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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mecca Agreement)

Mecca Joint Defence Agreement
NicknameMecca Alliance
Named afterMecca, the holiest city in Islam
Formation7 August 2026
TypeMilitary Alliance
Legal statusActive
HeadquartersSaudi Arabia
Members Saudi Arabia
 Pakistan
 Turkey
Secretary General
Lt. Gen Nauman Mahmood
Main organ
Strategic Political and Defence Committee

The Mecca Joint Defence Agreement, also known as the Mecca Defence Alliance,[1][2] is a defence pact between Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey signed into force on 7 August 2026.[3][4] It builds upon the earlier Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement signed between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia on 17 September 2025 to include Turkey.[5][6][7] The pact's ratification was officially announced amidst the 2026 Iran war.[4] The text has not been released.[8]

The Mecca Defence Alliance enshrines a collective security arrangement modelled on Article 5 of NATO,[9] with its official announcement stating that "any armed attack against any one of the three states shall be regarded as an attack against them all." The trilateral pact has been described by Steven A. Cook as a "major change" in Middle East geopolitics,[10] and the first institutional arrangement of its kind in the region.[9]

Background

[edit]

Saudi Arabia and Pakistan first established a bilateral collective-defence commitment through the Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA), signed on 17 September 2025 at Al-Yamamah Palace in Riyadh by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif.[11] That agreement formalised decades of military co-operation between the two countries, during which Pakistan had long provided training and technical assistance to Saudi forces.[4] Turkey and Pakistan had separately deepened their own defence ties, exchanging warships and training aircraft, and in 2023, Saudi Arabia agreed to purchase Turkish drones.[4][12] By mid-2026, Pakistan deployed several thousand troops, fighter aircraft, drones and an air-defence system, to Saudi Arabia, and opened talks with Kuwait in July 2026 on an expanded security arrangement.[4]

The trilateral pact was signed amid rising regional tensions in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia, alongside other Arab nations, was struck by Iran, after the opening of the 2026 Iran war, which threatened oil exports and stability.[4] Turkey and Pakistan, while less directly exposed to the fighting, were reportedly concerned about growing instability.[4]

Signing

[edit]

Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif arrived in Jeddah on 6 August 2026 and performed the Umrah pilgrimage in Mecca the following day[3] while Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan met Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.[3] The collective security agreement was formally concluded in Mecca.[4][13]

Official statement

[edit]

At the gracious invitation of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the President of the Republic of Türkiye, H.E. Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and the Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, H.E. Mr. Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif, paid a visit to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, on 24 Safar 1448H, corresponding to August 7, 2026.

His Royal Highness Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Crown Prince and Prime Minister received H.E. the President of Türkiye, and H.E. the Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, at Al-Safa Palace in Makkah, where the Makkah Al-Mukarramah Summit for Joint Defence was held, during which the distinguished relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Türkiye and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan were reviewed, along with a number of issues of mutual interest.

Guided by the longstanding historical ties among the three States, based on the enduring bonds of brotherhood and Islamic solidarity that unite them, and building upon their shared strategic interests and longstanding defence co-operation, His Royal Highness Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Crown Prince and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia, H.E. Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of the Republic of Türkiye, and H.E. Mr. Muhammed Shehbaz Sharif, Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, signed the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement, reflecting the three States’ shared commitment to further strengthening their collective security and to promoting peace, security, and stability in the region and beyond, in pursuit of a secure and prosperous future.

The Agreement is intended to strengthen collective deterrence against any act of aggression, and stipulates that any armed attack against any one of the three States shall be regarded as an attack against them all. It further provides for the enhancement of all aspects of defence co-operation among the three States.

Makkah

07 August 2026

— Saudi Arabia, Türkiye, and Pakistan Issue Joint Statement of the Makkah Al-Mukarramah Summit for Joint Defence[14][15][16]

Provisions

[edit]

According to a joint statement issued by the three governments, the agreement is intended to strengthen collective deterrence against aggression, with an armed attack on any one of the three states to be regarded as an attack on all three.[4] The statement did not detail the specific military commitments or obligations undertaken by each party.[4] A Turkish official characterised the agreement as purely defensive, stating it was not directed at any particular country, and did not nullify any existing accords with other nations.[4]

Analysis

[edit]

Analysts described the Jeddah–Mecca summit as symbolically significant, bringing together three influential Muslim-majority states at a moment of heightened regional uncertainty, and as a sign of growing security co-ordination among regional middle powers.[4] Reactions to the pact's predecessor, the September 2025 Saudi–Pakistan agreement, had been mixed: Iranian state media described that earlier pact as non-threatening and potentially a step toward a broader regional security framework, while India maintained a neutral public position.[6]

Nawaf Obaid, a senior fellow at the Department of War Studies at King's College London, commented that the agreement is the beginning of a new defence structure for the region. He called it "the beginning of the post-American Middle East – not a region without the US, but one no longer dependent upon American power to organise its security".[17]

Al Jazeera described the agreement as a potential framework for closer strategic, military and defence-industrial co-operation among Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Turkey. Defence analyst Mansoor Ahmed, of the Australian National University's Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, said the pact was better understood as a framework for regional security and defence co-operation than as an alliance directly comparable with NATO.[18]

An additional analysis published by Al Jazeera on 8 August 2026 examined the implications of the agreement for the role of the United States in Middle Eastern security. It noted that the Trump administration had not issued a formal response to the agreement at the time of publication. Analysts cited in the article generally viewed the pact as an effort by regional states to broaden their security partnerships while maintaining their existing relations with the United States. Kristian Coates Ulrichsen of the Baker Institute said that doubts about the reliability of US security partnerships had developed over more than a decade and had been intensified by the 2026 Iran war. He argued that new defence agreements were intended to provide additional strategic options rather than replace the United States. Sina Toossi of the Centre for International Policy similarly described the agreement as an indication that regional states were reassessing their security arrangements, with Saudi Arabia potentially seeking to expand its network of security partnerships. Yasmine Farouk of the International Crisis Group offered a more cautious assessment, noting that all three signatories remained US partners and that the agreement did not necessarily indicate a move towards confrontation with Iran. She said the pact could instead serve as a form of deterrence and contribute to longer-term regional security co-operation.[19]

The Guardian linked the pact to a broader effort by regional states to develop their own security arrangements amid continuing instability in the Middle East. It also noted that the agreement could face an early test from the conflict involving the Houthi movement and Saudi Arabia.[20]

Former Turkish diplomat Mustafa Enes Esen told Turkish Minute that the agreement was largely symbolic and that Turkey was unlikely to be drawn into conflicts with Iran or India unless the pact developed a joint military command and military structures.[21] As of 31 August, the pact had yet to develop integrated joint command structures.[22]

Trump's support for the Mecca Defence Alliance helps Washington present declining Gulf confidence as successful burden-sharing. However, the pact could eventually reduce American control.[23]

Doga Eralp, an associate professor of security studies at the Marine Corps University, argues that the defence pact remains an untested and "high-stakes political experiment" rather than a credible new deterrence architecture. According to him, its credibility is weakened by limited operational integration, unclear commitments on when and how members would respond to aggression, and the absence of effective mechanisms for managing escalation. Eralp cautions that the pact's "strategic ambiguity" toward Iran and Israel, combined with possible alliance entrapment and regional polarisation, could intensify rather than reduce insecurity.[24]

Kamran Bokhari, a Washington-based analyst on Pakistan-Iran relations, said while Tehran engages Islamabad precisely because of its "alignment with Riyadh and Washington," the Houthi attacks and Mecca Joint Defence Agreement could turn Pakistan from a stakeholder to a "combatant."[25]

Implementation and subsequent developments

[edit]

Response to the Houthi attacks

[edit]

The effectiveness and credibility of the defence pact have come under question following the absence of a military response from Pakistan and Turkey to Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia, including attacks affecting the holy city of Mecca.[26][27][28]

On 10 September 2026, Pakistan stated that it was not considering an immediate military response under the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement following recent Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia. The statement indicated that Pakistan's response at that stage would remain primarily diplomatic rather than involve direct military action.[29]

In the aftermath of waves of Houthi attacks against Saudi Arabia, the lack of a military response from Turkey and Pakistan raised questions about the practical effectiveness of the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement.[30] The Atlantic subsequently reported that the Houthi attacks had put the value of the Mecca Alliance into doubt, noting that neither Islamabad nor Ankara had shown an inclination to assist Saudi Arabia despite the attacks.[31] The Jerusalem Post similarly reported that the attacks raised questions about the credibility of the defence arrangement after Turkey and Pakistan did not respond militarily.[32] Meanwhile, both Turkey and Pakistan say they have not received a request from Saudi Arabia for support under the trilateral Mecca defence pact, even as the kingdom seeks help from other allies amid an escalating standoff with Yemen's Houthis, according to officials cited by the Associated Press.[33][34]

However, parliamentary ratification or the completion of the required domestic legal procedures in Pakistan and Turkey are necessary for the agreement to become fully legally effective, its implementation may remain subject to those processes. Therefore, parliamentary approval in both countries would be an important step toward giving the agreement full domestic legal effect and strengthening the credibility of its collective-defence commitments.[35][36]

Consequently, Saudi Arabia had to request US assistance despite the agreement as the Houthis seized Mocha and strengthened their position around Bab al-Mandab because neither Turkey nor Pakistan could commit to a military response. Mohammed bin Salman had to directly reach out to the US administration instead.[37]

Reactions

[edit]

Iran

[edit]

Iran gave a mixed response to the agreement. Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi welcomed the agreement and called for greater unity among Muslim-majority countries, while urging them to rely on their own capabilities. He also praised Iran's armed forces and linked the agreement to a broader call for regional self-reliance.[38] Iranian parliamentarian Ebrahim Rezaei, a member of the National Security and Foreign Policy Commission, took a more critical view, arguing that a defence agreement between Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Pakistan would not by itself provide security for Saudi Arabia. He urged Riyadh to reconsider its approach to regional security.[39][40]

India

[edit]

India's Ministry of External Affairs said that India valued its strategic partnership with Saudi Arabia and expected Riyadh to take India's "interests and sensitivities" into account.[41][42][43]

India's External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar subsequently questioned what the pact had actually demonstrated in response to the "live military situations" faced by its three members.[44]

Pakistan

[edit]

In Pakistan, following the signing of the agreement, public celebrations were held in several Pakistani cities. In Islamabad, public buildings were illuminated and decorated with the flags of Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, while a flag march was held by the Islamabad Police.[45] In Lahore, a cycle rally and a concert were held at Liberty Chowk, followed by a fireworks display. Billboards displaying the leaders of the three countries were also erected in Karachi.[46][47][48]

Potential expansion

[edit]

Following the signing ceremony on 7 August 2026 by the three founding members—Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan—the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement holds potential to transform into a broader regional security architecture and multinational pact. In the period following the signing, expansion scenarios gained widespread coverage in the international press and diplomatic circles.

Egypt

[edit]

According to a report provided by Middle East Eye, the foreign ministers of Egypt, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey held talks on the side-lines of the March 2026 Riyadh Summit of Arab and Islamic nations. The report stated that Turkey wanted to bring Egypt into a quadrilateral defence agreement, but this has not yet materialised.[49][50] According to The Guardian, Turkish president Erdogan said that "the alliance would be open to other countries".[20] The Turkish foreign minister Hakan Fidan said that "Egypt could join the agreement", once technical matters are resolved.[51] Obstacles for Egypt to join the pact are its existing agreements with Greece and Cyprus[52] and hesitance to join an alliance that requires them to unconditionally support allies in military conflicts.[53]

Bangladesh

[edit]

In August 2026, Bangladesh's Foreign Affairs Adviser Humaiun Kobir stated that Bangladesh maintains a positive approach towards joining a potential economic or defence framework involving Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Turkey, guided by its "Bangladesh First" policy and national interests. He also noted that Prime Minister Tarique Rahman's visit to Riyadh is likely to be finalised soon, while Dhaka is strengthening bilateral ties with Pakistan in trade and people-to-people connectivity.[54]

Governance and facilities

[edit]

Turkish foreign minister Hakan Fidan said that the pact would function similarly to NATO, with a minister's committee, political and military committees, and a permanent secretariat to oversee the implementation of decisions. The permanent general secretariat is based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, with the first secretariat-general being from Pakistan.[51][22][55]

The governments of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey convened an emergency meeting of the Strategic-Political and Defence Committee of the Makkah Alliance for Defence in Riyadh on 5 October 2026, to address the security developments and threats facing Saudi Arabia. As part of the institutional development of the Makkah Alliance for Defence, the committee decided to appoint Lieutenant General Nauman Mahmood (Ret.) of Pakistan as the first Secretary-General for a three-year term. The committee decided to move immediately to the practical implementation of the collective defence commitments and to take the necessary measures to provide the agreed military forces and capabilities and ensure their rapid deployment in Saudi Arabia, in accordance with the approved arrangements and the national legislation of the Parties.[56][57][58]

List of Secretary-General

[edit]

The Member State countries selected the first secretary general on 5 October 2026.[59][60][61]

No.Portrait Secretary GeneralTook officeLeft officeTime in officePrevious officeMember State
1
Nauman Mahmood
Lieutenant General
Nauman Mahmood
(born c. 1969)		5 October 20265 October 20292 days35th President of the Pakistan National Defence University Pakistan

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Tripartite agreement to be called 'Makkah Defence Alliance', with first secretary general from Pakistan: Turkish FM Fidan". Dawn. Reuters. 31 August 2026. Retrieved 31 August 2026.
  2. ↑ "Türkiye unveils 'Mecca Defense Alliance,' signals new regional security era". Türkiye Today. Retrieved 2 September 2026.
  3. 1 2 3 "PM Shehbaz arrives in Saudi Arabia on 3-day visit". Dawn. 6 August 2026. Archived from the original on 9 August 2026. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Azhari, Timour; Shahid, Ariba; Gumrukcu, Tuvan (8 August 2026). "Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan pledge mutual defence as Middle East turmoil escalates". Reuters. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  5. ↑ "HRH the Crown Prince, Pakistan Prime Minister Hold Official Talks, Sign Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement". spa.gov.sa. Retrieved 9 August 2026.
  6. 1 2 "Could the Pakistani-Saudi Defense Pact Be the First Step Toward a NATO-Style Alliance?". CSIS. 14 October 2025. Archived from the original on 23 July 2026. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  7. ↑ "Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia sign "Mecca Joint Defence Agreement"". Middle East Eye. 7 August 2026. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  8. ↑ Geopolitics, GEOPOLIST | Istanbul Center for (11 September 2026). "Yemen Could Become the First Test of the Turkey–Pakistan–Saudi Defense Pact".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. 1 2 Hussain, Abid (17 August 2026). "Trump hails Mecca pact: Can it replace the region's US security umbrella?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 August 2026.
  10. ↑ Cook, Steven A. (13 August 2026). "The U.S.-Led Middle East Order Is Over. The Mecca Agreement Proves It". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 19 August 2026.
  11. ↑ "Aggression against either country...: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia ink defence pact for joint defence against aggression". Deccan Herald. PTI. 17 September 2025. Archived from the original on 18 September 2025. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  12. ↑ Ragip Soylu (18 July 2023). "Saudi Arabia signs drone deals with Turkey's Baykar". Middle East Eye.
  13. ↑ "'Attack on one, attack on all'". The Express Tribune. 8 August 2026. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  14. ↑ Makkah Al-Mukarramah Summit for Joint Defence - Pakistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  15. ↑ Türkiye and Saudi Arabia sign a Joint Defence Agreement - Office of the President of Turkey
  16. ↑ "Saudi Arabia, Türkiye, and Pakistan Issue Joint Statement of the Makkah Al-Mukarramah Summit for Joint Defence - Saudi Press Agency". spa.gov.sa (Press release).
  17. ↑ Obaid, Nawaf (8 August 2026). "The post-American Middle East is beginning to take shape". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 August 2026. Retrieved 9 August 2026.
  18. ↑ Shankar, Priyanka (7 August 2026). "Turkiye, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan sign joint defence agreement: What's in it?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 August 2026. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  19. ↑ Osgood, Brian (8 August 2026). "What could the Mecca defence pact mean for the US role in the Middle East?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  20. 1 2 Wintour, Patrick (7 August 2026). "Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Turkey sign Nato-style defence pact amid deadly Houthi strikes in Yemen". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  21. ↑ Tekin, Bünyamin (7 August 2026). "Turkey's defense pact with Saudi Arabia, Pakistan largely symbolic, former diplomat says". Turkish Minute. Archived from the original on 9 August 2026.
  22. 1 2 Hussain, Abid (31 August 2026). "Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkiye meet: What's next for their defence pact?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 September 2026.
  23. ↑ Rawat, Dinesh Singh (24 August 2026). "Explained: Why Washington Supports Makkah Defence Agreement". ABC Live India. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
  24. ↑ Eralp, Doga (9 September 2026). "The Mecca Pact's Credibility Gap". War on the Rocks. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  25. ↑ Bukhari, Mubasher; Hafezi, Parisa; Shahzad, Asif; Shahid, Ariba; Shahzad, Asif; Shahid, Ariba (11 September 2026). "As Saudi tensions with Iran-backed Houthis escalate, mediator Pakistan faces pressure to choose a side". Reuters. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  26. ↑ Worth, Robert F. (12 September 2026). "Trump Loses the Other Strait". The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 September 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ↑ Klein, Zvika (11 August 2026). "Turkey and Pakistan did nothing when Houthis hit Saudi, despite defense pact". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 September 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ↑ Gupta, Shishir (15 September 2026). "Iran war exposes chinks in Mecca pact: Why Pakistan's newfound relevance may be more hype than heft". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 16 September 2026.
  29. ↑ "Transcript of the Press Briefing by the Spokesperson on Wednesday, 10th September 2026". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan. 10 September 2026. Retrieved 11 September 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ↑ "Pakistan says no military response discussed under Mecca pact over Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia". Reuters. Retrieved 15 September 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ↑ "Trump Loses the Other Strait". The Atlantic. 12 September 2026. Retrieved 15 September 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ↑ "Turkey and Pakistan did nothing when Houthis hit Saudi, despite defense pact". The Jerusalem Post. 11 August 2026. Retrieved 15 September 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ↑ "Saudis seek allies' help as missile defenses run low in fight with Houthis, officials say". The Associated Press (AP). 17 August 2026. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  34. ↑ "Türkiye, Pakistan say Saudis haven't sought Mecca pact help cited by The Associated Press (AP)". Türkiye Today. 17 August 2026. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  35. ↑ "Treaty Ratification Process: How Nations Approve Deals | Political Watch". politicalwatch.net.
  36. ↑ "The Mecca Pact Reveals its Limitations". Middle East Broadcasting Networks, Inc. 17 September 2026. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  37. ↑ Okebiorun, Olamilekan (15 September 2026). "Despite signing a defence pact with Pakistan and Türkiye, Saudi Arabia keeps rushing to the US for help against an Iran-backed enemy threatening its oil trade off Africa". Business Insider Africa. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  38. ↑ "Araghchi responds to Mecca defense agreement with call for Muslim unity". www.iranintl.com. 7 August 2026. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  39. ↑ "Iran hails Saudi-Pak-Turkey defence pact, calls for Muslim unity amid West Asia tensions". The Times of India. 8 August 2026. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  40. ↑ Stanly Johny. (9 August 2026). "Mecca Agreement | A new triple alliance in West Asia ." The Hindu website Accessed 10 August 2026.
  41. ↑ "India reacts to Turkey-Pakistan-Saudi defence deal: 'Closely following the development'". Hindustan Times. 7 August 2026. Archived from the original on 7 August 2026. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  42. ↑ "India reacts as Pakistan, Saudi, Turkiye sign vital defence agreement to protect each other". The Tribune. 8 August 2026. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  43. ↑ "Saudi Arabia, Pakistan & Turkey sign 'Mecca' pact for mutual defence; India reacts". The Times of India. 7 August 2026. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 7 August 2026. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  44. ↑ Narayan, Priyanjali (22 August 2026). "EAM downplays Pakistan-Turkey-Saudi defence pact: 'What has it done amid live military situations in these countries?'". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 16 September 2026.
  45. ↑ Junaidi, Ikram (10 August 2026). "Islamabad police hold flag march to celebrate joint defence agreement". Dawn. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  46. ↑ "Saudi Arabia lights up landmarks, Pakistan hoists flags to celebrate joint defense pact". Arab News. 8 August 2026. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  47. ↑ "Islamabad decorated with Turkish, Saudi, Pakistani flags after joint defense agreement". Reuters. 9 August 2026. Retrieved 10 August 2026.[dead link]
  48. ↑ "Islamabad, other cities decorated to mark Makkah Joint Defence Agreement". Radio Pakistan. Archived from the original on 8 August 2026. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  49. ↑ "Riyadh Summit 2026: Arab and Islamic ministers demand end to Iranian aggression and regional escalation". Horizon Weekly. 20 March 2026. Archived from the original on 21 March 2026. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  50. ↑ Chakraborty, Debdutta (7 August 2026). "Saudi, Turkey & Pakistan sign defence pact, committing to 'treat attack on one as attack on all'". ThePrint. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  51. 1 2 "Turkish FM signals Egypt could join Mecca defense pact". Türkiye Today. Retrieved 9 August 2026.
  52. ↑ "Cairo avoided Mecca agreement over Saudi-led bloc concerns: Egyptian media". Türkiye Today. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  53. ↑ Quillen, Stephen. "Which other countries could join the Turkiye-Saudi-Pakistan defence pact?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 August 2026. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  54. ↑ Humaiun Kobir (as quoted in interview) (20 August 2026). "PM's India visit will take place maintaining 'national interest': Humaiun". Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha. Retrieved 20 August 2026.
  55. ↑ "Turkey: Defense pact mirrors NATO's Article 5". The Jerusalem Post. 8 August 2026. Archived from the original on 8 August 2026. Retrieved 9 August 2026.
  56. ↑ Emergency Meeting of the Strategic Political and Defense Committee of the Makkah Alliance for Defense - Saudi Press Agency
  57. ↑ Joint Statement:Emergency Meeting of the Strategic Political and Defense Committee of the Makkah Alliance for Defense Riyadh – 5 October 2026 - Pakistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  58. ↑ Joint Statement on the Emergency Meeting of the Strategic Political and Defense Committee of the Makkah Alliance for Defense, 5 October 2026 - Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  59. ↑ Emergency Meeting of the Strategic Political and Defense Committee of the Makkah Alliance for Defense - Saudi Press Agency
  60. ↑ Joint Statement:Emergency Meeting of the Strategic Political and Defense Committee of the Makkah Alliance for Defense Riyadh – 5 October 2026 - Pakistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  61. ↑ Joint Statement on the Emergency Meeting of the Strategic Political and Defense Committee of the Makkah Alliance for Defense, 5 October 2026 - Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs
[edit]

Official joint statements:

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