Sand eel
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Sand eel or sandeel is the common name used for a considerable number of species of fish. While they are not true eels, they are eel-like in their appearance and can grow up to 30 cm (12 in) in length.[1] Many species are found off the western coasts of Europe from Spain to Scotland, and in the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas.
Sand eels are an important food source for seabirds, including puffins and kittiwakes. They are a commercially important for the production of fish meal and made up 4% of fish globally caught for fish-meal production (behind anchovy, capelin, and blue whiting) between 1997 and 2001.[2]
Habitat
[edit]The preferential habitat for sand eels is a seabed floor, with a relatively smooth bottom of gravelly sand; an example of this prime habitat is the floor of the Sea of the Hebrides.
Sand eel species
[edit]Most sand eels are sea fish of the genera Hyperoplus (greater sand eels), Gymnammodytes or Ammodytes.[3] The three genera listed above all fall within the family Ammodytidae, the sand lances. Members of these genera found in other oceans are not usually called sand eels, and species from other parts of the world that are known as sand eels are usually less closely related.
Commercial fishing
[edit]Traditionally, they have been little exploited for human food, but are a major target of industrial fishing for animal feed and fertilizer.[4] Increasing fishing for them is thought to be causing problems for some of their natural predators, especially the auks, which take them in deeper water.
An instance of this was the RSPB report linking a population crash of seabirds in the North Sea to fishing for sand eels.[5][6] This led to political pressure in the UK for the closure of this fishery; the seabird populations subsequently improved.[7] In 2024, the closure was challenged by the European Union under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement and an arbitration tribunal for the case was established at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, based in The Hague. In May 2025, the arbitration tribunal ruled that the Scottish government's ban was lawful while the UK government's ban in relation to English waters breached the TCA on procedural grounds since it failed to have sufficient regard to the principle of proportionality. UK ministers said they would bring the decision back to compliance but they would not have to reverse the ban.[8][9][10]
They are also used as live bait to catch fish.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ "Sandeel". NatureScot. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
Sandeels are small eel-like fish which grow up to 30 cm in length and can often be found in vast shoals. They feed primarily on plankton of variable size, ranging from small plankton eggs up to larger energy rich copepods found in great abundance in Scotland's seas. Some species of sandeel can live for as long as 10 years, reaching maturity at around 2 years of age.
- ↑ Huntington, T.; C. Frid; R. Banks C. Scott; O. Paramor (2004-02-10). 'Assessment of the Sustainability of Industrial Fisheries Producing Fish Meal and Fish Oil'. Report to RSPB (PDF) (Report). Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
- ↑ "Ammodytes tobianus Linnaeus, 1758". WoRMS taxon details. World Register of Marine Species. Archived from the original on 2020-11-14. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
- ↑ Daunt, Francis; Wanless, Sarah; Greenstreet, Simon P.R.; Jensen, Henrik; Hamer, Keith C; Harris, Michael P (2008). "The impact of the sandeel fishery closure on seabird food consumption, distribution, and productivity in the northwestern North Sea" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 65 (3): 362–381. doi:10.1139/f07-164. ISSN 0706-652X. S2CID 55086717.
- ↑ Carroll, Matthew J.; Bolton, Mark; Owen, Ellie; Anderson, Guy Q.A.; Mackley, Elizabeth K.; Dunn, Euan K.; Furness, Robert W. (2017). "Kittiwake breeding success in the southern North Sea correlates with prior sandeel fishing mortality". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 27 (6): 1164–1175. doi:10.1002/aqc.2780. ISSN 1052-7613.
- ↑ "Sandeels and seabirds: Protecting our seas in post-Brexit waters". Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 2017-06-14. Archived from the original on 2020-11-14. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
Tracking data of individual breeding kittiwakes by RSPB scientists indicates that the most productive sandeel fishing grounds, an area known as the Dogger Bank, overlap with foraging areas of kittiwakes from eastern English colonies, raising the prospect that the fishery could adversely affect the birds' populations.
- ↑ "NGOs Applaud UK Government Proposal to Close Dogger Bank to Fishing". News. Blue Marine Foundation. Archived from the original on 2020-11-14. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
If fully protected, the Dogger Bank protected area will provide a refuge for over fished and endangered species like the common state and angleshark. Important keystone fish such as sandeels can recover to feed greater numbers of fish, seabirds porpoises and seals.
- ↑ Reland, Joël (4 November 2024). "Eel or no eel? An early test for the UK-EU reset". UK in a changing Europe. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
- ↑ Horton, Helena (2 May 2025). "UK sand eel fishing ban remains in place despite EU legal challenge". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
- ↑ "Sandeel success" in The RSPB Magazine, Summer/Autumn 2025, page 48
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