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List of people known as the Great

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(Redirected from The great)

Cyrus II of Persia, first to use the title of "Great"

This is a list of people known as the Great, or the equivalent, in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes, such as Persian e Bozorg and Hindustani e Azam.

In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to have been a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King" (King of Kings, Shahanshah). It was first used by Cyrus II of Persia.[1] The title was inherited by Alexander III when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference to this is in a comedy by Plautus,[2] in which it is assumed that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no evidence that he was called "the Great" before this. The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus III. Once the term gained currency, it was broadened to include persons in other fields, such as the philosopher Albertus.

Later rulers and commanders were given the epithet during their lifetime, for example, the Roman general Pompey. Others received the title posthumously, such as the Indian emperor Ashoka. As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of the designation varies greatly. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "the Great" in his lifetime, but is rarely called such nowadays, later writers preferring his more specific epithet "the Sun King". German Emperor Wilhelm I was often called "the Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely before or after.

Monarchs

Name Description Dates Ref.
Abdullah Khan II Khan of Shaybanids 1533 – 1598 [3]
Abbas I Shah of Iran 1587 – 1629 [4]
Abgar VIII King of Osroene 177 – 212 [citation needed]
Akbar Emperor of Mughal 1556 – 1605 [5]
Alan I Duke of Brittany 876 – 907 [citation needed]
Alexander I King of Georgia 1412 – 1442 [citation needed]
Alexander III King of Macedon 336 BC – 323 BC [citation needed]
Alfonso III King of León, Galicia and Asturias 866 – 910 [citation needed]
Alfred King of Wessex 871 – 899 [citation needed]
Amenhotep III Pharaoh of Egypt 1391 BC – 1353 BC or 1388 BC – 1351 BC [citation needed]
Ali King of Songhai 1464 – 1492 [6]
Antiochus III King of the Seleucid Empire 223 BC – 187 BC [citation needed]
Ashoka Emperor of Maurya 268 BC – 232 BC [7][8][9]
Ashot I King of Armenia 885 – 890 [citation needed]
Ashot I King of Iberia 813 – 826 or 830 [citation needed]
Aslanbech II Grand Prince of Kabardia 1737–1746 [10]
Bagrat V King of Georgia 1360 – 1393 [citation needed]
Berengaria Queen of Castile and Toledo 1197 – 1246 [citation needed]
Bhillama I King of Seuna 910 – 930 [11]
Bolesław I King of Poland 992 – 1025 [12]
Borommaracha IV King of Thonburi 1767 – 1782 [13]
Casimir III King of Poland 1333 – 1370 [citation needed]
Catherine II Empress of Russia 1762 – 1796 [citation needed]
Charles I King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans 768 – 814 [citation needed]
Chʼeen II King of Kaan 636 – 686 [14]
Cnut King of England, Denmark and Norway 1016 – 1035 [citation needed]
Constantine I Emperor of Rome 306 – 337 [citation needed]
Cyrus II Shahanshah of the Achaemenid Empire 559 BC – 530 BC [citation needed]
Darius I Shahanshah of the Achaemenid Empire 522 BC – 486 BC [citation needed]
Eucratides I King of Bactria and Yavana 171 BC – 145 BC [15]
Ewuare I King of Benin 1440 – 1473 [citation needed]
Farrukhan Chief of Tabaristan 712 – 728 [16]
Ferdinand I King of León and Count of Castile 1037 – 1065 [citation needed]
Frederick II King of Prussia 1740 – 1786 [citation needed]
Gustav II King of Sweden 1611 – 1632 [citation needed]
Gwanggaeto King of Goguryeo 391 – 412 [17]
Gwrgan King of Ergyng 619 – 645 [citation needed]
Henry IV King of France and Navarre 1589 – 1610 [citation needed]
Herod I King of Judea 37 BC – 4 BC or 36 BC – 1 BC [citation needed]
Hugh Co-king of France 1017 – 1025 [citation needed]
Hugh III King of Cyprus and Jerusalem 1267 – 1284 [citation needed]
Inal Supreme Prince of Circassia 1427 – 1453 [citation needed]
Ivan III Grand Prince of Moscow and All-Russia 1462 – 1505 [citation needed]
Iyasu I Emperor of Ethiopia 1682 – 1706 [citation needed]
John II King of Aragon and Navarre 1458 – 1479 [citation needed]
Justinian I Emperor of Eastern Rome 527 – 565 [citation needed]
Kamehameha I King of Hawaii 1782 – 1819 [citation needed]
Kanishka I Emperor of Kushan 127 – 150 [18]
Krešimir II King of Croatia 949 – 969 [19]
Kvirike III King of Kakheti-Hereti 1010 – 1037 [citation needed]
Leo I Emperor of Eastern Rome 457 – 474 [20]
Llywelyn King of Gwynedd 1195 – 1240 [citation needed]
Louis I King of Hungary, Croatia, and Poland 1342 – 1382 [citation needed]
Louis XIV King of France and Navarre 1643 – 1715 [citation needed]
Misost II Grand Prince of Kabardia 1785 – 1788 [21]
Mardavij King of the Ziyarids 930 – 935 [citation needed]
Marianus IV Judge of Arborea 1347 – 1376 [22]
Miloš I Prince of Serbia 1817 – 1839, 1858 – 1860 [citation needed]
Mithridates I King of the Parthian Empire 165 BC – 132 BC [23]
Mithridates II King of the Parthian Empire 124 BC – 91 BC [citation needed]
Mithridates VI Eupator King of Pontus 120 BC – 63 BC [citation needed]
Mstislav I Grand Prince of Kiev 1088 – 1132 [citation needed]
Mubarak Sheikh of Kuwait 1896 – 1915 [citation needed]
Muhammad I King of Songhai 1493 – 1528 [24]
Nebuchadnezzar II King of Babylon 605 BC – 562 BC [25]
Otto I Emperor of the Romans 962 – 973 [citation needed]
Pakal I King of Palenque 615 – 683 [citation needed]
Parakramabahu I King of Polonnaruwa 1153 – 1186 [26]
Peter I Emperor of Russia 1682 – 1725 [citation needed]
Peter III King of Aragon and Sicily 1276 – 1285 [citation needed]
Pharasmanes I King of Iberia 1 – 58 [citation needed]
Radama I King of Madagascar 1810 – 1828 [citation needed]
Radu IV Prince of Wallachia 1495 – 1508 [citation needed]
Rajendra I Emperor of Chola 1014 – 1044 [citation needed]
Rama I King of Siam 1782 – 1809 [27]
Rama IV King of Siam 1851 – 1868 [citation needed]
Rama IX King of Thailand 1946 – 2016 [citation needed]
Rama V King of Siam 1868 – 1910 [citation needed]
Ramathibodi III King of Ayutthaya 1656 – 1688 [citation needed]
Ramesses II Pharaoh of Egypt 1279 BC – 1213 BC [28]
Ramkhamhaeng King of Sukhothai 1279 – 1298 [citation needed]
Reza Shah of Iran 1925 – 1941 [citation needed]
Rhodri King of Gwynedd 844 – 878 [citation needed]
Roman Grand Prince of Kiev 1168 – 1205 [29]
Sancho III King of Navarre 1004 – 1035 [citation needed]
Sanphet II King of Ayutthaya 1590 – 1605 [citation needed]
Sargon King of Akkad 2334 BC – 2279 BC [30]
Sejong King of Joseon 1418 – 1450 [31]
Shahi Sultan of Kashmir 1418 – 1419, 1420 – 1470 [32]
Shapur II Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire 309 – 379 [citation needed]
Simeon I Emperor of Bulgaria 893 – 927 [33]
Simon I King of Kartli 1556 – 1569, 1578 – 1600 [citation needed]
Solomon I King of Imereti 1752 – 1765, 1767 – 1784 [citation needed]
Stefan Uroš I King of Serbia 1243 – 1276 [citation needed]
Stephen III Prince of Moldavia 1457 – 1504 [citation needed]
Svatopluk I King of Moravia 867 – 894 [34]
Tamar Queen of Georgia 1184 – 1213 [35]
Theodoric King of the Ostrogoths, Regent of the Visigoths and Viceroy of Byzantine 471 – 526 [citation needed]
Theodosius I Emperor of Rome 379 – 395 [36]
Thoros II Lord of Cilicia 1144 or 1145 – 1169 [37]
Thutmose III Pharaoh of Egypt 1479 BC – 1425 BC [38]
Tigranes II Emperor of Armenia 95 BC – 55 BC [39]
Tiridates III King of Armenia 298 – 330 [40]
Valdemar I King of Denmark 1154 – 1182 [41]
Valentinian I Emperor of Rome 364 – 375 [42]
Vigraharaja IV King of Chauhan 1150 – 1164 [43]
Vladimir I Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev 970 – 1015 [44]
Vytautas Grand Duke of Lithuania 1392 – 1430 [45]
Wilhelm I Emperor of Germany 1871 – 1888 [citation needed]
Xerxes I Shahanshah of the Achaemenid Empire 486 BC – 465 BC [46]
Zayed Sheikh of Abu Dhabi 1855 – 1909 [47]
Qizbech Prince of Besleney c. 1780s–1790s [48][49]

Aristocrats

Name Description Dates Ref.
Alain I Lord of Albret 1440 – 1522 [citation needed]
Amadeus V Count of Savoy 1249 – 1323 [citation needed]
Arnulf I Count of Flanders 893 – 964 [50]
Atenulf I Prince of Capua ? – c. 910 [citation needed]
Barnim III Duke of Stettin Pomerania 1344 – 1368 [51]
Bogislaw X Duke of Pomerania 1454 – 1523 [citation needed]
Bogusław V Duke of Wolgast and Słupsk 1326 – 1374 [52]
Bruno Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia 925 – 965 [53]
Charles Emmanuel I Duke of Savoy 1562 – 1630 [citation needed]
Charles III Duke of Lotharingia 1543 – 1608 [citation needed]
Conrad I Margrave of Meissen 1097 – 1157 [54]
David III Prince of Tao 966 – 1001 [citation needed]
Frederick II Duke of Legnica, Brzeg, Wołów, Głogów, and Ziębice 1488 – 1547 [citation needed]
Frederick William Duke of Prussia 1620 – 1688 [citation needed]
Gerhard III Count of Holstein-Rendsburg 1292 – 1340 [citation needed]
Gero I Ruler of Gero 900 – 965 [55]
Godfrey I Count of Brussels and Leuven, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Langrave of Brabant 1060 – 1139 [citation needed]
Gothelo I Duke of Lotharingia, Count of Verdun, and Margrave of Antwerp 967 – 1044 [citation needed]
Gurgen II Prince of Tao 918 – 941 [citation needed]
Hanno I Carthaginian politician and military leader 4th century BC [citation needed]
Hanno II Carthaginian aristocrat, general, and politician 3rd century BC [56]
Hanno III Carthaginian politician 2nd century BC [57][58]
Henry I Duke of Burgundy 946 – 1002 [citation needed]
Henry V Count of Luxembourg 1216 – 1281 [citation needed]
Hugh Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks 898 – 956 [59]
Hugh Count of Vermandois 1057 – 1101 [citation needed]
Hugh Margrave of Tuscany 953 or 954 – 1001 [citation needed]
Humphrey I Baron of Trowbridge ? – 1123 [citation needed]
Intef Nomarch of Thebes ? – c. 2135 BC [60]
Matthew II Lord of Montmorency 1189 – 1230 [citation needed]
Maximilian I Duke of Bavaria 1573 – 1651 [citation needed]
Milo I Lord of Montlhéry 1095 – 1102 [citation needed]
Odo Duke of Aquitaine ? – 735 [61]
Ralph IV Count of Valois, Bar-sur-Aube, Vexin, Vitry, Amiens, Montdidier and Tardenois 1025 – 1074 [62]
Ramon Berenguer III Count of Barcelona, Provence, and various other counties 1082 – 1131 [citation needed]
Robert I Count of Dreux 1123 – 1188 [citation needed]
Roger Earl of Shrewsbury and Arundel ? – 1094 [citation needed]
Roger Bernard II Count of Foix 1223 – 1241 [citation needed]
Roger II Count of Sicily c. 1030 – 1101 [citation needed]
Świętopełk II Duke of Pomerania ? – 1266 [63]
Theobald II Count of Champagne and Brie 1090 – 1151 [citation needed]
William I Count of Burgundy and Mâcon 1020 – 1087 [citation needed]
William V Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Poitou 969 – 1030 [64]

Military

Name Description Dates Ref.
Afonso Portuguese general, statesman and empire builder 1453 – 1515 [65]
Melias Byzantine general of Armenian origin 890 – 934 [66]
Pompey Military and political leader of Rome 106 BC – 48 BC [67]
Prokop Hussite general in Bohemia 1380 – 1434 [68]

Religious figures

Christian

Name Description Dates Ref.
Abraham Monk and saint of the Church of the East 492 – 586 [citation needed]
Albertus Medieval German philosopher and theologian 1193 or 1206 – 1280 [69]
Anthony Early Christian saint of Egypt 251 – 356 [70]
Arsenius Roman anchorite saint in Egypt 354 – 445 [citation needed]
Athanasius Early Christian saint and bishop of Alexandria 296 – 373 [71]
Babai Assyrian church leader 551 – 628 [citation needed]
Basil Greek bishop and theologian 330 – 379 [72]
Bertin Frankish Abbot of a namesake monastery 615 – 709 [citation needed]
Dioscorus I Coptic Orthodox Church pope ? – 454 [citation needed]
Euthymius Abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint 377 – 473 [citation needed]
Gertrude German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint 1256 – 1302 [73]
Gregory I Catholic pope 540 – 604 [74]
Hilarion Ancient Roman anchorite and Orthodox and Catholic saint 291 – 371 [citation needed]
Hugh Abbot of Cluny 1024 – 1109 [citation needed]
Isaac Armenian Catholicos 354 – 439 [citation needed]
James[Note 1] One of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus 3 – 44 [75]
Joannicius Byzantine hermit, theologian and saint 752 – 846 [76]
Leo I Catholic pope 391 or 400 – 461 [77]
Macarius Egyptian hermit 300 – 391 [78]
Michael Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church 1126 – 1199 [79]
Nerses I Armenian Catholicos ? – 373 [citation needed]
Nicholas I Catholic pope 800 – 867 [80]
Photios I Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople 810 – 893 [81]
Shenoute Oriental Orthodox saint and abbot of the White Monastery 348 – 465 [citation needed]
Sisoes An early desert father, a solitary monk pursuing asceticism in the Egyptian desert in a cave of Anthony the Great ? – 429 [citation needed]
William Founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites ? – 1157 [citation needed]

Jewish

Name Description Dates Ref.
Aharon I Hasidic rabbi 1736 – 1772 [82]
Eliezer Rabbi in Judea 1st century [83][84]
Hiyya Rabbi in Judea 180 – 230 [85]

Legendary and mythological figures

Name Description Ref.
Ajax Greek hero in the Iliad [86]
Beli In medieval Welsh mythology and literature [87]
Belinus Legendary king of the Britons [citation needed]
Fergus Semi-mythical king of Dál Riata [citation needed]
Gradlon Semi-mythical king of Cornouaille [citation needed]
Hayk Legendary founder and patriarch of the Armenian nation [88]
Phrom Legendary king of Yonok [89]
Yu Legendary king of Xia [90][91]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In this case James is styled "the Greater" to distinguish him from the Apostle James the Lesser, with greater meaning older or taller, rather than more important.

References

  1. ↑ In a clay cylinder (online). The first Persian ruler to use the title in an Iranian context was Darius I of Persia (Darius the Great), in the Behistun Inscription (online).
  2. ↑ Plautus, Mostellaria 775.
  3. ↑ Burton, Audrey (1997). The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic, and Commercial History, 1550-1702. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0700704170.
  4. ↑ Savory, R. M. (3 May 2018). "ʿABBĀS I". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. pp. 71–75. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  5. ↑ "Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar (Akbar the Great)". British Museum.
  6. ↑ Walker, Robin; Millar, Siaf (1999), The West African Empire of Songhai in 10 Easy Lessons By Robin Walker, Siaf Millar, Concept Learning, ISBN 9781903181003, retrieved 5 June 2021
  7. ↑ Monika Khanna (2011). Ashoka, the Great: The Great Reformist Emperor of India. Farsight Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-89297-75-6.
  8. ↑ Savory, Roger M. "ʿAbbās I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  9. ↑ "Most Powerful Kings in the World". Banglorejobs.
  10. ↑ "Вестник Кабардино-Балкарского института гуманитарных исследований" (PDF). Вестник КБИГИ (in Russian) (3 (34)). Нальчик: ИГИ КБНЦ РАН: 52. 2017. ISSN 2306-5826.
  11. ↑ H. V. Trivedi. The Yadavas And Their Times. pp. 25–26.
  12. ↑ Patrick J. Geary (2010). Readings in Medieval History. University of Toronto Press. pp. 642–. ISBN 978-1-4426-0120-8.
  13. ↑ Gerald W. Fry; Gayla S. Nieminen; Harold E. Smith (8 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of Thailand. Scarecrow Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-0-8108-7525-8.
  14. ↑ Robert J. Sharer; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya. Stanford University Press. pp. 381–. ISBN 978-0-8047-4817-9.
  15. ↑ Asiatic Society of Bengal (1840). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Soc. p. 533.
  16. ↑ Bernard Lewis; Charles Pellat (1982). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. p. 298. ISBN 9789004067127.
  17. ↑ Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (15 January 2015). FACTS ABOUT KOREA: South korea, Past and Present. 길잡이미디어. pp. 191–. ISBN 978-89-7375-584-4.
  18. ↑ Bracey, Robert (2017). "The Date of Kanishka since 1960 (Indian Historical Review, 2017, 44(1), 1–41)". Indian Historical Review. 44: 1–41.
  19. ↑ Matijević-Sokol, Mirjana; Sokol, Vladimir (2010). "Quedam Helena regina..." Vjesnik (in Croatian). Zagreb: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb: 421.
  20. ↑ Bury, J. B. (1958) [1889]. "Chapter X: the reign of Leo I". History of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. 1. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 323, note 1. ISBN 978-0-486-14338-5. After the coronation of the child the two Leos would be distinguished as Λέων ὁ Μέγας and Λέων ὁ Μικρός, and this I believe, must be the origin of the designation of Leo as "the Great"; just as reversely Theodosius II. was called "the Small," because in his infancy he had been known as ὁ μικρός βασιλεύς to distinguish him from Arcadius. Leo never did anything which could conceivably earn him the title of Great in the sense in which it was bestowed by posterity on Alexander or Constantine. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  21. ↑ Сокъур, Валерэ (1995). "Мазибл Зауэ, Джаур зауэжьым и тхыдэм щыщ". Ӏуащхьэмахуэ (in Kabardian). 6.
  22. ↑ Nowé, 174.
  23. ↑ Daryaee, Touraj (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-19-987575-7.
  24. ↑ Flora Shaw (23 December 2010). A Tropical Dependency: An Outline of the Ancient History of the Western Soudan with an Account of the Modern Settlement of Northern Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-108-02492-1.
  25. ↑ Sack, Ronald H. (2004). Images of Nebuchadnezzar: The Emergence of a Legend (2nd Revised and Expanded ed.). Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 1-57591-079-9., p. 41
  26. ↑ Datta, Nonica (2003). Indian History: Ancient and medieval. Vol. 1. Mumbai: Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan. p. 220. ISBN 8179910679.
  27. ↑ Sulak Sivaraksa (1985). Siamese Resurgence: A Thai Buddhist Voice on Asia and a World of Change. Asian Cultural Forum on Development. p. 175.
  28. ↑ "Ramses". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Wiley Publishing. 2004. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  29. ↑ Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. [page needed]
  30. ↑ "Sargon inscriptions". cdli.ucla.edu.
  31. ↑ Christoph Bluth; Gareth Schott (2007). Korea. Polity. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7456-3356-5.
  32. ↑ Hasan, Mohibbul (1 December 2023). Kashmir Under the Sultans. London: Routledge. p. 71. doi:10.4324/9781032666709. ISBN 978-1-032-66670-9.
  33. ↑ R. J. Crampton (24 November 2005). A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-139-44823-9.
  34. ↑ Havlík, Lubomír E. (2013). Kronika o Velké Moravě [Chronicle of Great Moravia]. Jota. p. 362. ISBN 978-80-85617-04-7.
  35. ↑ Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts. Leuven: Peeters. p. 338. ISBN 90-429-1318-5.
  36. ↑ Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge University Press. p. 506. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2.
  37. ↑ Ghazarian, Jacob G. The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393).
  38. ↑ "Ancient Egypt's Greatest Warrior: TuthmosIs The 3rd – Egypt's Napoleon (Full History Documentary)". dokus4free. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  39. ↑ Manaseryan, Ruben (2007). Տիգրան Մեծ՝ Հայկական Պայքարը Հռոմի և Պարթևաստանի Դեմ, մ.թ.ա. 94–64 թթ. [Tigran the Great: The Armenian Struggle Against Rome and Parthia, 94–64 B.C.] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Lusakan Publishing. p. needed.
  40. ↑ Beate Dignas; Engelbert Winter (13 September 2007). Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–. ISBN 978-0-521-84925-8.
  41. ↑ Lester B. Orfield (1953). The Growth of Scandinavian Law. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-58477-180-7. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  42. ↑ Thomas Banchich; Eugene Lane (26 January 2009). The History of Zonaras: From Alexander Severus to the Death of Theodosius the Great. Routledge. pp. 261–. ISBN 978-1-134-42473-3.
  43. ↑ Dasharatha Sharma (1959). Early Chauhān Dynasties. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. p. 65. ISBN 9780842606189. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  44. ↑ Mike Dixon-Kennedy (1998). Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic Myth and Legend. ABC-CLIO. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-57607-063-5.
  45. ↑ Giedrė Mickūnaitė (2006). Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania. Central European University Press. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-963-7326-58-5.
  46. ↑ Jacob Abbott (1850). History of Xerxes the Great. Harper & Brothers, publishers.
  47. ↑ Āl Maktūm, Muḥammad ibn Rāshid (2012). Spirit of the union: lecture on the occasion of the United Arab Emirates' fortieth national day. Dubai (United Arab Emirates): Motivate Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 9781860633300.
  48. ↑ Kunduh, Musa (1978). General Musa Kundukhov'un Anıları (in Turkish). İstanbul: Kafkas Kültür Derneği. pp. 25–28.
  49. ↑ Трахо, Р. (1956). Черкесы [Circassians] (PDF) (in Russian). Мюнхен: Richard Stadelmeier. pp. 34–35.
  50. ↑ "Arnulf I, Count of Flanders". British Museum.
  51. ↑ "Barnim III Wielki". PWN.pl. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  52. ↑ "Książę wołogoski i słupski Bogusław V Wielki (1317–1374)". Zamek Książąt Pomorskich w Szczecinie.
  53. ↑ Brian D. Starr (2006). Tree of Saints. Brian Daniel Starr. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-1-4196-3302-7.
  54. ↑ "Konrad Markgraf von Meißen und der Niederlausitz". ADB. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  55. ↑ Thompson, 486. Also see Lexikon des Mittelalters. Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ↑ Hazel, John (2001). "Hanno (late 3rd Century BC)". Who's Who in The Roman World (1 ed.). London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0415224101.
  57. ↑ Picard, Life and Death of Carthage (1968), at 264, 286.
  58. ↑ Cf., Warmington, Carthage (1960, 1964), at 119.
  59. ↑ Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe, Trans. Michael Idomir Allen (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1993), pp.250–1
  60. ↑ "Stela of the Gatekeeper Maati". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  61. ↑ Melville M. Bigelow, "The Bohun Wills," American Historical Review, 1:3 (1896), 415.
  62. ↑ Bautier, Robert-Henri (1985). "Anne de Kiev, reine de France, et la politque royale au XIe siècle: Étude critique de la documentation". Revue des études slaves. 57 (4): 539–64. doi:10.3406/slave.1985.5520.
  63. ↑ Januszajtis, Andrzej. "Sławni Gdańszczanie: Świętopełk II Wielki". Nasz Gdańsk.
  64. ↑ Bachrach, Bernard S. (1993). Fulk Nerra, the Neo-Roman Consul, 987–1040. University of California Press.
  65. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (1 May 2008). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-59339-492-9.
  66. ↑ The name comes from Arabic malīh meaning "beautiful", "fine". Melias is probably the Malikh al-Armani of Arab chroniclers. Whittow, Mark (1996). The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley: University of California. p. 315. ISBN 0520204964.
  67. ↑ JmLeach, John. Pompey the Great'). p. 29.
  68. ↑ Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Procopius, Andrew" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  69. ↑ Weisheipl, James A. (1980), "The Life and Works of St. Albert the Great", in Weisheipl, James A. (ed.), Albertus Magnus and the Sciences: Commemorative Essays, Studies and texts, vol. 49, Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, p. 46, ISBN 978-0-88844-049-5
  70. ↑ Endsjø, Dag Øistein (2008). Primordial landscapes, Incorruptible Bodies. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4331-0181-6.
  71. ↑ Clifford, Cornelius. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Athanasius". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  72. ↑ Bowersock et al. (1999), p.336
  73. ↑ "Bossert, Sr. Evangela. "St. Gertrude of Helfta", Monastery of St. Gertrude, Cottonwood, Idaho". Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  74. ↑ Huddleston, Gilbert (1909). "Pope St. Gregory I ("the Great")" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Gregory had come to be known as 'the Great' by the late ninth century, a title which is still applied to him. See John Moorhead, Gregory the Great, (Routledge, 2005), p1
  75. ↑ "Catholic Encyclopedia: St. James the Greater".
  76. ↑ Treadgold, Warren (January 2002). "Photius Before His Patriarchate". Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 53: 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0022046901008727. S2CID 162542349 – via Cambridge.
  77. ↑ Davis, SJ, Leo Donald (1990). The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Theology and Life Series 21). Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press. pp. 342. ISBN 978-0-8146-5616-7.
  78. ↑ "Μνήμη τοῦ ὁσίου πατρός ἠμῶν Μακαρίου τοῦ Αἰγυπτίου τοῦ ἀναχωρητοῦ" [Our father Makarios of Egypt the Anchorite, of blessed memory]. Apostoliki Diakonia: Eorlogio (in Greek). Apostoliki Diakonia (Apostolic Auxiliary) of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  79. ↑ Wright, A short history of Syriac literature, p.250, n.4, referencing Bar Hebraeus, Chron. Eccles., vol. 1, 537.
  80. ↑ Will Durant. The Age of Faith. New York, New York, USA: Simon and Schuster, 1972. Chapter 21: Christianity in Conflict, p. 517-51
  81. ↑ White, Despina Stratoudaki (1981). "The Life of Patriarch Photios". Patriarch Photios of Constantinople, His Life, Scholarly Contributions, and Correspondence, Together with a Translation of Fifty-two of His Letters. Holy Cross Orthodox Press. ISBN 978-0-91658626-3. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  82. ↑  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "AARON BEN JACOB OF KARLIN". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  83. ↑ Pirkei Avot 2:8; Avot of Rabbi Natan 6:3
  84. ↑ Avot of Rabbi Natan 14:5
  85. ↑ "HIYYA BAR ABBA - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  86. ↑ "Ajax or Aias – Municipality of Salamina". www.salamina.gr. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  87. ↑ Delamarre, Xavier. Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Editions Errance, Paris, 2003, pp. 70–72.
  88. ↑ Gōsh, Mkhitʻar (2000). The Lawcode (Datastanagirk') of Mxit'ar Goš. Rodopi. p. 112. ISBN 9789042007901. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  89. ↑ ""ตำนานพระเจ้าพรหม" วีรบุรุษของโยนกล้านนา" ["King Phrom Legend" hero of Singhanavati Lanna Kingdom]. Chiangmainews (in Thai). 8 January 2019. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  90. ↑ Wang Quangen 王泉根, (1993). Huaxia Quming Yishu 華夏取名藝術. (Taipei: Zhishu-fang Chuban Jituan 知書房出版集團), 42.
  91. ↑ Siam_Qi. Records_of_the_Grand_Historian. Translated by William H. Nienhauser as The Grand Scribe's Records: The Basic Annals of Antiquity. Indiana University Press, 1994.
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