
1250–1650	Rapa Nui Palm	Paschalococos disperta	Easter Island, Chile	Deforestation and predation of nuts by introduced rats.^[166]
1265–1400	St. Michel nesophontes	Nesophontes paramicrus	Hispaniola	Undetermined.^[163]
1270–1380	Hispaniola woodcock	Scolopax brachycarpa	Hispaniola	Undetermined.^[167]
1270–1395^[168]	Lava mouse	Malpaisomys insularis	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands	Possibly disease spread by introduced rats.^[169]
1270–1475	Lava shearwater	Puffinus olsoni	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands	Predation by introduced black rats and cats.^[170]
1278–1415	Mantell's moa	Pachyornis geranoides	North Island, New Zealand	Hunting.^[15]^[171]^[172]
before 1280	Original New Zealand sea lion^[W]	Phocarctos hookeri 'NZ'	Coastal New Zealand
1286–1390	North Island giant moa	Dinornis novaezelandiae	North Island, New Zealand
1292–1630	Chinese gharial	Hanyusuchus sinensis	South China and Hainan	Extermination campaign.^[174]
1294–1438	Heavy-footed moa	Pachyornis elephantopus	Eastern South Island, New Zealand	Hunting.^[175]
1295–1430^[163]^[15]	Haitian nesophontes	Nesophontes zamicrus	Hispaniola	Undetermined.
c. 1300^[69]	Tubuai rail	Hypotaenidia steadmani	Tubuai, Austral Islands, French Polynesia	Undetermined.
1300–1500	Malagasy sheldgoose	Centrornis majori	Central Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.^[176]
after 1300	Chatham penguin^[177]	Eudyptes warhami	New Zealand	Hunting.^[178]^[175]
after 1300	Dwarf yellow-eyed penguin	Megadyptes antipodes richdalei	Chatham Islands, New Zealand^[179]	Hunting.^[178]^[175]
1300–1400	Malagasy lapwing	Vanellus madagascariensis	Southwestern Madagascar	Aridification.^[69]
1300–1422	Upland moa	Megalapteryx didinus	South Island, New Zealand	Hunting.^[180]
1300–1430		Megaladapis edwardsi	Madagascar	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.^[114]
1300–1800	Eua rail	Hypotaenidia vekamatolu	Eua, Tonga	Undetermined.^[69]
1310–1410^[72]	Western Cuban nesophontes	Nesophontes micrus	Cuba	Undetermined.
1310–1420	Bush moa	Anomalopteryx didiformis	New Zealand	Hunting.^[175]^[181]
1320–1350^[181]	Eastern moa	Emeus crassus	South Island, New Zealand	Hunting.^[175]^[181]
1320–1350^[181]	Haast's eagle^[182]	Hieraaetus moorei	South Island, New Zealand	Deforestation and loss of prey. Possibly also predation of nests by introduced pigs and rats.^[69]
1320–1630	Southern sloth lemur	Palaeopropithecus ingens	Southwestern Madagascar	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.^[114]
1347–1529	Waitaha penguin	Megadyptes antipodes waitaha	Coastal South Island, New Zealand	Hunting.^[183]
1350	Scarlett's shearwater	Puffinus spelaeus	Western South Island, New Zealand	Predation by Polynesian rats.^[170]
1375–1610	Kauaʻi palila	Loxioides kikuchi	Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States	Human settlement and farming.^[184]
1380–1500^[185]	Giant Hawaii goose	Branta rhuax	Hawaiʻi, Hawaii, United States	Probably hunting.^[69]
1390–1470	Great ground dove	Pampusana nui	French Polynesia and Cook Islands	Undetermined.^[15]
1396–1442	Crested moa	Pachyornis australis	Subalpine South Island, New Zealand	Hunting.^[175]

15th–16th century

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1400–1450	Pico rail	Rallus montivagorum	Pico Island, Açores, Portugal		Undetermined.^[69]
1400–1500	Tenerife giant lizard	Gallotia goliath	Tenerife and La Palma, Canary Islands		Hunting.^[186]
1425–1660	Kauaʻi finch	Telespiza persecutrix	Kauaʻi and Oahu, Hawaii, United States		Undetermined.^[15]
1450–1650	Chatham Islands sea lion	Phocarctos hookeri 'Chathams'	Chatham Islands, New Zealand		Hunting.^[187]
1451–1952^[175] (1558–1728)^[X]	South Island giant moa	Dinornis robustus	South Island, New Zealand		Hunting.^[175]
1454–1626^[Y]		Dusicyon avus	Argentina and Uruguay	2015 (IUCN)	Possibly climate change, hunting, and competition with domestic dogs.^[188]
1460-1660	Dwarf thick-knee	Burhinus nanus	Bahamas		Undetermined.^[189]
1464–1637^[175] (1542–1618)^[Z]	Broad-billed moa	Euryapteryx curtus	North, South, and Stewart Island of New Zealand		Hunting.^[175]
c. 1500	Rēkohu shelduck	Tadorna rekohu	Chatham Islands, New Zealand		Human settlement.^[190]
1500-1600	Finsch's duck	Chenonetta finschi	New Zealand	2014 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.^[191]
1500-1600	South Island goose^[69]	Cnemiornis calcitrans	South Island, New Zealand		Probably hunting.^[192]
1503	Vespucci's giant rat	Noronhomys vespucii	Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil	2008 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[193]
1503-1578^[15]	Puerto Rican hutia	Isolobodon portoricensis	Hispaniola and Gonâve; Introduced to Puerto Rico, Mona, and U.S. Virgin Islands	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by introduced black rats.^[194]
1520-1950^[15]	Galápagos giant rat	Megaoryzomys curioi	Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	2008 (IUCN)	Possibly introduced predators.^[195]
1536-1546^[196]	Samaná hutia	Plagiodontia ipnaeum	Hispaniola	2021 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rodents.^[196]
1550-1670^[72]	Hispaniolan edible rat	Brotomys voratus	Hispaniola	1994 (IUCN)	Introduced rats.^[197]
1555	Ascension night heron	Nycticorax olsoni	Ascension Island		Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.^[69]
1585^[198]	Cayman Islands hutia	Capromys pilorides lewisi	Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman, Cayman Islands		Possibly hunting, introduced predators, and habitat loss caused by introduced ungulates.^[151]

17th century

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1600–1700	Hodgens's waterhen	Tribonyx hodgenorum	New Zealand	2014 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by Polynesian rats.^[199]
1601	Stout-legged duck	cf. Anas bernieri	Rodrigues		Undetermined.^[176]
1602	Mauritius white-throated rail	Dryolimnas chekei^[200]	Mauritius	1638	Hunting and predation by introduced mammals.^[69]
1603	Bermuda hawk	Bermuteo avivorus	Bermuda	2014 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and predation by introduced feral pigs and other animals.^[201]
1609-1610	Bermuda saw-whet owl	Aegolius gradyi		1623 2014 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction and introduced predators.^[69]
1609-1610	Bermuda towhee	Pipilio naufragus			Undetermined.^[69]
1610	Bermuda night heron	Nyctanassa carcinocatactes		2014 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and introduced predators.^[202]
1623	Bermuda flicker	Colaptes oceanicus		2014 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced cats.^[69]
1627^[AA]	Eurasian aurochs	Bos primigenius primigenius	Mid-latitude Eurasia	2008 (IUCN)	Hunting, competition with, and diseases from domestic cattle. Domestic descendants survive worldwide, including feral populations.^[205]
c. 1640^[206]	Saint Helena rail	Aphanocrex podarces	Saint Helena	1988 (IUCN)	Probably hunting^[207] and predation by introduced cats, rats, and other mammals.^[206]
	Olson's petrel	Bulweria bifax			Hunting and introduced predators?^[208]
	Saint Helena cuckoo	Nannococcyx psix			Possibly deforestation.^[206]
	Saint Helena petrel	Pterodroma rupinarum			Probably deforestation and introduced mammals.^[69]
	Saint Helena hoopoe	Upupa antaios			Possibly hunting and introduced predators.^[209]
	Saint Helena crake	Zapornia astrictocarpus			Probably introduced predators.^[210]
Before 1650	Chatham Islands swan	Cygnus sumnerensis chathamicus	Chatham Islands, New Zealand		Hunting.^[211]
c. 1650	Markham's frog	Leiopelma markhami	South Island, New Zealand		Predation by polynesian rats.^[141]
1656	Ascension crake	Mundia elpenor	Ascension Island	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly introduction of rats and cats, although it is not attested by the time they arrived in the 18th and 19th centuries.^[212]
1670-1950^[71]^[AB]	Larger Malagasy hippopotamus	Hippopotamus laloumena	Eastern Madagascar		Increased human and cattle pressure after the introduction of prickly pear farming.^[114] Its specific separation from the common hippopotamus has been questioned.^[213]
1671–1672	Réunion blue pigeon	Alectroenas sp.	Réunion	1704	Probably hunting and predation by introduced cats.^[69]
	Réunion sheldgoose	Alopochen kervazoi		1710 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and habitat destruction.^[214]
	Réunion kestrel	Falco duboisi		2004 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[215]
	Réunion fody	Foudia delloni		2016 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation or predation by introduced rats.^[69]
	Réunion parrot	?Necropsittacus borbonicus			Undetermined.^[69]
1673–1675	Broad-billed parrot	Lophopsittacus mauritianus	Mauritius	1693 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[216]
1674	Réunion rail	Dryolimnas augusti	Réunion	2014 (IUCN)	Probably hunting and introduced rats and cats.^[217]
1674	Réunion night heron	Nycticorax duboisi	Réunion	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[218]
1675-1755	Giant vampire bat	Desmodus draculae	Eastern South America; Central America (Pleistocene)^[219]		Undetermined.^[220]
1688	Dodo	Raphus cucullatus	Mauritius	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[221]^[222]
before 1690	Rodrigues blue pigeon	Alectroenas payandeei	Rodrigues		Undetermined.^[69]
1693	Mauritius sheldgoose	Alopochen mauritiana	Mauritius	1698 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[221]
	Red rail	Aphanapteryx bonasia	Mauritius	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced cats.^[223]
	Mascarene coot^[224]	Fulica newtonii	Mauritius and Réunion		Hunting.^[225]
	Mauritius night heron	Nycticorax mauritianus	Mauritius		Probably hunting.^[226]
1696	Amsterdam wigeon	Mareca marecula	Amsterdam Island, French Southern and Antarctic Lands	1874 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced rats.^[69]

18th century

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1700–1800	Réunion scops owl	Otus grucheti	Réunion		Deforestation.^[69]
1704	Réunion pigeon	Nesoenas duboisi	Réunion	1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced black rats and cats.^[69]
1705	Mascarene reed cormorant	Phalacrocorax africanus nanus	Mauritius and Réunion		Probably hunting and predation by introduced cats.^[69]
1710	Mascarene teal^[AC]	Anas theodori	Mauritius and Réunion		Hunting and possibly predation by introduced cats.^[69]
1710	Réunion pochard	cf. Aythya innotata	Réunion		Undetermined.^[176]
1724	Guadeloupe parakeet	Psittacara labati	Guadeloupe	1988 (IUCN)	Probably hunting.^[227]
1725-1726	Rodrigues petrel	Pterodroma sp.	Rodrigues		Predation by introduced cats and rats.^[69]
1726	Rodrigues rail	Erythromachus leguati		1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[228]
	Rodrigues owl	Otus murivorus		1988 (IUCN)	Probably hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced animals.^[229]
	Rodrigues starling	Necropsar rodericanus		1761 1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[230]
	Rodrigues pigeon	Nesoenas rodericanus		1761 1988 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced black rats.^[231]
	Rodrigues night heron	Nycticorax megacephalus		1761 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[232]
c. 1730	Mauritius wood pigeon	Columba thiriouxi	Mauritius	2014 (IUCN)	Hunting, predation by introduced black rats, and deforestation.^[69]
	Mauritius turtle dove	Nesoenas cicur	Mauritius	2014 (IUCN)	Hunting, predation by introduced mammals, and deforestation.^[69]
	Réunion swamphen	Porphyrio caerulescens	Réunion	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[233]
1732	Réunion parakeet	Psittacula eques eques	Réunion	1732	Hunting and deforestation.^[234]
c. 1735-1844^[9]^[AD]	Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise	Cylindraspis inepta	Mauritius	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.^[235]^[236]
c. 1735-1844^[9]^[AD]	Domed Mauritius giant tortoise	Cylindraspis triserrata	Mauritius	1994 (IUCN)
1741-1768		Cyamus rhytinae	Bering Sea; Northern Pacific coasts from Japan to Baja California (Pleistocene)		Extinction of its host, the Steller's sea cow.^[237]
1741-1768	Steller's sea cow	Hydrodamalis gigas		1768 1986 (IUCN)	Hunting and reduction of kelp as a result of sea otter hunting, which caused proliferation of kelp-eating sea urchins.^[238]
1742^[AE]	Lesser Antillean macaw	Ara guadeloupensis	Guadeloupe		Undetermined.^[69]
1746		Corynanthe brachythyrsus	Cameroon	1998 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[239]
1759	Mauritius grey parrot	Lophopsittacus bensoni	Mauritius and Réunion	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[240]^[69]
1761	Rodrigues parrot	Necropsittacus rodricanus	Rodrigues	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[241]
1761	Rodrigues solitaire	Pezophaps solitaria	Rodrigues	1778 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced cats.^[242]
1762-1790	Carpathian wisent^[AF]	Bison bonasus hungarorum	Carpathian Mountains, Eastern Europe
1763	Réunion ibis	Threskiornis solitarius	Réunion	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[244]^[69]
1768-1779	Society Islands ground dove	Pampusana erythroptera ssps.	Moorea and Tahiti, French Polynesia		Undetermined.^[69]
1770	Ancient Polydamas swallowtail	Battus polydamas antiquus	Antigua	2018	Undetermined.^[245]
1771	Saint Helena ebony^[AG]	Trochetiopsis melanoxylon	Saint Helena lowlands	1998 (IUCN)	Logging and predation by introduced goats.^[246]
1773–1774	Raiatea parakeet	Cyanoramphus ulietanus	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species.^[247]
1774	Tanna ground dove	Alopecoenas ferrugineus	Tanna, Vanuatu	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting?^[248]
1774	Raiatea starling	?Aplonis ulietensis	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1850 2016 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by introduced rats.^[249]
1775	Seychelles purple swamphen	Porphyrio sp.	Mahé, Seychelles		Hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced mammals.^[69]
1777	Tongatapu rail	Hypotaenidia hypoleucus	Tongatapu, Tonga		Predation by introduced dogs.^[69]
	Moorea sandpiper	Prosobonia ellisi	Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rats.^[250]^[251]
	Tahiti sandpiper	Prosobonia leucoptera	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rats.^[250]^[251]
1778	Christmas sandpiper	Prosobonia cancellata	Kiritimati, Kiribati	2014 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced cats.^[69]
1779	Martinique amazon	Amazona martinicana	Martinique	1988 (IUCN)	Probably hunting.^[252]
1779	Guadeloupe amazon	Amazona violacea	Guadeloupe		Hunting.^[253]
1784	Tahiti crake	Zapornia nigra	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia		Possibly introduced predators.^[254]
1788	Norfolk Island rail	Hypotaenidia sp.	Norfolk Island, Australia		Hunting.^[69]
1788	Norfolk swamphen	Porphyrio sp.	Norfolk Island, Australia		Hunting.^[69]
1788–1790	Norfolk ground dove	Pampusana norfolkensis	Norfolk and possibly Nepean Island, Australia		Undetermined.^[255]
1788–1790	Mount Pitt petrel	Pterodroma sp.	Norfolk Island, Australia		Hunting.^[69]
1790	White swamphen	Porphyrio albus	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1834 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[256]
1793	Oceanic eclectus parrot	Eclectus infectus	Tonga and Vanuatu; Fiji?	2014 (IUCN)	Probably hunting and predation by introduced mammals.^[257]
1793	Vava'u rail	Hypotaenidia vavauensis	Vava'u, Tonga		Possibly habitat destruction and introduced predators.^[69]
1799–1800	Bluebuck	Hippotragus leucophaeus	Overberg; South Africa (Pleistocene)	1986 (IUCN)^[258]	Vegetation change and disruption of migration routes after the Last Glacial Period, competition with domestic cattle, overhunting, and further habitat loss due to agriculture.^[19]

19th century

20th century

3rd millennium CE

21st century

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
2000	Pyrenean ibex^[AH]	Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica	Pyrenees;^[260] Cantabrian Mountains?^[261]	2000 (IUCN)^[262]	Hunting, competition for pastures and diseases from exotic and domestic ungulates.^[263]^[264]
	Beaver pond marstonia	Marstonia castor	Lake Blackshear, Georgia, United States	2017	Pollution and urban development.^[265]^{[better source needed]}
	White-chested white-eye^[AI]	Zosterops albogularis	Norfolk Island, Australia	2024 (IUCN)	Deforestation, competition with the silvereye (introduced in 1904), and predation by rats (introduced in the 1940s).^[69]
2001	Glaucous macaw	Anodorhynchus glaucus	Border area of Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay		Deforestation for agriculture and livestock grazing, particularly of the Yatay palm in which it fed. Possibly also hunting and capture for the exotic pet trade.^[266]
	Slender-billed curlew	Numenius tenuirostris	Western Eurasia and northern Africa	2024 (IUCN)	Hunting and habitat destruction.^[69]
	Pernambuco pygmy owl	Glaucidium mooreorum	Pernambuco, Brazil		Habitat destruction.^[267]
	Giant Atlas barbel	Labeobarbus reinii	Oued Ksob and Tensift Rivers, Morocco	2022 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[268]
		Plectostoma sciaphilum	Bukit Panching, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia	2014 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction caused by limestone quarrying.^[269]
2002	Chinese river dolphin^[AJ]	Lipotes vexillifer	Middle and lower Yangtze, China	2007^[270]	Fishing, habitat destruction, and vessel strikes.^[271]
2002	Polynesian tree snail	Partula labrusca	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	2007 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.^[272]
2003	Osgood's Ethiopian toad	Altiphrynoides osgoodi	South-central Ethiopian mountains		Habitat degradation.^[273]
	Saint Helena olive^[AK]	Nesiota elliptica	Saint Helena	2004 (IUCN)	Deforestation for fuel and timber, and use of the land for plantations of New Zealand flax, leading to inbreeding depression and fungal infections from reduced numbers.^[274]
	Chinese paddlefish	Psephurus gladius	Yangtze and Yellow River basins, China	2018 (IUCN)	Overfishing and construction of the Gezhouba Dam blocking the anadromous spawning migration^[275]^[276]
2004	Po'ouli	Melamprosops phaeosoma	Eastern Maui, Hawaii, United States	2017 (IUCN)	Introduced avian malaria and predators.^[277]
2004	Cozumel thrasher	Toxostoma guttatum	Cozumel, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico		Hurricanes Roxanne, Emily, and Wilma.^[278]
2005	Cahaba pebblesnail	Clappia cahabensis	Cahaba River, Alabama, United States	2021 (IUCN)	Water pollution.^[279]
		Dypsis brittiana	Tsaramain’Andro, Makira Natural Park, Madagascar		Human exploitation.^[280]
	Aphrodite's tree snail	Partula cytherea	Papenoo valley, Tahiti, French Polynesia		Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.^[281]
before 2006	Western black rhinoceros	Diceros bicornis longipes	South Sudan to Nigerian-Niger border area	2011 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[282]
2007		Barbodes sirang	Lake Lanao, Philippines		Predation by introduced fish, overfishing, water extraction, and pollution.^[283]
	South Island kōkako^[AL]	Callaeas cinereus	South Island, New Zealand		Habitat destruction from logging and grazing ungulates, and predation by introduced black rats, brush-tailed possums, and stoats.^[285]
	Cryptic Treehunter	Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti	Northeastern Brazil	2019 (IUCN)	Extensive habitat loss due to logging and sugar cane production.^[286]
	La Palma giant lizard^[AM]	Gallotia auaritae	La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain		Undetermined.^[287]
	Mendelson's water frog	Telmatobius mendelsoni	Cusco and Ayacucho, Peru		Chytridiomycosis.^[288]
2008	Lindog	Barbodes lindog	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines		Predation by introduced fish, overfishing, water extraction, and pollution.^[289]
	Ussuri dhole	Cuon alpinus alpinus	Western Sayan Mountains to Sikhote-Alin and North Korea		Undetermined.^[290]
	Catanduanes bleeding-heart	Gallicolumba luzonica rubiventris	Catanduanes, Philippines		Undetermined.^[69]
	Barada spring minnow	Pseudophoxinus syriacus	Barada stream, Lebanon and Syria		Pollution and draining of the river due to water substraction.^[291]
2009	Bramble Cay melomys	Melomys rubicola	Bramble Cay, Australia	2015 (IUCN)^[292]	Sea level rise as a consequence of global warming.^[293]
2009	Christmas Island pipistrelle	Pipistrellus murrayi	Christmas Island, Australia	2017 (IUCN)	Undetermined.^[294]
2010	Vietnamese rhinoceros	Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus	South China and Indochina	2011 (IUCN)	Hunting.^[295]
2010	Lake Oku puddle frog	Phrynobatrachus njiomock	Kilum-Ijim forest, Mount Oku, Cameroon		Possibly chytridiomycosis.^[296]
2011	Alagoas foliage-gleaner	Philydor novaesi	Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil	2019 (IUCN)	Deforestation.^[69]
2012	Pinta Island tortoise^[AN]	Chelonoidis abingdonii	Pinta, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	2012 (IUCN)^[297]	Hunting and overgrazing by introduced goats. Hybrid descendants exist in other Galapagos islands, as a result of human intervention.^[298]
2012	Parras pupfish	Cyprinodon latifasciatus	Laguna de Mayrán basin, Coahuila, Mexico		Undetermined.^[299]
2014	Christmas Island forest skink^[AO]	Emoia nativitatis	Christmas Island, Australia	2017 (IUCN)	Habitat loss to mining and predation by introduced Indian wolf snake and yellow crazy ant.^[300]
2014	Catarina pupfish^[AP]	Megupsilon aporus	El Potosí spring, Galeana, Nuevo León, Mexico	2018 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced Florida bass and habitat loss from water extraction. The captive population was wiped out by mycobacteriosis.^[301]
2015-2018		Mollinedia myriantha	Macaé de Cima Environmental Protection Area, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil		Habitat fragmentation and degradation caused by construction and other human activity.^[302]
2016	Captain Cook's bean snail	Partula faba	Raiatea and Tahaʻa, Society Islands, French Polynesia	2016	Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.^[303]^[304]
2016	Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog^[AQ]	Ecnomiohyla rabborum	El Valle de Antón, Panama	2016	Chytridiomycosis.^[306]
2019^[AR]	Oahu tree snail	Achatinella apexfulva	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	2019	Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.^[307]

Notes

↑ Remains and historical references to an unidentified squirrel in Ukraine may extend survival up to the 20th century.^[20]
↑ Ancient DNA studies indicate that the giant Cape zebra is not a separate species, but a distinct lineage of the plains zebra (E. quagga).^[24]
↑ Attributed to Struthio asiaticus in this source, but this name should be limited to remains from Pleistocene India.^[30]
↑ Date obtained from carbonaceous clay near Palaeoloxodon remains rather than bone.^[35]
↑ A datation to 4170–4050 BC is uncalibrated and the remains could be older.^[42]
↑ A datation to 3023–2809 BCE is considered dubious.^[58]
↑ Possible synonym of Equus africanus atlanticus.^[61]
↑ In Yukon.^[63] Remains of either B. priscus or B. bonasus were dated in the Angara River basin to 2550–2440 BC,^[64] and a small bison persisted in the Baikal region until the 7th to 10th century AD (considered B. priscus by Boeskorov^[65] and B. bonasus by Sipko^[66]). A date of 1130–1060 BC near the Oyat river is not calibrated and the remains could be older.^[67]
↑ This dating is regarded as "tentative". Claims of even later survival to 1470–1445 BCE are based on interpretations of a painting from the Egyptian Tomb of Rekhmire apparently depicting an adult dwarf elephant.^[76]
↑ Domestic descendants survive in captivity and as feral populations.^[81]
↑ Survival to 1350 CE reported by Turvey is not confirmed.
↑ Traditionally considered the same as B. p. primigenius on morphological grounds, but revealed to be genetically distinct. Domestic hybrid descendants survive in China, particularly in Tibet, Chamdo, and Yushu.^[90] It is likely that many remains from northern China that have been identified as bison^[91] or domestic cattle actually belong to aurochs and that it survived for longer than assumed. The anonymous author of the Classic of Poetry (11th–7th century BCE) seems aware of the aurochs's existence.^[92]
↑ It was suggested that the Syrian elephant was introduced by humans in Mesopotamia, which would not make it a valid subspecies.^[108]
↑ Survival to c. 1350 CE mentioned by Turvey not confirmed.
↑ A. corsicanus was originally applied to remains from Corsica and A. similis to Sardinia. It was later recognized that A. corsicanus existed in the early Pleistocene of both islands, and A. similis in the late Pleistocene-Holocene, as seen in Moncunill-Sole et al. (2016).
↑ Claimed survival until 1774 CE in Tavolara Island is based on the mention of 'giant burrow-making rats' by Francesco Cetti.
↑ It is unconfirmed if remains of Equus sp. found in Bolshoy Baranov Cape and dated to 701–900 CE belong to this taxon (Boeskorov, 2006).
↑ Historical records mention gibbons being caught near Chang'an until the 10th century, and living in Shaanxi province until the 18th century.^[122]
↑ Indirectly dated (Mead et al., 2002).
↑ Some experts don't recognize the existence of separate subspecies in Loxodonta africana.^[145]
↑ Survival until Polynesian arrival c. 1350 not confirmed (Turvey, 2009).
↑ A commonly cited 1658 account by Étienne de Flacourt could as well be of Mullerornis, or based on second-hand reports of fossil eggs.^[159]
↑ Distinct lineage once found all over the North and South Islands, as evidenced by ancient DNA studies on subfossil remains.^[173] The subantarctic lineage of the New Zealand sea lion later colonised Stewart Island and the southeastern coast of the South Island from the Auckland and Campbell Islands.^[172]
↑ "307±85 yr BP (95.4% AD 1451–1952)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)
↑ In Tierra del Fuego. Last dated in the continent in 1232–1397 (Prevosti et al., 2015).
↑ "370±38yr BP (95.4% AD 1464–1637)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)
↑ In Poland. Unconfirmed remains and sightings might extend survival in Bulgaria and Russia until the 18th century.^[203]^[204]
↑ A 1976 sighting is unconfirmed (Burney et al., 2004).
↑ In Réunion. Last recorded on Mauritius in 1700.^[176]
↑ Extinct in the main island by 1735, but living tortoises of unknown species were found in Île Ronde, Mauritius in 1844 (Cheke & Hume, 2009).
↑ A 1779 painting by Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton could depict this species in captivity (Hume, 2017).
↑ Dubious subspecies, based on a single neurocranium that was destroyed in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.^[243]
↑ Unconfirmed reports in 1816 (IUCN).
↑ A clone of the last individual was successfully produced in 2003, but died several minutes after birth due to a lung defect.^[259]
↑ Unconfirmed sighting in 2005 (Hume).
↑ In captivity. Unconfirmed wild sighting in 2018. https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/02/the-search-for-the-river-goddess/
↑ In captivity. Last wild individual died in 1994 (IUCN).
↑ An unconfirmed sighting and recorded call took place in 2021.^[284]
↑ Possible sightings. Otherwise known from subfossil remains (IUCN).
↑ In captivity. Last individual captured from the wild in 1972 (IUCN).
↑ In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 2010 (IUCN).
↑ In captivity. Last recorded in the wild before 1994 (González et al.).
↑ In captivity.^[305] Call last heard in the wild in 2008 (IUCN).
↑ In captivity. Last captured in the wild in 1997 (Bowler, 2019).

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1 2 Wood, J.R., Scofield, R.P., Hamel, J., Lalas, C., & Wilmshurst, J.M. (2017). Bone stable isotopes indicate a high trophic position for New Zealand's extinct South Island adzebill (Aptornis defossor) (Gruiformes: Aptornithidae). New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 41(2), 240–244.
↑ Sometimes reported to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1280, though there is no direct dating to confirm this (Turvey, 2009); or the 1870s, following dubious reports of observations by Europeans (Hume, 2017).
↑ Unconfirmed record from 1875.
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↑ Unconfirmed live observation in 1860 (Turvey, 2009).
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↑ Kehlmaier, Christian; Graciá, Eva; Ali, Jason R.; Campbell, Patrick D.; Chapman, Sandra D.; Deepak, V.; Ihlow, Flora; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Pierre-Huyet, Laure; Samonds, Karen E.; Vences, Miguel; Fritz, Uwe (13 January 2023). "Ancient DNA elucidates the lost world of western Indian Ocean giant tortoises and reveals a new extinct species from Madagascar". Science Advances. 9 (2) eabq2574. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq2574. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9833658. PMID 36630487.
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↑ Rando, Juan Carlos, et al. "Chronology and causes of the extinction of the Lava Mouse, Malpaisomys insularis (Rodentia: Muridae) from the Canary Islands." Quaternary Research 70.2 (2008): 141–148.
↑ Rando, Juan Carlos, et al. "Chronology and causes of the extinction of the Lava Mouse, Malpaisomys insularis (Rodentia: Muridae) from the Canary Islands." Quaternary Research 70.2 (2008): 141–148.
1 2 Rando, J.C., & Alcover, J.A. (2008) Evidence for a second western Palaearctic seabird extinction during the last Millennium: the Lava Shearwater Puffinus olsoni. Ibis, 150(1), 188–192.
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1 2 Collins, C. J., Rawlence, N. J., Prost, S., Anderson, C. N., Knapp, M., Scofield, R. P., ... & Waters, J. M. (2014). Extinction and recolonization of coastal megafauna following human arrival in New Zealand. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1786), 20140097.
↑ Collins, C. J., Rawlence, N. J., Worthy, T. H., Scofield, R. P., Tennyson, A. J. D., Smith, I., ... & Waters, J. M. (2014). Pre-human New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) rookeries on mainland New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 44(1), 1–16.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rawlence, N. J., and A. Cooper. "Youngest reported radiocarbon age of a moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) dated from a natural site in New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 43.2 (2013): 100–107.
1 2 3 4 Hume, J. P., Göhlich, U. B., & Kroh, A. (2013). A synopsis of the pre-human avifauna of the Mascarene Islands. In Proceedings of the 8th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (pp. 195–237). Wien: Naturhistorisches Museum.
↑ A 1872 report of a pet penguin in the Chathams has been sometimes interpreted as a member of this species, but this is not confirmed (Hume, 2017).
↑ Cole, Theresa L., et al. "Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation." Molecular biology and evolution 36.4 (2019): 784–797.
↑ Miskelly, Colin & Forsdick, Natalie & Gill, Brian & Palma, Ricardo & Rawlence, Nicolas & Tennyson, Alan. (2022). CHECKLIST OF THE BIRDS OF NEW ZEALAND. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361824003_CHECKLIST_OF_THE_BIRDS_OF_NEW_ZEALAND
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↑ A dubious observation of giant eagles in the 1870s has been claimed sometimes to be either this, or Eyles's harrier (Hume, 2017).
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1 2 Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2018). "Plagiodontia ipnaeum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T17462A22187847. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17462A22187847.en.
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1 2 3 Lewis, C. A. (2008). The Late Glacial and Holocene avifauna of the island of St Helena, South Atlantic Ocean. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 63(2), 128–144.
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↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Falco duboisi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22731930A95038951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22731930A95038951.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
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↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2017). "Telmatobius mendelsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T45536685A45536687. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T45536685A45536687.en.
↑ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III; Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; David, E.B.; Bactong, M.A. Jr.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes lindog". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18903A192626347. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18903A192626347.en.
↑ Makenov, M. (2018). Extinct or extant? A review of dhole (Cuon alpinus Pallas, 1811) distribution in the former USSR and modern Russia. Mammal Research, 63(1), 1–9.
↑ Freyhof, J. (2014). "Pseudophoxinus syriacus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014 e.T61281A19009764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T61281A19009764.en.
↑ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Melomys rubicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T13132A97448475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13132A97448475.en.
↑ Purtill, James (20 February 2019). "An Australian rodent has become the first climate change mammal extinction". Triple J Hack. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
↑ Lumsden, L.F.; Racey, P.A.; Hutson, A.M. (2017). "Pipistrellus murrayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T136769A518894. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136769A518894.en.
↑ Gersmann, Hanna (25 October 2011). "Javan rhino driven to extinction in Vietnam, conservationists say". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019). "Phrynobatrachus njiomock". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T76317553A76317920. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T76317553A76317920.en.
↑ Cayot, L.J.; Gibbs, J.P.; Tapia, W.; Caccone, A. (2022) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Chelonoidis abingdonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T9017A217759270. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T9017A217759270.en.
↑ "Galápagos experts find a tortoise related to Lonesome George". The Guardian. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
↑ Valdes Gonzales, A. (2019). "Cyprinodon latifasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T6155A3105057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6155A3105057.en.
↑ Cogger, H; Woinarski, J (2017). "Emoia nativitatis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T178595A101749951.en.
↑ González, A.V.; L.M. Estévez; Ma.E.A. Villeda; G. Ceballos (2018). "The extinction of the Catarina pupfish Megupsilon aporus and the implications for the conservation of freshwater fish in Mexico". Oryx. 54 (2): 1–7. doi:10.1017/S003060531800056X.
↑ Fowler, K. (2024). "Mollinedia myriantha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T232868252A232868301. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T232868252A232868301.en.
↑ "Captain Cook's bean snail Partula faba".
↑ Coote, T. (2009). "Partula faba". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009 e.T16288A5597344. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T16288A5597344.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
↑ https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/rabbs-tree-frog-extinct/
↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019). "Ecnomiohyla rabborum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T85341796A54357363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T85341796A54357363.en.
↑ "Lonely George – A Hawaiian Tree Snail – Has Died, Taking His Species with Him". 9 January 2019.

[21] Remains and historical references to an unidentified squirrel in Ukraine may extend survival up to the 20th century.^[20]

[26] Ancient DNA studies indicate that the giant Cape zebra is not a separate species, but a distinct lineage of the plains zebra (E. quagga).^[24]

[33] Attributed to Struthio asiaticus in this source, but this name should be limited to remains from Pleistocene India.^[30]

[39] Date obtained from carbonaceous clay near Palaeoloxodon remains rather than bone.^[35]

[47] A datation to 4170–4050 BC is uncalibrated and the remains could be older.^[42]

[64] A datation to 3023–2809 BCE is considered dubious.^[58]

[68] Possible synonym of Equus africanus atlanticus.^[61]

[75] In Yukon.^[63] Remains of either B. priscus or B. bonasus were dated in the Angara River basin to 2550–2440 BC,^[64] and a small bison persisted in the Baikal region until the 7th to 10th century AD (considered B. priscus by Boeskorov^[65] and B. bonasus by Sipko^[66]). A date of 1130–1060 BC near the Oyat river is not calibrated and the remains could be older.^[67]

[85] This dating is regarded as "tentative". Claims of even later survival to 1470–1445 BCE are based on interpretations of a painting from the Egyptian Tomb of Rekhmire apparently depicting an adult dwarf elephant.^[76]

[91] Domestic descendants survive in captivity and as feral populations.^[81]

[92] Survival to 1350 CE reported by Turvey is not confirmed.

[104] Traditionally considered the same as B. p. primigenius on morphological grounds, but revealed to be genetically distinct. Domestic hybrid descendants survive in China, particularly in Tibet, Chamdo, and Yushu.^[90] It is likely that many remains from northern China that have been identified as bison^[91] or domestic cattle actually belong to aurochs and that it survived for longer than assumed. The anonymous author of the Classic of Poetry (11th–7th century BCE) seems aware of the aurochs's existence.^[92]

[121] It was suggested that the Syrian elephant was introduced by humans in Mesopotamia, which would not make it a valid subspecies.^[108]

[126] Survival to c. 1350 CE mentioned by Turvey not confirmed.

[133] A. corsicanus was originally applied to remains from Corsica and A. similis to Sardinia. It was later recognized that A. corsicanus existed in the early Pleistocene of both islands, and A. similis in the late Pleistocene-Holocene, as seen in Moncunill-Sole et al. (2016).

[136] Claimed survival until 1774 CE in Tavolara Island is based on the mention of 'giant burrow-making rats' by Francesco Cetti.

[137] It is unconfirmed if remains of Equus sp. found in Bolshoy Baranov Cape and dated to 701–900 CE belong to this taxon (Boeskorov, 2006).

[140] Historical records mention gibbons being caught near Chang'an until the 10th century, and living in Shaanxi province until the 18th century.^[122]

[156] Indirectly dated (Mead et al., 2002).

[165] Some experts don't recognize the existence of separate subspecies in Loxodonta africana.^[145]

[167] Survival until Polynesian arrival c. 1350 not confirmed (Turvey, 2009).

[181] A commonly cited 1658 account by Étienne de Flacourt could as well be of Mullerornis, or based on second-hand reports of fossil eggs.^[159]

[196] Distinct lineage once found all over the North and South Islands, as evidenced by ancient DNA studies on subfossil remains.^[173] The subantarctic lineage of the New Zealand sea lion later colonised Stewart Island and the southeastern coast of the South Island from the Auckland and Campbell Islands.^[172]

[211] "307±85 yr BP (95.4% AD 1451–1952)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)

[212] In Tierra del Fuego. Last dated in the continent in 1232–1397 (Prevosti et al., 2015).

[215] "370±38yr BP (95.4% AD 1464–1637)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)

[231] In Poland. Unconfirmed remains and sightings might extend survival in Bulgaria and Russia until the 18th century.^[203]^[204]

[240] A 1976 sighting is unconfirmed (Burney et al., 2004).

[255] In Réunion. Last recorded on Mauritius in 1700.^[176]

[264] Extinct in the main island by 1735, but living tortoises of unknown species were found in Île Ronde, Mauritius in 1844 (Cheke & Hume, 2009).

[269] A 1779 painting by Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton could depict this species in captivity (Hume, 2017).

[275] Dubious subspecies, based on a single neurocranium that was destroyed in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.^[243]

[278] Unconfirmed reports in 1816 (IUCN).

[293] A clone of the last individual was successfully produced in 2003, but died several minutes after birth due to a lung defect.^[259]

[300] Unconfirmed sighting in 2005 (Hume).

[305] In captivity. Unconfirmed wild sighting in 2018. https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/02/the-search-for-the-river-goddess/

[310] In captivity. Last wild individual died in 1994 (IUCN).

[322] An unconfirmed sighting and recorded call took place in 2021.^[284]

[325] Possible sightings. Otherwise known from subfossil remains (IUCN).

[336] In captivity. Last individual captured from the wild in 1972 (IUCN).

[340] In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 2010 (IUCN).

[342] In captivity. Last recorded in the wild before 1994 (González et al.).

[348] In captivity.^[305] Call last heard in the wild in 2008 (IUCN).

[350] In captivity. Last captured in the wild in 1997 (Bowler, 2019).

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[pcytherea-318] Coote, T. (2009). "Partula cytherea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009 e.T16337A5603771. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T16337A5603771.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

[iucnEmslie-319] Emslie, R. (2020). "Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39319A45814470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en.

[sirang-320] Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; David, E.B.; Bactong Jr.; M.A.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes sirang". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18898A192625918. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18898A192625918.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[321] Ridout, Amy (12 January 2022). "Bird call raises hopes of finding the elusive kōkako". Stuff.

[323] BirdLife International (2019). "Callaeas cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T103730380A156237250. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T103730380A156237250.en.

[324] Kirwan, Guy (25 March 2022). "Cryptic Treehunter". Birds of the World.

[auaritae-326] Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Iñigo Martínez-Solano (2009). "Gallotia auaritae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009 e.T61501A12492629. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61501A12492629.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.

[327] IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2017). "Telmatobius mendelsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T45536685A45536687. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T45536685A45536687.en.

[328] Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III; Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; David, E.B.; Bactong, M.A. Jr.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes lindog". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18903A192626347. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18903A192626347.en.

[Makenov-329] Makenov, M. (2018). Extinct or extant? A review of dhole (Cuon alpinus Pallas, 1811) distribution in the former USSR and modern Russia. Mammal Research, 63(1), 1–9.

[330] Freyhof, J. (2014). "Pseudophoxinus syriacus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014 e.T61281A19009764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T61281A19009764.en.

[IUCNWoinarski-331] Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Melomys rubicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T13132A97448475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13132A97448475.en.

[ABC-332] Purtill, James (20 February 2019). "An Australian rodent has become the first climate change mammal extinction". Triple J Hack. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 February 2019.

[IUCNLumsden-333] Lumsden, L.F.; Racey, P.A.; Hutson, A.M. (2017). "Pipistrellus murrayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017 e.T136769A518894. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136769A518894.en.

[Gersmann-334] Gersmann, Hanna (25 October 2011). "Javan rhino driven to extinction in Vietnam, conservationists say". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2011.

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[IUCNCayot-337] Cayot, L.J.; Gibbs, J.P.; Tapia, W.; Caccone, A. (2022) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Chelonoidis abingdonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T9017A217759270. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T9017A217759270.en.

[338] "Galápagos experts find a tortoise related to Lonesome George". The Guardian. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.

[parras_iucn-339] Valdes Gonzales, A. (2019). "Cyprinodon latifasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T6155A3105057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6155A3105057.en.

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[344] Fowler, K. (2024). "Mollinedia myriantha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T232868252A232868301. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T232868252A232868301.en.

[345] "Captain Cook's bean snail Partula faba".

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