// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did Hyopsodontidae say? "I'm paws-itive I'm related.
| Hyopsodontidae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Hyopsodus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Clade: | Panperissodactyla |
| Family: | †Hyopsodontidae Trouessart, 1879 |
| Subgroups | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms | |
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Hyopsodontidae is an extinct family of primitive mammals, initially assigned to the order Condylarthra, living from the Paleocene to the Eocene in North America and Eurasia. They were generally small omnivores, like many early mammals. The most common genus is Hyopsodus.
Condylarthra is now thought to be a wastebasket taxon, and Hyopsodontidae (in its broadest form) may be as well. Some hyopsodontids have occasionally been speculated to be related to Afrotheria,[1] while the most recent consensus is that Hyopsodus at least is related to Perissodactyla: analysis of the inner ear shows shared characteristics with the Equoidea (horses and paleotheres);[2] Hyopsodus may belong to a basal ungulate group near to perissodactyls.[3]
Members of the family were small by modern standards, ranging in size from a small rat to a raccoon. The hyopsodontids had many primitive mammal characteristics, including five-toed feet with claws and a complete dentition: a full set of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. During the Paleocene in Europe, louisinines (sometimes considered to belong within hyopsodontids) reached a high diversity level, starting with Louisina and Monshyus in Hainin, Belgium, and following in the Cernaysian beds with Tricuspiodon, Paratricuspiodon, and Paschatherium.[4] High levels of diversity are also seen in Western North America in the Eocene within the genus Hyopsodus, with up to 18 named species, some of which are specific to particular locations over short spans of geologic time. This pattern suggests that at least some hyosodontids became quite specialized for specific ways of life. The group was not especially long-lived, but highly successful for its time, with fossil material in some areas suggesting large numbers of individuals.[5]
Subgroups
[edit]Hyopsodus and Mioclaenidae
[edit]
Hyopsodus, the namesake of Hyopsodontidae, is the most well-understood member of the family, with extensive fossils of the entire body. In many ways, it is also the most aberrant. It was a small Eocene omnivore with a weasel-like build, combining a long body with short legs and sensitive smell and hearing.[6]
It is unclear whether Hyopsodus has any close relation to most other "hyopsodontids".[6] Some studies prefer to use the family Mioclaenidae when referring to non-Hyopsodus members of the group, most of which lived in the Paleocene.[7][8][9] Other studies refer to the entire group as hyopsodontids.[10][11][12]
- Asiohyopsodus Tong and Wang, 2006
- Bomburodon Williamson and Carr, 2012[13] (formerly Bomburia Van Valen, 1978)
- Bubogonia Johnston and Fox, 1984
- Chacomylus Williamson and Weil, 2011[12]
- Choeroclaenus Simpson, 1937
- Ellipsodon Scott, 1892
- Hyopsodus Leidy, 1870
- Lessnessina? Hooker, 1979 (possibly a paenungulate instead)[14]
- Litaletes Simpson, 1935
- Mioclaenus Cope, 1881
- Promioclaenus Trouessart, 1904
- Protoselene Matthew, 1897
- Obtususdon? Xu, 1977
- Tiznatzinia Simpson, 1936
- Valenia de Muizon and Ciffeli, 2000[8]
Apheliscidae
[edit]Apheliscidae is a group of small "condylarths", sometimes classified as a subgroup of hyopsodontids or mioclaenids.[7] Limb fossils indicate that Apheliscus and Haplomylus are adapted for fast and agile movement, unlike Hyopsodus. Many aspects of their teeth and limb bones suggest that apheliscids are closely related to Macroscelidea (the living elephant shrews or sengis, an entirely African order in the present day).[15] Some studies regard these similarities as mere convergence.[6][16] While most apheliscids are North American, Louisininae is an exclusively European group.[16] A few studies raise it to a family (Louisinidae) separate from Apheliscidae, though still rather closely related.[17]
- Aletodon Gingerich, 1977
- Dorraletes Gingerich, 1983 [18]
- Haplaletes Simpson, 1935 [19]
- Haplomylus Matthew, 1915 [20]
- Litomylus Simpson, 1935
- Utemylus Gingerich, 1983
- Apheliscinae Matthew, 1918
- Apheliscus Cope, 1875
- Gingerichia Zack et al., 2005[10]
- Phenacodaptes Jepsen, 1930
- Louisininae Sudre and Russell, 1982 (= Louisinidae)
- Berrulestes Hooker and Russell, 2012[17]
- Cingulodon? De Bast and Smith, 2017[16]
- Dipavali Van Valen, 1978
- Gigarton Hooker and Russell, 2012[17]
- Louisina Russell, 1964
- Monshyus Sudre and Russell, 1982
- Paschatherium Russell, 1964
- Prolouisina Hooker and Russell, 2012[17]
- Teilhardimys Kretzoi and Kretzoi, 2000 (formerly Microhyus Teilhard de Chardin, 1927)
- Thryptodon Hooker and Russell, 2012[17]
- Walbeckodon Hooker and Russell, 2012[17]
Kollpaniinae
[edit]Kollpaniinae (or Kollpaniidae) is a group of small South American mammals often considered close to South American native ungulates (SANUs, a.k.a. Meridiungulata). Some studies have argued that kollpaniines originated from North American mioclaenids.[8] In parsimony analyses by Püschel et al. (2024), the kollpaniines Molinodus and Tiuclaenus were found to be closely related to Mioclaenus turgidus, but this close relation was not recovered by the same study's Bayesian analyses.[21]
There is still a distinct possibility that mioclaenids are ancestral to SANUs as a whole, since many studies have found similarities between Northern Hemisphere "condylarths" (such as mioclaenids and phenacodontids) and certain SANU groups (such as didolodontids and litopterns).[8][9][22][23][21]
- Andinodus de Muizon and Marshall, 1987
- Escribania? Bonaparte et al., 1993 (potentially a didolodontid instead)
- Molinodus de Muizon and Marshall, 1987
- Pascualodus? Gelfo, 2004[24]
- Pucanodus de Muizon and Marshall, 1991
- Simoclaenus de Muizon and Ciffeli, 2000[8]
- Tiuclaenus de Muizon and Marshall, 1987
Tricuspiodontinae
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Tabuce, Rodolphe; Marivaux, Laurent; Adaci, Mohammed; Bensalah, Mustapha; Hartenberger, Jean-Louis; Mahboubi, Mohammed; Mebrouk, Fateh; Tafforeau, Paul; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2007). "Early Tertiary mammals from North Africa reinforce the molecular Afrotheria clade". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1614): 1159–1166. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0229. PMC 2189562. PMID 17329227.
- ↑ Ravel, Anthony; Orliac, Maeva J. (2015). "The inner ear morphology of the 'condylarthran'Hyopsodus lepidus". Historical Biology. 27 (8): 957–969. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.915823. S2CID 84391276.
- ↑ Orliac, Maeva J.; Argot, Christine; Gilissen, Emmanuel (2012-02-10). "Digital Cranial Endocast of Hyopsodus (Mammalia, "Condylarthra"): A Case of Paleogene Terrestrial Echolocation?". PLOS ONE. 7 (2) e30000. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730000O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030000. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3277592. PMID 22347998.
- ↑ Agusti, Jordi; Anton, Mauricio (2002). Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids: 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11640-3..
- ↑ Flynn, John J. (1991). "Hyopsodus (Mammalia) from the Tepee Trail Formation (Eocene), Northwestern Wyoming" (PDF). American Museum Novitates – via Digital Library of the American Museum of Natural History, New York.
- 1 2 3 Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2017). "Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals: Paleocene mammal phylogeny". Biological Reviews. 92 (1): 521–550. doi:10.1111/brv.12242. PMC 6849585. PMID 28075073.
- 1 2 Archibald, J. David (1998). "Archaic ungulates ("Condylarthra")". In Christine M. Janis; Kathleen M. Scott; Louis L. Jacobs (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate Like Mammals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 308–311. ISBN 978-0-521-35519-3.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Muizon, Christian de; Cifelli, Richard L. (2000). "The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates". Geodiversitas. 22 (1): 47–150.
- 1 2 Williamson, Thomas E.; Carr, Thomas D. (2007). "BOMBURIA AND ELLIPSODON (MAMMALIA: MIOCLAENIDAE) FROM THE EARLY PALEOCENE OF NEW MEXICO". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (5): 966–985. doi:10.1666/pleo05-116.1. ISSN 0022-3360.
- 1 2 Zack, S.P.; Penkrot, T.A.; et al. (2005). "A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 809–830. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ↑ Kondrashov, Peter E.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2006). "Early Paleocene (Puercan and Torrejonian) archaic ungulates (Condylarthra, Procreodi and Acreodi) of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 34: 84–97.
- 1 2 Williamson, T.E.; Weil, A. (June 2011). "A New Puercan (Early Paleocene) Hyopsodontid "Condylarth" from New Mexico". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (2): 247–255. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0147. S2CID 54639945.
- ↑ Williamson, Thomas E.; Carr, Thomas D. (2012). "Bomburodon , a new name for the Paleocene mammal Bomburia Van Valen, 1978". Journal of Paleontology. 86 (3): 567–567. doi:10.1666/12-013.1. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ↑ Hooker, Jerry J. (2026-01-02). "The enigmatic mammalian genus Lessnessina : evidence for a relationship with the superorder Paenungulata in the Eurasian early Eocene". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 24 (1). doi:10.1080/14772019.2026.2667381. ISSN 1477-2019.
- ↑ Penkrot, Tonya A.; Zack, Shawn P.; Rose, Kenneth D.; Bloch, Jonathan I. (2008), Sargis, Eric J.; Dagosto, Marian (eds.), "Postcranial Morphology of Apheliscus and Haplomylus (Condylarthra, Apheliscidae): Evidence for a Paleocene Holarctic Origin of Macroscelidea", Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 73–106, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6997-0_5, ISBN 978-1-4020-6997-0, retrieved 2026-09-26
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - 1 2 3 De Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2017-09-02). "The oldest Cenozoic mammal fauna of Europe: implication of the Hainin reference fauna for mammalian evolution and dispersals during the Paleocene". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 15 (9): 741–785. doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1237582. ISSN 1477-2019.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 HOOKER, JERRY J.; RUSSELL, DONALD E. (2012-04-01). "Early Palaeogene Louisinidae (Macroscelidea, Mammalia), their relationships and north European diversity". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 164 (4): 856–936. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00787.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
- ↑ Kihm, A.J.; Hartman, J.H. (December 2004). "A reevaluation of the biochronology of the Brisbane and Judson local faunas (late Paleocene) of North Dakota". Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 2004 (36): 97–107. doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2004)36[97:AROTBO]2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Burger, B.J. (July 2007). "A new Late Paleocene vertebrate fauna from the Ohio Creek Formation of Western Colorado". Mountain Geologist. 44 (3): 141–150. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ↑ Robinson, P.; Williams, B.A. (May 1997). "Species diversity, tooth size, and shape of Haplomylus (Condylarthra, Hyopsodontidae) from the Powder River basin, northeastern Wyoming". Rocky Mountain Geology. 31 (2): 59–78. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- 1 2 Püschel, Hans P; Shelley, Sarah L; Williamson, Thomas E; Perini, Fernando A; Wible, John R; Brusatte, Stephen L (2024-09-01). "A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 202 (1): zlae095. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095. ISSN 0024-4082.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ↑ Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano; MacPhee, Ross D. E. (2021-07-04). "On the alleged perissodactyl affinities of the "condylarth" Escribania chubutensis and other endemic South American ungulate-like placentals". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (4). doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1986716. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ↑ Zimicz, Natalia; Fernández, M.; Bond, M.; Chornogubsky, L.; Fernicola, J.C. (2023-11-02). "A new SANU (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla) from the early Eocene levels of the Lumbrera Formation at Los Cardones National Park (Salta Province, Northwestern Argentina)". Historical Biology. 35 (11). Taylor & Francis: 2193–2205. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2138373. ISSN 0891-2963.
- ↑ Gelfo, Javier N. (2004). "A new South American mioclaenid (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) from the Tertiary of Patagonia, Argentina". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 41 (3): 475–484. ISSN 1851-8044.
- ↑ Rose, K.D.; Storch, G.; Krohmann, K. (November 2013). "Small-mammal postcrania from the middle Paleocene of Walbeck, Germany". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 89: 95–124. doi:10.1007/s12542-013-0211-3. S2CID 84072639.
- ↑ Thewisson, J.G.M. (1991). "Limb Osteology and function of the primitive Paleocene ungulate Pleuraspidotherium with notes on Tricuspiodon and Dissacus (Mammalia)". Geobios. 24 (4): 483–495. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80249-4.
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