R-36 (missile)
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| R-36 | |
|---|---|
 Liftoff of a Dnepr rocket, a launch vehicle derived from the R-36 ICBM | |
| Type | Intercontinental ballistic missile |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1966–1979 (original variant) 1988–present (R-36M2 Voevoda variant) |
| Used by | Russian Strategic Rocket Forces |
| Production history | |
| Designed | From 1962 |
| Manufacturer | Factory: Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant Developer: Yuzhnoye Design Office |
| Unit cost | $7,000,000 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 209,600 kg (462,100 lb) |
| Length |
|
| Diameter | 3,050 mm (120 in) |
| Warhead | Depending on variant (see variants). Newest (R-36M2), 10 × 550–750 kiloton MIRV warheads with a large amount of decoys and other penetration aids. Originally (R-36), 1 × 8–20 megaton warhead. |
| Engine | Two or three (R-36MUTTKH and R-36M2) liquid fueled rocket stages First Stage: Second Stage: Third Stage: |
| Propellant | N2O4/UDMH |
Operational range | 10,200–16,000 km |
Guidance system | Inertial, autonomous |
| Accuracy | 220–1,300 m CEP |
Launch platform | Silo |
The R-36 (Russian: Р-36) is a family of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and space launch vehicles (Tsyklon and Dnepr) designed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The original R-36 was deployed under the GRAU index 8K67 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-9 Scarp. It was able to carry three warheads and was the first Soviet MIRV (multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicle) missile.[4] The later version, the R-36M, also known as RS20, was produced under the GRAU designations 15A14 and 15A18 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-18 Satan. Some R-36 missiles have been converted into Tsyklon family launch vehicles, and some R-36MUTTKh missiles have been converted into Dnepr medium-lift launch vehicles, capable of putting up to 4,500 kg into orbit. However, neither launch vehicles remain active, with the Tsyklon-4 being cancelled in 2023.
History
[edit] |
Development of the R-36 was begun by OKB-586 (Yuzhnoye) in Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (at the time part of the Soviet Union) in 1962, and built upon the work of the R-16 program. The Chief Designer was Mikhail Yangel.
In 1970, development of a fourth version, capable of delivering multiple warheads, was begun, which was test flown the next year.
However, neither the Soviet Union nor the Russian Federation have ever publicly delineated the missile's particular role in their arsenal. The initial design of the R-36M called for a single massive 12 Mt warhead to be delivered over a range of 10,600 km. The missile was first tested in 1973 but this test ended in failure. After several delays the R-36M was deployed in December 1975. This design was delivered with a single 18–20 Mt warhead and a range of just over 11,000 km. This new version was given a new codename by NATO: SS-18 Satan.
The R-36M has gone through six separate variants, with the first being phased out by 1984. The final variant designated R-36M-2 "Voevoda" (NATO codename SS-18 mod 6) was deployed in August 1988. This missile could deliver the same 18–20 Mt warhead 16,000 km. Prior variants mainly introduced MIRV (Multiple independent reentry vehicles) warheads.
The control system for this rocket was designed at NPO "Electropribor"[5] (Kharkiv, Ukraine).
Deployment
[edit]
At full deployment, before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, 308 R-36M launch silos were operational. After the breakup of the USSR, 204 of these were located on the territory of the Russian Federation and 104 on the territory of newly independent Kazakhstan. In the next few years Russia reduced the number of R-36M launch silos to 154 to conform with the START I treaty. Part of the missiles in Kazakhstan (54 of them) were under the 57th Rocket Division at Zhangiz-Tobe (Solnechnyy), Semipalatinsk Oblast.[6] The other R-36 establishment in Kazakhstan was the 38th Rocket Division at Derzhavinsk, Turgay Oblast.[7] The dismantling of 104 launchers located in Kazakhstan was completed in September 1996.
The START II treaty was to eliminate all R-36M missiles but it did not enter into force and the missiles remained on duty. Russia has steadily decreased the number of operational R-36Ms and as of March 2013, only 55 (all of the 10 MIRV R-36M2 version) remained.
US Air Force National Air and Space Intelligence Center estimates that as of June 2017 about 50 R-36M2 launchers were operationally deployed.[8]
About 40 missiles will have their service lives extended so that they remain in service until about 2020. With the retirement of the 20 megaton R-36M2 warheads, the highest yield weapon in service with any nation is the estimated 5 Mt Chinese Dong Feng 5 (DF-5) ICBM (CSS-4) warhead and the Russian UR-100N 5 Mt rocket.
Elimination / Retirement
[edit]
Russian armed forces have been steadily reducing the number of R-36M missiles in service, withdrawing those that age past their designed operational lifetime. As of January 2020, the Strategic Missile Troops had 46 R-36M2s (or RS-20Vs) in active service.[9]
According to Interfax report, two R-36M2 missiles were dismantled. The process is to be carried out in accordance with the New START procedures.[10]
As of 2018[update] Russia unveiled the intended replacement for the R-36M series, a new heavy ICBM the RS-28 Sarmat,[11] which became operational in September 2023.[12] As of mid 2026 doubts still exist about its readiness.[13][14]
Design
[edit]Multiple warheads
[edit]
Among the projects that the Soviet Union considered in the mid-1970s was that of a 15A17 missile—a follow-on to the R-36MUTTKh (15A18).[15] The missile would have had an even greater throw-weight—9.5 tonnes—and would be able to carry a very large number of warheads. Five different versions of the missile were considered. Three of these versions would carry regular warheads — 38 × 250 kt yield, 24 × 500 kt yield, or 15–17 × 1 Mt yield. Two modifications were supposed to carry guided warheads ("upravlyaemaya golovnaya chast") — 28 × 250 kt or 19 × 500 kt.[15] However, none of these upgraded models were ever developed. The SALT II Treaty, signed in 1979, prohibited increasing the number of warheads ICBMs could carry.
The operational deployment of the R-36M consisted of the R-36MUTTKh, which carried ten 500 kt warheads, and its follow-on, the R-36M2 (15A18M), which carried ten 800 kt warheads (single-warhead versions with either 8.3 Mt or 20 Mt warhead also existed at some point). To partially circumvent the treaty, the missile was equipped with 40 decoys to utilize the capacity left unused due to the 10-warhead limitation.[16]
Silo hardness
[edit]A US military estimate circa 1994 said "SS-18 silos have since been assessed to be much harder than 7,000 psi (48 MPa)".[17]
Variants
[edit]R-36 (SS-9)
[edit]R-36
[edit]The R-36 is a two-stage rocket powered by a liquid bipropellant, with UDMH as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizer. It carries one of two types of re-entry vehicles (RVs):
- Single nuclear warhead of 20 megatons TNT (NATO codename SS-9 Mod 1).[18]
- Single nuclear warhead of 8.3 megatons TNT (NATO codename SS-9 Mod 2).[18]
The first launch of an R-36 took place on September 28, 1963, and ended ignominiously when the missile lost thrust one second after liftoff and fell back onto the pad, causing a fire.[19] LC-67/1 was repaired and the next test took place successfully on December 3. Subsequent testing went better, however, LC-80/1 had to be rebuilt following another launch accident on January 13, 1965. Two months later, an R-36 caught fire during propellant loading on LC-67/1 and exploded, putting the pad out of commission for nine months.[20] During test launch #17 (October 10, 1964), the warhead was retrieved with a parachute. Flight tests of the rocket were completed by May 20, 1968, and on November 19 of the same year it entered service.[20]
The Tsyklon series of civilian space launchers from Ukraine is based on the R-36orb (8К69) or R-36-O (capital O for Orbital) design.[21]
R-36MUTTKh (SS-18 Mod 3)
[edit]On 29 November 1979, deployment of the improved R-36M with a single reentry vehicle carrying an 18–25 Mt warhead began. This variant is no longer in service.[22]
R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5)
[edit]The first regiment with these missiles was put on alert on 30 July 1988 and was deployed on 11 August 1988. This is the only variant still operational.[23]
Derivatives
[edit]A proposal has been advanced to modify Voyevoda R-36M2 Satan heavy ICBMs to destroy incoming asteroids of up to 100 m, similar to the Chelyabinsk asteroid.[24]
| System: | R-36M | R-36M | R-36MUTTKh | R-36MUTTKh | R-36M2 | R-36M2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treaty-designation: | RS-20A | RS-20A1 | RS-20A2 | RS-20B | RS-20B | RS-20V |
| GRAU-designation: | 15A14 | 15A14 | 15A14 | 15A18 | 15A18 | 15A18M |
| NATO-designation: | SS-18 Satan Mod 1 | SS-18 Satan Mod 2 | SS-18 Satan Mod 3 | SS-18 Satan Mod 4 | SS-18 Satan Mod 5 | SS-18 Satan Mod 6 |
| Deployment: | 1974–1983 | 1976–1980 | 1976–1986 | 1979–2005 | 1988–Present | 1991–2009 |
| Maximum deployed number: | 148 | 10 | 30 | 278 | 104 | 58 |
| Length: | 32600 mm | 32600 mm | 32600 mm | 36300 mm | 36300 mm | 34300 mm |
| Diameter: | 3000 mm | 3000 mm | 3000 mm | 3000 mm | 3000 mm | 3000 mm |
| Launch weight: | 209,600 kg | 209,600 kg | 210,000 kg | 211,100 kg | 211,100 kg | 211,100 kg |
| Number of warheads: | 1 | 8 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 1 |
| Warhead yield: | 20 Mt | 0.5-1.3 Mt | 25 Mt | 0.55 Mt | 1 Mt | 20 Mt |
| Range: | 11,200 km | 10,200 km | 16,000 km | 16,000 km | 11,000 km | 16,000 km |
| CEP: | 1000 m | 1000 m | 1000 m | 920 m | 500 m | 500 m |
Operators
[edit]
The Strategic Missile Troops are the only operator of the R-36. As of January 2020, 46 silo-based missiles are deployed at:[9]
- 13th Red Banner Rocket Division at Yasny, Orenburg Oblast
- 62nd Rocket Division at Uzhur, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Former operators
[edit]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 Krebs, Gunter D. "R-36 (SS-9, Scarp) ICBM". Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ↑ "NPO Energomash list of engines". NPO Energomash. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014.
- 1 2 3 Krebs, Gunter D. "R-36M Voivode (SS-18, Satan) ICBM". Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ↑ Helms, Richard; Hood, William (2004). A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency. Random House Publishing. p. 385. ISBN 0-8129-7108-6.
- ↑ "Krivonosov, Khartron: Computers for rocket guidance systems". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- ↑ "57th Missile Division". Ww2.dk. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- ↑ "38th Missile Division". Ww2.dk. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- ↑ "Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat". Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee. 2017.
- 1 2 "Strategic Rocket Forces – Russian strategic nuclear forces". Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ↑ Россия утилизирует в 2020 году две межконтинентальные ракеты "Воевода" [Russia to dispose of two "Voevoda" intercontinental missiles in 2020]. Interfax (in Russian). 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
- ↑ В обойме – «Сармат», «Кинжал», «Авангард»... [In the (weapon) magazine - "Sarmat", "Kinzhal", "Avangard"...]. redstar.ru. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018.
- ↑ "Russia puts advanced Sarmat nuclear missile system on 'combat duty'". Aljazeera. September 2023.
- ↑ Hancock, Charlie (2026-07-27). "Sarmat Missile Held Back by Repeated Delays Despite Kremlin Boasts, Leaked Documents Show". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2026-07-31.
- ↑ Analytics, Dallas (2026-07-27). "Russia declared the RS-28 Sarmat 'on combat duty' in 2023. Internal files tell a different story". Dallas Analytics. Retrieved 2026-07-31.
- 1 2 "Multiple (as in "up to 38") warheads". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. August 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
- ↑ "Moscow extends life of 144 cold war ballistic missiles". The Guardian. London. 20 August 2002. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
- ↑ "9.3.1.2.1 (S) SSPK Against 52L7". Joint DOD/DOE Trident Mk4/Mk5 Reentry Body Alternate Warhead Phase 2 Feasibility Study Report (U) (Report). United States Department of Defense and Department of Energy. January 1994.
When the W88/Mk5 was developed, this was the assessed VNTK of the hardest Soviet silos. Although those SS-18 silos have since been assessed to be much harder than 7000 psi, the SPETWG considers 52L7 to be a significant figure of effectiveness for this system because of the history of its use.
- 1 2 3 "Nuclear Notebook: U.S. and Soviet/Russian intercontinental ballistic missiles, 1959–2008". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- ↑ Konyukhov, Stanislav Nikolaevich. Призваны временем - От противостояния к международному сотрудничеству. ЧАСТЬ I, Глава 3: В условиях конкурентной борьбы (1965–1971) [Called by time – From confrontation to international cooperation. Part I, Chapter 3: A competitive environment (1965–1971)] (in Russian). АРТ-Пресс (ART-Press). p. 400. ISBN 966-7985-82-2.
- 1 2 "R-36". astronautix.com. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ "CYCLONE-2". yuzhnoye.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019.
- ↑ "R-36M family". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ↑ "Russian nuclear weapons, 2024". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
- ↑ "Russian scientist: Soviet-era missiles can destroy asteroids". SpaceDaily. June 23, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
- ↑ "R-36M / SS-18 SATAN". FAS. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ↑ Podvig, Pavel (Summer 2008). "The Window of Vulnerability That Wasn't: Soviet Military Buildup in the 1970s--A Research Note". International Security. 33 (1): 118–138. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
- Podvig, Pavel (January 30, 2004). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2.
External links
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