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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhy did Stephen E. Ambrose bring a ladder? He wanted to take history to a higher level.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Steven Ambrose)

Stephen E. Ambrose
Ambrose in August 2001
Born
Stephen Edward Ambrose

(1936-01-10)January 10, 1936
Lovington, Illinois, U.S.
DiedOctober 13, 2002(2002-10-13) (aged 66)
Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, U.S.
EducationUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison (BA, PhD)
Louisiana State University (MA)
Occupations
  • Historian
  • author
Spouses
Judith Dorlester
​
​
(m. 1957; died 1965)​
Moira Buckley
​
(m. 1967)​
Children5, including Hugh Ambrose[1]

Stephen Edward Ambrose (January 10, 1936 – October 13, 2002) was an American historian and author whose work focused particularly on World War II, the American West, and the lives of U.S. presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. He taught history from 1960 until his retirement in 1995 and was a member of the University of New Orleans faculty from 1971, becoming Boyd Professor of History in 1989. He also founded the university's Eisenhower Center and co-founded the National D-Day Museum, later designated the National World War II Museum.

Ambrose's books included The Supreme Commander and a two-volume biography of Eisenhower, a three-volume biography of Nixon, Band of Brothers (1992), D-Day (1994), Undaunted Courage (1996), Citizen Soldiers (1997), Nothing Like It in the World (2000), and The Wild Blue (2001). D-Day became his first bestseller, while Citizen Soldiers and Undaunted Courage also appeared on The New York Times best-seller lists. He received the National Humanities Medal and the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize in 1998, among other awards.

Ambrose's work was also the subject of controversies over plagiarism and historical accuracy. Several of his books were found to contain plagiarized passages,[2] with a Forbes investigation tracing the pattern back to his doctoral dissertation.[3] After his death, presidential library records contradicted his claims of having conducted hundreds of hours of interviews with Eisenhower, showing that the two had met only three times for fewer than five hours in total; this led several historians to conclude that Ambrose had fabricated interviews and exaggerated his access.[4][5][6]

Early life and education

[edit]

Ambrose was born on January 10, 1936,[7] in Lovington, Illinois,[8] to Rosepha Trippe Ambrose and Stephen Hedges Ambrose. His father was a physician who served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. Ambrose was raised in Whitewater, Wisconsin,[9] where he graduated from Whitewater High School. His family also owned a farm in Lovington, Illinois, and vacation property in Marinette County, Wisconsin.[10][11] He attended college at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he was a member of Chi Psi fraternity and played on the University of Wisconsin football team for three years.[12]

Ambrose planned to major in pre-medicine, but changed his major to history after hearing the first lecture in a U.S. history class entitled Representative Americans in his sophomore year. The course was taught by William B. Hesseltine, whom Ambrose credits with fundamentally shaping his writing and igniting his interest in history.[13][independent source needed] While at Wisconsin, Ambrose was a member of the Navy and Army ROTC. He graduated with a B.A. in 1957. Ambrose received a master's degree in history from Louisiana State University in 1958, studying under T. Harry Williams.[13][independent source needed] Ambrose then went on to earn a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison[14] in 1963, under William B. Hesseltine.[13][independent source needed]

Career

[edit]

Academic positions

[edit]

Ambrose was a history professor from 1960 until his retirement in 1995. From 1971 onward, he was a member of the University of New Orleans faculty, where he was named the Boyd Professor of History in 1989, an honor given only to faculty who attain "national or international distinction for outstanding teaching, research, or other creative achievement".[14][15] During the 1969–1970 academic year, he was the Ernest J. King Professor of Maritime History at the Naval War College. While teaching at Kansas State University as the Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor of War and Peace during the 1970–1971 academic year, Ambrose participated in the heckling of Richard Nixon during a speech the president gave on the KSU campus. Given pressure from the KSU administration and having job offers elsewhere, upon finishing out the year Ambrose offered to leave and the offer was accepted.[16][17] His opposition to the Vietnam War[18] stood in contrast to his research on "presidents and the military at a time when such topics were increasingly regarded by his colleagues as old fashioned and conservative."[19] Ambrose also taught at Louisiana State University (assistant professor of history; 1960–1964) and Johns Hopkins University (associate professor of history; 1964–1969). He held visiting posts at Rutgers University, the University of California, Berkeley, and a number of European schools, including University College Dublin, where he taught as the Mary Ball Washington Professor of American History.[13][independent source needed][20]

He founded the Eisenhower Center at the University of New Orleans in 1989, stating, "The mission of the Eisenhower Center is the study of the causes, conduct, and consequences of American national security policy and the use of force as an instrument of policy in the twentieth century."[21] He served as its director until 1994.[22] The center's first efforts, which Ambrose initiated, involved the collection of oral histories from World War II veterans about their experiences, particularly any participation in D-Day. By the time of publication of Ambrose's D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II, in 1994, the center had collected more than 1,200 oral histories.[23] Ambrose donated $150,000 to the Center in 1998 to foster additional efforts to collect oral histories from World War II veterans.[24]

Writings

[edit]

Ambrose's earliest works concerned the American Civil War. He wrote biographies of the generals Emory Upton and Henry Halleck, the first of which was based on his dissertation.[25]

Early in his career, Ambrose was mentored by World War II historian Forrest Pogue.[26][27] In 1964, Ambrose took a position at Johns Hopkins as the Associate Editor of the Eisenhower Papers, a project aimed at organizing, cataloging and publishing Eisenhower's principal papers. From this work and discussions with Eisenhower emerged an article critical of Cornelius Ryan's The Last Battle, which had depicted Eisenhower as politically naîve, when at the end of World War II he allowed Soviet forces to take Berlin, thus shaping the Cold War that followed.[28] Ambrose expanded this into a book, Eisenhower and Berlin, 1945: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe (1967).[4] Ambrose was aided in the book's writing by comments and notes provided by Eisenhower, who read a draft of the book.[4]

In 1964, Ambrose was commissioned to write the official biography of the former president and five-star general Dwight D. Eisenhower.[4] This resulted in a book on Eisenhower's war years, The Supreme Commander (1970), and a two-volume full biography (published in 1983 and 1984), which are considered "the standard" on the subject.[29] Regarding the first volume, Gordon Harrison, writing for The New York Times, proclaimed, "It is Mr. Ambrose's special triumph that he has been able to fight through the memoranda, the directives, plans, reports, and official self-serving pieties of the World War II establishment to uncover the idiosyncratic people at its center."[30] Ambrose's claims of an extraordinarily close relationship with Eisenhower, including "hundreds and hundreds of hours" of interviews, were contradicted after his death by presidential library records showing the pair only met three times for fewer than five hours total. This has led many historians to conclude that Ambrose had fabricated interviews and exaggerated his access.[4][5][6] Ambrose also wrote a three-volume biography of Richard Nixon. Although Ambrose was a strong critic of Nixon, the biography was considered fair and just regarding Nixon's presidency.[31][32]

A visit to a reunion of Easy Company veterans in 1988 prompted Ambrose to collect their stories, turning them into Band of Brothers, E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne: From Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest (1992). D-Day (1994), built upon additional oral histories, presented the battle from the view points of individual soldiers and became his first best seller. A reviewer for the Journal of Military History commended D-Day as the "most comprehensive discussion" of the sea, air, and land operations that coalesced on that day.[33] Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, writing for The New York Times, proclaimed that "Reading this history, you can understand why for so many of its participants, despite all the death surrounding them, life revealed itself in that moment at that place."[34] Band of Brothers also received criticism for its disputed claim that Easy Company was the first Allied unit to reach Berchtesgaden and Kehlsteinhaus, a distinction also claimed by elements of the 3rd Infantry Division and the French 2nd Armored Division.[35][36][37] Ambrose's Citizen Soldiers, which describes battles fought in northwest Europe from D-Day through the end of the war in Europe, utilized, again, extensive oral histories. Citizen Soldiers became a best seller, appearing on the New York Times best sellers lists for both hardcover and paperback editions in the same week. During the same week, in September 1998, D-Day and Undaunted Courage, Ambrose's 1996 book on Meriwether Lewis and the Corps of Discovery, appeared on the best seller list, also.[38] He also wrote The Victors (1998), a distillation of material from other books detailing Eisenhower's wartime experiences and connections to the common soldier, and The Wild Blue, that looks at World War II aviation largely through the experiences of George McGovern, who commanded a B-24 crew that flew numerous missions over Germany. His other major works include Undaunted Courage about the Lewis and Clark Expedition and Nothing Like It in the World about the construction of the Pacific Railroad. Nothing Like It in the World was criticized by railroad historians and journal reviewers for containing more than sixty significant errors, misstatements, and fabricated quotes.[39][40][41] His final book, This Vast Land, a historical novel about the Lewis & Clark expedition written for young readers, was published posthumously in 2003.[citation needed]

Ambrose's most popular single work was Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (1996), which stayed on the New York Times best seller list for a combined, hardcover and paperback, 126 weeks.[42] Ambrose consolidated research on the Corps of Discovery's expedition conducted in the previous thirty years and "synthesized it skillfully to enrich our understanding and appreciation of this grand epic", according to Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., who reviewed the book for The New York Times.[43] Ken Burns, who produced and directed a PBS documentary on Lewis & Clark declared that Ambrose "takes one of the great, but also one of the most superficially considered, stories in American history and breathes fresh life into it."[44]

In addition to 27 self-authored books, Ambrose co-authored, edited, and contributed to many more,[according to whom?][citation needed] and was a frequent contributor to magazines such as American Heritage.[45] He, also, reviewed the works of other historians in the Journal of Southern History, Military Affairs, American Historical Review, The Journal of American History, and Foreign Affairs.[according to whom?][citation needed] As well, he served as a contributing editor to MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History.[46]

Allegations of plagiarism

[edit]

In 2002, several instances of plagiarism were discovered in his books.[not verified in body] In 2010, after his death, Ambrose was found to have fabricated interviews and events in his biographies of Eisenhower.[not verified in body] Several of Ambrose's books—The Wild Blue, Undaunted Courage, Citizen Soldiers, and others—contained plagiarized passages,[47][2] a pattern that a Forbes investigation traced back to his doctoral dissertation.[3]

Television, film, and other activities

[edit]

Ambrose featured in the 1973-74 ITV television series, The World at War, which detailed the history of World War II.[citation needed]

He served as the historical consultant for the movie Saving Private Ryan.[48] Tom Hanks, who starred in the movie, said he "pored over D-Day" and Band of Brothers in researching his role.[49] Hanks also credited Ambrose's books with providing extensive detail, particularly regarding D-Day landings.[50]

The HBO mini-series, Band of Brothers (2001), for which he was an executive producer, helped sustain the fresh interest in World War II that had been stimulated by the 50th anniversary of D-Day in 1994 and the 60th anniversary in 2004.[48] Ambrose served as executive producer for Price for Peace, a documentary concerning the war in the Pacific theater during World War II, and for Moments of Truth, a TV documentary containing interviews with World War II veterans.[51]

In addition, Ambrose served as a commentator for Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery, a documentary by Ken Burns.[48] He provided commentary in 20 made-for-TV documentaries, covering diverse topics, such as World War II, Lewis & Clark, and America's prominence in the 20th century.[51] He also appeared as a guest on numerous TV programs or stations, including The Charlie Rose Show, C-SPAN programming,[5] CNN programming, NBC's Today Show, CNBC's Hardball,[46] and various programming on The History Channel and the National Geographic Channel.[48] Ambrose's association with National Geographic stemmed, in part, from his designation as an Explorer-in-Residence by the Society.[48]

In addition to his academic work and publishing, Ambrose operated a historical tour business, acting as a tour guide to European locales of World War II.[25] Also, he served on the board of directors for American Rivers and was a member of the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Council.[52]

National World War II Museum

[edit]

Ambrose's work for the Eisenhower Center, specifically his work with D-Day veterans, inspired him to co-found the National D-Day Museum in New Orleans with another historian and UNO professor Gordon H. "Nick" Mueller. Ambrose initiated fundraising by donating $500,000.[53] "He dreamt of a museum that reflected his deep regard for our nation's citizen soldiers, the workers on the Home Front and the sacrifices and hardships they endured to achieve victory."[54] He secured large contributions from the federal government, state of Louisiana, Tom Hanks, Steven Spielberg, and many smaller donations from former students, who answered a plea made by Ambrose in the New Orleans Times-Picayune.[55] In 2003, Congress designated the museum as "America's National World War II Museum," acknowledging an expanded scope and mission for the museum. "The Stephen E. Ambrose Memorial Fund continues to support the development of the museum's Center for Study of the American Spirit, its educational programs and oral history and publication initiatives."[54]

Awards

[edit]

In 1997, Ambrose received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates.[56][57] In 1998, he received the National Humanities Medal.[9] In 1998, he was awarded the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize for lifetime achievement given by the Society for Military History.[58] In 1998, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[59] In 2000, Ambrose received the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service, the highest honorary award the Department of Defense offers to civilians.[48] Ambrose won an Emmy as one of the producers for the mini-series Band of Brothers.[48] Ambrose also received the George Marshall Award, the Abraham Lincoln Literary Award, the Bob Hope Award from the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, and the Will Rogers Memorial Award.[48]

Personal life, and death

[edit]
External videos
video icon Memorial Service for Ambrose at the National D-Day Museum, October 19, 2002, C-SPAN

He married his first wife, Judith Dorlester, in 1957, and they had two children, Stephenie and Barry. Judith died in 1965, when Ambrose was 29. Ambrose married his second wife, Moira Buckley (1939–2009), in 1967 and adopted her three children, Andrew, Grace, and Hugh. Moira was an active assistant in his writing and academic projects. After retiring, he maintained homes in Helena, Montana, and Bay St. Louis, Mississippi.[25][60] A longtime smoker, he was diagnosed with lung cancer in April 2002. His health deteriorated rapidly, and seven months after the diagnosis, he died at the age of 66.[9]

Legacy

[edit]

Ambrose donated $500,000, half the amount needed, to the University of Wisconsin, to endow a chair in the name of William B. Hesseltine, Ambrose's mentor. The chair's position would focus on the teaching of American military history. When the chair became fully endowed, after Ambrose's death, it was renamed the Ambrose-Hesseltine Chair.[61]

The Ambrose Professor of History title was established at the University of New Orleans after his death. The position is reserved for a military historian.[62]

Each year the Rutgers University Living History Society awards the Stephen E. Ambrose Oral History Award to "an author or artist who has made significant use of oral history." Past winners include Tom Brokaw, Steven Spielberg, Studs Terkel, Michael Beschloss, and Ken Burns.[63]

George McGovern, the primary focus of Ambrose's Wild Blue said, "He probably reached more readers than any other historian in our national history."[9]

Works

[edit]

Sole author

[edit]

With others

[edit]

Edited works

[edit]
  • Institutions in Modern America: Innovation in Structure and Process, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press (1967)
  • with James A. Barber, The Military and American Society: Essays and Readings, New York, NY: The Free Press (1972) ISBN 0-375-50910-0
  • with Gunter Bischoff, Eisenhower and the German POWs: Facts Against Falsehood, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press (1992) ISBN 0-8071-1758-7
  • with Gunter Bischoff, Eisenhower: A Centenary Assessment, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press (1995) ISBN 0-8071-1942-3
  • American Heritage New History of World War II (original text by C.L. Sulzberger), New York, NY: Viking Press (1997) ISBN 0-670-87474-4

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Hugh Ambrose dies at 48; author of WWII history 'The Pacific'". Los Angeles Times. May 29, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "How the Ambrose Story Developed," History News Network, June 2002.
  3. 1 2 Mark Lewis, "Ambrose Problems Date Back To Ph.D. Thesis," Forbes, May 10, 2002.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Rives, Timothy D. "Ambrose and Eisenhower: A View from the Stacks in Abilene". History News Network. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 Rayner, Richard (April 26, 2010). "Channelling Ike". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  6. 1 2 Greenberg, David (June 24, 2015). "'Being Nixon' and 'One Man Against the World'". The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  7. ↑ "UPI Almanac for Friday, Jan. 10, 2020". United Press International. January 10, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020. ... historian Stephen Ambrose in 1936{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  8. ↑ "Biography and Video Interview of Stephen Ambrose". at Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Richard Goldstein, "Stephen Ambrose, Historian Who Fueled New Interest in World War II, Dies at 66," New York Times, October 14, 2002, accessed May 27, 2010.
  10. ↑ Neil H. Shively (September 19, 1996). "A Class Act: Stephen Ambrose's History Lectures Enthrall Kids and War Veterans Alike". The Capital Times. Madison, WI.
  11. ↑ Ambrose, Stephen E. Comrades: Brothers, Fathers, Heroes, Sons, Pals. Simon & Schuster, 2000, p. 132.
  12. ↑ "Historian Stephen Ambrose dies". CNN. October 14, 2002. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Ambrose, Stephen (February 18, 2004). "Stephen E. Ambrose / Bio". StephenAmbrose.com (personal webpage autobiography). Archived from the original on February 18, 2004. Retrieved August 20, 2026.[independent source needed] Note, the date indicated for this citation's inactive URL is the date of its archiving. Note also, the parent, inactive URL of this archived citation is not dead, rather it is hoaxed and irrelevant, and thus unfit for use.
  14. 1 2 Hale, Christian A. (December 2002). "Stephen Ambrose Dies". Perspectives. Vol. 40, no. 9. American Historical Association. Retrieved September 5, 2026.
  15. ↑ "Boyd Professors," Louisiana State System Archived August 15, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. retrieved March 4, 2014
  16. ↑ Interview with Stephen Ambrose Archived December 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine May 22, 1998, Academy of Achievement, Washington, D.C.
  17. ↑ Alan Brinkley, "The Best Man" Archived May 28, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times Review of Books, July 16, 1987.
  18. ↑ Ambrose, Stephen E. (2002). To America: Personal Reflections of an Historian. Simon and Schuster. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7432-0275-6.
  19. ↑ "Historian Stephen Ambrose Dead At 66". CBS News. Associated Press. October 13, 2002.
  20. ↑ "The Mary Ball Washington Professorship of American History". UCD School of History. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
  21. ↑ Eisenhower Center D-Day Collection, Special Collections, University of New Orleans Archived April 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "Eisenhower Center – University of New Orleans". Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  23. ↑ Trevelyan, Raleigh (May 29, 1994). "Telling It Like It Was". The New York Times.
  24. ↑ Ambrose, Stephen (August 7, 1998). "Writer Pleas for Local D-Day Museum Support". New Orleans Times-Picayune.
  25. 1 2 3 M. R. D. Foote, "Stephen Ambrose: Historian and author of Band of Brothers," The Independent, October 14, 2002, accessed May 27, 2010.
  26. ↑ Art Jester. Ambrose Installs New Faith in Some Old Heroes. Lexington Herald-Leader. November 9, 1997.
  27. ↑ Gwendolyn Thompkins. Ambrose to Leave Historic Legacy: UNO Prof in Colin Powell's Camp. Times-Picayune. April 30, 1995.
  28. ↑ Ambrose, Stephen E. (1966). "Refighting the Last Battle: The Pitfalls of Popular History". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 49 (4): 294–301. JSTOR 4634174. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  29. ↑ Jim Newton, "Books & Ideas: Stephen Ambrose's troubling Eisenhower record," Los Angeles Times, May 9, 2010, accessed May 26, 2010. "His work on Eisenhower is penetrating and readable, lively, balanced and insightful. Indeed, these efforts have long stood alongside Fred Greenstein's The Hidden-Hand Presidency as the standards against which other Eisenhower scholarship is judged."
  30. ↑ Harrison, Gordon, "The Making of a General and How It Came About" Archived September 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, October 4, 1970.
  31. ↑ Neuhaus, Richard J. "Nixon: The Education of a Politician 1913-1962, by Stephen E. Ambrose" (book review)[link removed], Commentary magazine, August 1987. "Nixon is competently, sometimes brightly, written, and one gets the impression that Ambrose is striving, above all, to be assiduously fair."
  32. ↑ Apple, R.W., Jr., "Beyond Damnation or Defense: The Middle Years", The New York Times, November 12, 1989. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  33. ↑ Minniear, Steven S.; Love, Robert W. (1996). "Review of D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II.; Over Lord: General Pete Quesada and the Triumph of Tactical Air Power in World War II.; The Year of D-Day: The 1944 Diary of Admiral Sir Bertram I. Ramsay., Robert W. Love, Jr.; D-Day 1944". The Journal of Military History. 60 (1): 186–188. doi:10.2307/2944480. JSTOR 2944480.
  34. ↑ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (June 6, 1994). "Books of The Times; Putting a Human Face On One Shattering Day". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023.
  35. ↑ McManus, John C. (June 12, 2006). "World War II: Race to Seize Berchtesgaden". HistoryNet. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  36. ↑ Williams, Mary H., ed. (1960). Special Studies, Chronology 1941-1945. United States Army in World War II. Center of Military History, United States Army. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2017. In U.S. Seventh Army's XV Corps area, 7th Inf of 3d Div, crossing into Austria, advances through Salzburg to Berchtesgaden without opposition.
  37. ↑ Buis, Georges; Lacouture, Jean (1975). Les Fanfares perdues: Entretiens avec Jean Lacouture (in French). Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
  38. ↑ "Best Seller", New York Times Book Review, September 20, 1998, p. BR38 and BR40.
  39. ↑ Barrows, Matthew "Area Historians Rail Against Inaccuracies in Book". The Sacramento Bee, January 1, 2001
  40. ↑ Graves, G.J., Strobridge, E.T., & Sweet, C.N., The Sins of Stephen E. Ambrose The Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum (CPRR.org), December 19, 2000
  41. ↑ Grove, Lloyd (January 11, 2001). "The Reliable Source". The Washington Post.
  42. ↑ "Best Seller", New York Times Book Review, March 23, 1997, p. BR26, and "Best Seller", New York Times Book Review, January 17, 1999, p. BR32
  43. ↑ Josephy, Alvin M. (March 10, 1996). "Giants in the Earth". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023.
  44. ↑ Simon & Schuster, Books Retrieved March 6, 2014
  45. ↑ "List of essays by Stephen Ambrose". Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  46. 1 2 Confessore, Nicholas (June 7, 2002) [October 8, 2001]. "Selling Private Ryan". The American Prospect. pp. 21–27. Retrieved August 20, 2006.[verification needed] Note, access to the web version apparently requires subscription. Note also, a discrepancy exists with regard to the initial date of publication (earlier appearing as September 24-October 8, 2001), and it is for this, that verification is requested.
  47. ↑ Williams, Robert Chadwell. The Historian's Toolbox: A Student's Guide to the Theory and Craft of History Armonk NY: M E Sharpe Inc (2003) ISBN 0-7656-1093-0 pp. 88–89
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Historian Steven Ambrose Dead at 66, National Geographic News, October 15, 2002.
  49. ↑ Bowden, Mark (November 2004). "Tom Hanks, The 'Men's Journal' Interview". Men's Journal. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013.
  50. ↑ Ebert, Roger. "Tom Hanks recalls 'Private Ryan' shoot - Interviews - Roger Ebert". Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  51. 1 2 "Stephen Ambrose". IMDb. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  52. ↑ "Stephen E. Ambrose – Bookreporter.com". Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  53. ↑ Ambrose, Stephen (August 7, 1998). "Writer Pleas for Local D-Day Museum Support". New Orleans Times-Picayune.
  54. 1 2 "About The Founder - The National WWII Museum - New Orleans". Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  55. ↑ Varney, James (August 30, 1998). "$64,000 Given to Museum by Locals, Ambrose Needs $2 Million More". New Orleans Times-Picayune.
  56. ↑ "Saint Louis Literary Award – Saint Louis University". Archived from the original on August 23, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  57. ↑ Saint Louis University Library Associates. "Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award". Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  58. ↑ "Samuel Eliot Morison Prize previous winners". Society for Military History. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
  59. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  60. ↑ "Stephen E. Ambrose, Ph.D." Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
  61. ↑ Luker, Ralph E. (December 4, 2006). "Sit in My Chair". Inside Higher Ed.
  62. ↑ "Endowed Chairs and Professors – University of New Orleans". Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  63. ↑ "Rutgers' Stephen Ambrose Oral History Award Goes to Michael Beschloss", Rutgers Today, May 14, 2013
  64. ↑ "Eisenhower: Soldier and President". Publishers Weekly. October 1, 1990. Retrieved March 5, 2019.

Further reading

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[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_E._Ambrose&oldid=1373929216"