Template:Biological kingdom classification
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| Linnaeus 1735[1] |
Haeckel 1866[2] |
Chatton 1925[3] |
Copeland 1938[4] |
Whittaker 1969[5] |
Woese et al. 1990[6] |
Cavalier-Smith 1998,[7] 2015[8] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 kingdoms | 3 kingdoms | 2 empires | 4 kingdoms | 5 kingdoms | 3 domains | 2 empires, 6/7 kingdoms |
| (not treated) | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Bacteria | Bacteria |
| Archaea | Archaea (2015) | |||||
| Eukaryota | Protoctista | Protista | Eucarya | Protozoa* | ||
| Chromista* | ||||||
| Vegetabilia | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | ||
| Fungi | Fungi | |||||
| Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | *Not a clade. |
- ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species.
- ↑ Haeckel, Ernst (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.
- ↑ Chatton, É. (1925). "Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale. 10-VII: 1–84.
- ↑ Copeland, H. (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology. 13 (4): 383–420. doi:10.1086/394568. S2CID 84634277.
- ↑ Whittaker, R. H. (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–60. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
- ↑ Woese, Carl; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms:proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12): 4576–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–66. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012. S2CID 6557779.
- ↑ Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; et al. (2015). "A higher level classification of all living organisms". PLOS ONE. 10 (4) e0119248. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521.