Astragalus sarcocolla
| Astragalus sarcocolla | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Spermatophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | Astragalus |
| Species: | A. sarcocolla |
| Binomial name | |
| Astragalus sarcocolla Dymock | |
Astragalus sarcocolla, also known as Persian gum,[1] is a shrub or tree from Persia historically famed for its balsam, which was used to create ancient and medieval paint and in traditional medicines. Although its identity was uncertain to Europeans after it fell from use in the medieval period, it has since been identified with a species of Astragalus (Papilionaceae).[2][3]
Name
[edit]Sarcocolla is the latinized form of Greek sarkokólla (σαρκοκόλλα), from sárx (σάρξ, "flesh") and kólla (κόλλᾰ, "glue"). It is variously known in Arabic as anzarūṭ or ʿanzarūt, as Persian gum (kuḥl fārisī), and as Kerman gum (kuḥl kirmānī)[citation needed][clarification needed] and in Persian as anzarūt, as tasẖm or časẖm, and as kanḏjubā.[citation needed][clarification needed] The medieval Latin name of the product was acarud from corruption of the Andalusian Arabic form of anzarūṭ or ʿanzarūt, probably via Old Spanish.[1]
History
[edit]Pliny reports the use of sarcocolla in creating paints and as a medicine[4][5] and Dioscorides[6] and Galenus mention its power of healing wounds.[7]
The 8th century philosopher Al-Kindi used sarcocolla for leprosy in his medical formulary Akrabadhin.[8]
According to the c. 13th-century Liber Ignium ("Book of Fires") of Marcus Graecus, sarcocolla was an ingredient of Greek Fire.[9]
The 16th-century surgeon Brunus of Calabria recommended a plaster for skull fractures consisting of sarcocolla, bitter vetch meal, dragon's blood, and myrrh.[10]
See also
[edit]- Chrysocolla ("gold solder")
- Sarcocele
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- 1 2 Latham (1972), p. 39.
- ↑ Dioscorides (1902), "Sarkokolla", in Julius Berendes (ed.), De Materia Medica (PDF), PharmaWiki.ch, p. 193, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24, retrieved 2014-10-10
- ↑ "Astragalus sarcocolla". ILDIS (International Legume Database and Information Service). Retrieved 2020-04-07.
- ↑ Pliny, Nat. Hist., Book XIII, Ch. 67, and Book XXIV, Ch. 128.
- ↑ "sarcocolla", Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 1691
- ↑ Dioscorides, De Materia Medica, Ch. 3, §89.
- ↑ Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott, eds. (1897), "σαρκοκόλλα", Greek-English Lexicon (8th ed.), Harper & Brothers, p. 1375
- ↑ A. Dietrich (2004), "ANZARŪT", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 12 (supplement) (2nd ed.), Brill, pp. 77b–78a
- ↑ Marcellin Berthelot (1893), La chimie au moyen âge, vol. I, Imprimerie nationale, pp. 116–117
- ↑ Kurt Sprengel (1805), Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. 1, Kümmel, p. 15
Bibliography
[edit]- Latham, J.D. (Spring 1972), "Arabic into Medieval Latin", Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 17, pp. 30–67, doi:10.1093/jss/17.1.30.