// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did Masjed Soleyman say to its twin? "You're a sole mate".
Masjed Soleyman
Persian: مسجدسلیمان | |
|---|---|
City | |
 General view of Masjed Soleyman | |
| Etymology: "Mosque of Solomon", after the ancient terrace ruins of Sar-e Masjed | |
  Masjed Soleyman Location within Iran | |
| Coordinates: 31°57′36″N 49°17′17″E / 31.96000°N 49.28806°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Khuzestan |
| County | Masjed Soleyman |
| District | Central |
| Population (2026) | |
• Total | 94,990[2] |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
Masjed Soleyman or Masjed-i-Sulaiman [fa] ⓘ (Persian: مسجدسلیمان, romanized: Masjed Soleymān, lit. 'Mosque of Solomon')[a] also known as MIS is a city in the Central District of Masjed Soleyman County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[5] It is the site of the first commercial oil discovery in the Middle East (1908).[6]
Etymology
[edit]The name Masjed Soleyman means "Mosque of Solomon" (masjed "mosque" + Soleymān, the Persian form of Solomon). It does not refer to a mosque built by King Solomon, nor to any functioning mosque. The name belongs to the ruins of a pre-Islamic terraced sanctuary on a hill at the north-eastern edge of the town, known locally as Sar-Masjed ("top of the mosque"); the town later took its name from these ruins.[7][8]
The ruins behind the name
[edit]The Sar-Masjed terrace, built of large piled-up stones, was excavated by the French archaeologist Roman Ghirshman, who first worked there in 1948 and returned for excavations between 1967 and 1972.[9] Together with the nearby site of Bard-Neshandeh, it is regarded as one of the monumental "sacred terraces" of the Hellenistic and Parthian-period kingdom of Elymais.[8][10] A shrine of Herakles was identified on the site, and a stone statue of the god holding the Nemean lion was found there.[11] In other words, the "mosque" of the name was in fact an ancient pagan temple complex, many centuries older than Islam.
Why "Solomon"?
[edit]Attributing impressive ancient ruins to Solomon is a widespread naming pattern in Iran. In Islamic and Persian legend Solomon commanded jinn and demons who built wonders for him, so monuments whose real builders had been forgotten were often credited to him. Early Muslim geographers, for example, attributed the ruins of Persepolis to the legendary king Jamshid, whom they identified with Solomon, and accordingly called the site Masjed Solaymān as well.[12] The Sasanian fire-temple complex in Azerbaijan is likewise known as Takht-e Soleymān ("Throne of Solomon"), with a nearby crater called Zendan-e Soleyman ("Solomon's Prison").[13] Such "Solomon" names were often given to former Zoroastrian religious buildings after the Arab conquest, which supports the interpretation of the Masjed Soleyman terrace as a sanctuary.[7]
A local tradition, reported by the city's municipality, holds that at the time of the Arab conquest the inhabitants told the conquerors that the temple had been built by the prophet Solomon, who was revered by Muslims, so that it would be spared from destruction.[14] This story is a local legend and is not attested in early historical sources.
Early records of the name
[edit]The name was attached to the ruins long before a town existed. The British officer Henry Rawlinson, travelling in Khuzestan in 1836, did not visit the site but reported hearing from the Bakhtiari of ruins called Masjid-i-Suleïmán, which he considered one of the ancient temples of Elymais.[8][15] Austen Henry Layard, who did visit the ruins during his travels among the Bakhtiari, noted that the site was sometimes called "Masjdi Suleiman" by the Lurs, and later recorded legends about it told to him by Bakhtiari tribesmen.[8][16]
From Maidan-e Naftun to Masjed Soleyman
[edit]When the oil prospectors of the D'Arcy concession set up camp in the area in the early 20th century, the settlement was called Meydan-e Naftun ("the plain of naphtha"), after the oil seepages of the area; the ruins of "Masjid-i-Suleiman" lay nearby.[8][17] British oil company records and geological literature generally used the ruin's name, in the form Masjid-i-Sulaiman, for the oil field itself.[18] The name Naftun is still used today for the cemetery south-east of the city.[8]
The townspeople firmly believed that the ruins on the terrace were the ancient "Temple of Solomon", and used to leave small oil lamps there as votive offerings.[8] After Reza Khan visited Sar-Masjed and heard this tradition, he proposed that the town be renamed after the ruins, and the National Consultative Assembly approved the name Masjed Soleyman in 1305 SH (1926).[b][14][8]
Other names
[edit]Local and municipal sources give further historical names for the area, including Asak (said to be its Elamite name), Parsomash, and the Qajar-era Tol-Ghor.[14] The identification with Parsomash, the early homeland of the Achaemenids, rests on Ghirshman's interpretation of the terrace as an early Achaemenid residence and remains a hypothesis rather than an established fact.[8]
History
[edit]
The city of Masjed Soleyman is among the ancient cities of the early Mesopotamian Elam civilisation which was originally known as Assak, but was changed to Parsomash by the early Achaemenids. In 1955, Roman Ghirshman discovered evidence of human inhabitation dating to 10,000 years ago in Pepdeh cave in vicinity of the current city of Lali, making it one of the oldest inhabited sites in the Khuzestan plain.[19] Ghirshman's excavations in the area of Masjed Soleyman led him to believe that Parsomash (present-day Masjed Soleyman) was the oldest capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
The remains of an ancient terrace sanctuary known locally as Sar-Masjed (from which the city takes its name; see Etymology) and attributed in local legend to the pre-historic king Houshang or to Solomon, and the ruins of the Elymaean sanctuary of Bard-Neshandeh, are among the archaeological ruins in the area.[10] Under the Seleucids and the Parthians the site remained an important religious centre of the kingdom of Elymais.[8]
During the Sasanian era canals and weir-bridges were built, resulting into the cultivation of tobacco and cereals in the region. The ruins of such edifices can be seen in the Tembi region, Godar Landar and Dow-Paloon region (near Izeh); however, following the Muslim conquest of Iran, many of the ancient monolithic structures of the region were demolished and the region was ruled by rulers imposed by the Umayyad Caliphs and remained relatively obscure, until the Qajar era when it became a center for the tar trade and its name was changed to Tol-Ghor, with its borders being limited from the Karun river's Western bank to the tar springs; however, with the advent of the discovery of oil in the region, this city was named Jahangiri, but after the first oil well began production it was known as Maidan-e Naftun. In 1926, following a proposal by Reza Khan, the National Consultative Assembly officially changed the city's name to Masjed Soleyman, after the ancient ruins of Sar-Masjed.[14][8]
Masjed Soleyman in the 20th century
[edit]Masjed Soleyman regained importance with the discovery of oil and the erecting of the first oil well in the middle east by D'Arcy's concession. In 1900, he agreed to fund a search for oil and minerals in Qajar Iran headed by Wolff, Ketabchee and Cotte, although D'Arcy never visited Persia himself.[20] Negotiations with the reigning monarch Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar began in 1901, and with the offer of £20,000 (£2.1 million today),[21] for a sixty-year concession to explore for oil—later, the D'Arcy concession—was secured in May, covering 480,000 square miles (1,200,000 km2), and stipulated that D'Arcy would have the oil rights to the entire country except for five provinces in Northern Iran.
In exchange, the Iranian government was given 16% of the oil company's annual profits, an agreement that would remain in effect until the 1979 Iranian Revolution. After the D'Arcy concession, the British government became much more concerned with the stability of Iran because of their reliance on the country's vast oil reserves.[22]
Constitutional Revolution
[edit]Ḥossain Qolī Khan Haft Lang was appointed superintendent (nāẓem) of the Baḵtīārīs by the Shah in 1862 and head of the tribe (īlḵān) in 1867. He was the first recipient of this title, and in the tribe he became known by the surname Īlḵānī. In 1882, the Shah caused him to be murdered and replaced by his brother Emām Qolī Khan, surnamed Ḥājī Īlḵānī.
From then almost without interruption until the abolition of the title khan in 1956, the successive heads of the tribe were descendants of one or the other of the two brothers. The Haft Lang tribe played a significant role; particularly during the advent of the country's Constitutional Revolution (1905–1907).[23] This event largely succeeded as a result of the Bakhtari tribal coalition military campaign led by Ali-Gholi Khan, Sardar Asaad II, a chieftain of the Haft-lang tribe and his brother Najaf Qoli Khan Bakhtiari- Saad ad-Daula (also referred to as Samsam-os Saltane) whom in 1909 marched up to the gates of Tehran, and eventually deposed Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1907–1909).[24][25]
Following his abdication in 1909, Mohammad Ali Shah went to exile in Russia. This incident secured Saad ad-Daula the position of Prime Minister in the period that followed the abdication of the Qajar Shah. Nonetheless, with Russian backing, the Shah would attempt to regain his throne in 1911 by landing with a coalition of forces at Astarabad .[26] However, his efforts to reclaim his throne would bear no fruit.[26] In this sense, the Bakhtiaris played a critical role in saving the revolution from the Qajar forces.
Pahlavi era
[edit]With the expansion of Bakhtiari influence, influential policy makers (particularly in Tehran) began to worry regarding the potential Bakhtiari takeover of Iran's affairs. Prior to this point, the Bakhtiari had largely remained within their own territorial boundaries. In February 1921, the said policy makers instigated a coup by which Reza Pahlavi the commander of the entire Cossack Brigade which was based in Qazvinordered his troops to march towards Tehran and seized the capital.
He forced the dissolution of the government and installed Zia ol Din Tabatabaee as the new prime minister. In 1925, Reza Pahlavi was appointed as the legal monarch of Iran by the decision of Iran's constituent assembly. The assembly deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and amended Iran's 1906 constitution to allow selection of Reza Pahlavi as the Shah of Iran. The Bakhtiari influence in Iranian politics thus waned, but they would continue to play an important role within the early 20th century politics of Iran. Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925–1941) made the destruction of the Bakhtiari influence his mission;[17] moreover, the existence of oil on Bakhtiari territory further motivated the Pahlavi monarch to undermine the autonomy of the tribe and force its population to adhere to the commands of the central government.[17]
Reza Shah would eventually execute a few noteworthy tribal leaders to crush Bakhtiari autonomy and maintain control over the tribe. Amongst the executed Khans was Mohammad Reza Khan (Sardar-e-Fateh), whose son later became the Pahlavi Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar.[27] The latter event was a turning point for Bakhtiari and their rise within Iranian politics.[27]
Discovery of oil in the early 20th century
[edit]In the late 19th century Britain's Royal Navy, under the leadership of Sir Winston Churchill decided to shift its fuel source from coal to oil; therefore the British admiralty and the War office became the de facto force behind the British government's quest for oil. During the 1890s, research and reports were collected by the British foreign office indicating that Persia had great oil potential.
The British Foreign office selected William Knox D'Arcy, a millionaire investor, and provided him with the reports, promising him greater wealth and governmental support if he invested in the excavation of oil. D'Arcy agreed and sent out representatives to Tehran to win a concession that would give him the exclusive rights to prospect for oil in Persia. On 16 April 1901 negotiations commenced between D'Arcy's representatives and the Qajar monarch Mozzafar al-Din Shah over a potential oil concession.[4]
On 28 May 1901, Shah Mozzafar al-Din signed an 18 article concession which exclusively gave D'Arcy the rights to prospect, explore, exploit, transport and sell natural gas, petroleum, asphalt and mineral waxes in Persia.[7] This concession also granted D'Arcy these rights for a 60-year period, and it covered an area of 1,242,000 square kilometers.[8] or roughly three quarters of the country.
In 1902, a drilling team under George B. Reynolds was sent to Chiah Surkh near the current Iran-Iraq border and in 1904 discovered oil; however, he and his team suffered much hardship and the venture had put a strain on D'arcy's funds in as such that he had already spent £160,000, and was overdrawn at Lloyds Bank by £177,000. In 1905, the British Admiralty fearing the possible selling of the concession to its rivals in the Middle east convinced D'Arcy through an elaborate ruse to seek financial support from Burmah Oil Company Ltd., and in 1905 the Concession Syndicate was established which was later renamed as the Anglo Persian Oil Co. in 1909.[18]
The infusion of capital provided by Burmah Oil allowed for the exploration of oil to continue; however, drilling operations shifted to southwestern Persia, and all drilling equipment was shipped to a new drilling site at Masjed Soleyman.[19] [29] Once again Reynolds encountered problems in this region with hostile tribes and the local population.
Reynolds often had to pay them a high fee and guarantee them a share of profits in order to protect the concession.[20] In 1907, due to no success in findings, D'Arcy sold off the majority of his shares to Burmah Oil for £203,067 cash and £900,000 in shares, allowing Burmah to become the major shareholder of the company.[15]. At 4:00 am on 26 May 1908, commercial quantities of oil were struck at the Masjed Soleyman site and a fifty-foot gusher of petroleum shot up the no. 1 drilling rig.[22]
In April 1909, D'Arcy was appointed a director of the newly founded Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC),[29]: 148 which would later become British Petroleum (BP). By 1911, APOC had run a pipeline from the oil field in Masjed Soleyman to a refinery at Abadan.
Demographics
[edit]Ethnicity
[edit]The city of Masjed Soleyman is home to a large Bakhtiyari population of the Haft-lang tribe. The Bakhtiaris occupy the mountain tract in South-West Persia lying roughly between longitudes 31 to 34 N and 48 40' to 51 E, bound on the south by the plains of Khuzistan and on the north by the districts of Chahar Mahal, Faridan, and Khonsar where the central Iranian Plateau blends into the great southern mountain range. Bakhtiaris were semi-nomadic, and their livelihood depended on the survival of their herds of sheep, cattle, and horses.[30] The four main tribal divisions of Haft Lang are Duraki, Babadi, Bakhtiarwand, and Dinaruni, who are then divided into lesser clans.
Population
[edit]At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 106,121 in 22,393 households.[31] The following census in 2011 counted 103,369 people in 24,577 households.[32] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 100,497 people in 26,502 households.[33]
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1976 | 116,000 | — |
| 1986 | 100,000 | −1.47% |
| 1991 | 107,539 | +1.46% |
| 2006 | 106,121 | −0.09% |
| 2016 | 100,497 | −0.54% |
| 2026 | 94,990 | −0.56% |
| Source: Statistical Center of Iran censuses (2006–2016);[31][32][33] 1991 census;[34] 1976 and 1986 figures are rounded.[35] | ||
Climate
[edit]At Masjed-Soleyman, the summers are long, sweltering, arid, and clear and the winters are cool, dry, and mostly clear. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 45 °F to 112 °F and is rarely below 38 °F or above 117 °F. The best time of year to visit Masjed-Soleyman is from mid-September to late October. Masjed Soleyman is classified as having a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh).
| Climate data for Masjed Soleyman (1991-2020, extremes 1985-2025) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.4 (79.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
37.8 (100.0) |
43.1 (109.6) |
48.1 (118.6) |
51.2 (124.2) |
52.0 (125.6) |
53.0 (127.4) |
48.0 (118.4) |
43.2 (109.8) |
34.2 (93.6) |
30.0 (86.0) |
53.0 (127.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
30.7 (87.3) |
38.0 (100.4) |
43.6 (110.5) |
45.4 (113.7) |
45.2 (113.4) |
41.3 (106.3) |
34.8 (94.6) |
25.3 (77.5) |
19.3 (66.7) |
32.0 (89.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.8 (53.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
24.4 (75.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
36.8 (98.2) |
38.9 (102.0) |
38.3 (100.9) |
33.9 (93.0) |
27.6 (81.7) |
19.0 (66.2) |
13.6 (56.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.9 (87.6) |
26.4 (79.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
9.3 (48.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −3.6 (25.5) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
1.8 (35.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.0 (75.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
3.4 (38.1) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 88.8 (3.50) |
51.2 (2.02) |
64.9 (2.56) |
34.3 (1.35) |
7.3 (0.29) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.0 (0.04) |
10.9 (0.43) |
63.4 (2.50) |
93.9 (3.70) |
415.8 (16.37) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.3 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 4.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 36.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74 | 64 | 52 | 38 | 22 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 29 | 53 | 72 | 39.3 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
5.5 (41.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
7.2 (45.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
6.1 (43.0) |
6.3 (43.3) |
7.7 (45.9) |
8.0 (46.4) |
6.6 (43.9) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 168 | 172 | 209 | 217 | 267 | 322 | 328 | 336 | 304 | 258 | 193 | 167 | 2,941 |
| Source 1: NOAA NCEI[36] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[37] Ogimet[38][39] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Masjed Soleyman[40][41] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| No. of days with Visibility ≤ 2 km (1.2 miles) | 10.0 | 6.1 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 8.3 | 47.7 |
| Mean number of days with Dust | 0.7 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 7.5 | 10.4 | 13.1 | 7.3 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 58.9 |
Notable people
[edit]- Abbas Bagheri Lotfabad (1965–2022), Professor of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
- Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari (1856–1917), a chieftain of the Bakhtiari Haft Lang tribe and one of the primary figures of the Persian Constitutional Revolution.
- Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari (1874–1937), revolutionary and activist of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution who was the daughter of Hossein Gholi Khan Bakhtiari, and the sister of Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari.
- Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary (1932–2001), Queen of the Imperial State of Iran and second wife of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
- Bijan Allipour (1949–2023), Iranian business executive. former CEO of NISOC.[42][citation needed]
- Mehran Karimi Nasseri (1945–2022), Iranian refugee who lived in the departure lounge of Terminal One in Charles de Gaulle Airport from 26 August 1988 until July 2006.
- Habib Far Abbasi (1997–), footballer.
- Masoud Bakhtiari (1940-2006), teacher, poet and singer.
- Mohsen Rezaee (1954–), Iranian politician, economist and former military commander.
- Laleh Bakhtiar, author[43] and former professor at the University of Chicago, who wrote a female re-interpretation of the Qur'an.[44]
- Rudi Bakhtiar, former CNN and FOX TV news anchor and journalist.
- Shahpour Bakhtiar, politician and Prime Minister of Iran (1979).
- Teymur Bakhtiar, former general and head of SAVAK.
- Behnoosh Bakhtiari, actress.
- David Bakhtiari, NFL player and offensive tackle for the Green Bay Packers.
- Shaghayegh Dehghan, Iranian television actress, half Bakhtiari.
- Khalil Esfandiary-Bakhtiary, Iranian Ambassador to West Germany (1952–1961).
- Eman Mobali, football player.
- Bahram Akasheh, Iran's leading experts on earthquakes.
MasjedSoleyman Municipality
[edit]Masjed Soleyman Municipality is a public non-governmental organization that was founded in 1960[45] and manages the city of Masjed Soleyman. The highest executive authority of this organization is the mayor of Masjed Soleyman, who is elected by the Islamic Council of Masjed Soleyman. The current mayor of Masjed Soleyman is Mohammad Khosravi.[46]
History
[edit]Masjed Soleyman Municipality became a member of the International Union of Municipalities by a decision of the Organization of the Union of Municipalities of Iran and was established on March 12, 1960. Ali Asghar Nouri Fayazi was registered as the first mayor of Masjed Soleyman in 1960.
Arrests in Masjed Soleyman Municipality
[edit]The Public Prosecutor and Islamic Revolution of Masjed Soleyman city reported on July 7, 2023, the arrest of a member of the Islamic Council of Masjed Soleyman city.[47] In the continuation of the preliminary investigation regarding the financial corruption case of Masjed Soleyman municipality, the prosecutor of this city announced the arrest of the head of the Islamic Council of the city on August 10, 2023.[48] The former supervisor of Masjed Soleyman Municipality and two other members of the Islamic Council of Masjed Soleyman were also arrested and sent to prison between 13 and 21 September.[49][50]
5 substitute members of Masjed Soleyman Islamic Council were introduced by the decision of the Dispute Resolution and Grievance Handling Board of Khuzestan Province Councils on October 24, 2023 instead of the 5 previously arrested members.[51]
List of mayors
[edit]At the beginning of the establishment of Masjed Soleyman municipality, the position of mayor was introduced by the center (Tehran), and with the establishment of state and provincial associations, the mayor was appointed or removed by the vote of the city association.
From 1960 to before the 1979 revolution, the mayors of Masjed Soleyman are as follows.[52]
| Mayors of Suleiman Mosque before the 1357 revolution | |
|---|---|
| first name and last name | Tenure time |
| Ali Asghar Nouri Fayazi | 1960 to 1961 |
| Hossein Ziai | 1961 to 1966 |
| Abdul Reza Nusrat | 1961 to 1961 |
| Abdul Nabi Behnam | 1966 to 1968 |
| Ali Asghar Soleimani Nouri | 1968 to 1969 |
| Mohammad Ibrahim Ahmadi | 1969 to 1970 |
| Dara Hazini Bahramabadi | 1970 to 1972 |
| Seyyed Mohammad Jandaghi | 1972 to 1973 |
| Iraj Hashemi | 1973 to 1974 |
| Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Ziaei | 1974 to 1975 |
| Alidad Taghipour | 1975 to 1976 |
| Ali Moghimi | 1976 to 1978 |
After the revolution of 1979 until now, the following people have been appointed to the position of the municipality of Masjed Soleyman.
| the mayor | Beginning | End | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seyyed Mohammad Nikorosh | 1978 | 1980 | 1 year |
| Seyed Mohsen Jozi | 1980 | 1983 | 3 years |
| Ali Akbar Dehkordi | 1983 | 1985 | 2 years |
| Darvish Ali Karimi | 1985 | 1988 | 3 years |
| Seyed Hamid Hassanzadeh | 1988 | 1990 | 2 years |
| Gholam Reza Sorahi | 1990 | 1992 | 2 years |
| Abdul Reza Alami Nisi | 1992 | 1996 | 4 years |
| Adl Hashemi | 1996 | 1999 | 3 years |
| Ghulam Zamanpour | 1999 | 2001 | 2 years |
| Firdous Karimi Alkohi | 2001 | 2004 | 3 years |
| Seyyed Rasool Salehi | 2004 | 2007 | 3 years |
| Ali Madd Hashempour | 2007 | 2009 | 2 years |
| Mehrab Philosopher | 2009 | 2012 | 3 years |
| Peyman Molai | 2012 | 2013 | 1 year |
| Khalil Heydari | 2013 | 2016 | 3 years |
| Abdullah Ghasemi Saleh Babri | June 2016 | August 2017 | 1 year |
| Shaham Soleimani | December 2017 | September 2019 | 2 years |
| Navid Shabani | 12 September 2019 | September 2020 | 1 year |
| Peyman Molai | November 2020 | August 2021 | 1 year |
| Arash Ghanbari[53] | December 2022 | February 2023 | 1 year |
| Mohammad Khosravi [46] | June 2024 | Now |
See also
[edit]
Media related to Masjed Soleyman at Wikimedia Commons
Masjed Solayman travel guide from Wikivoyage
Notes
[edit]- ↑ Also romanized as Masjed Soleiman, Masjed-e Soleymān, Masjedsoleimān, and Masjid-i-Sulaiman[3]. In the petroleum industry the town and its oil field are commonly abbreviated MIS (from Masjid-i-Sulaiman).[4]
- ↑ Sources differ on the date of the visit: the municipality dates it to 1303 SH (1924/25), with parliamentary approval in 1305 SH (1926),[14] while Salaris and Dan place both the visit and the proposal in 1926.[8]
References
[edit]- ↑ OpenStreetMap contributors (21 December 2024). "Masjed Soleyman, Masjed Soleyman County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
- ↑ "Masjed-e Soleyman Population 2026". World Population Review. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
- ↑ Masjed Soleyman at GEOnet Names Server
- ↑ "Investigation of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon (CO2, N2) gas injection on enhanced oil recovery in one of the Iranian oil fields". Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology. Springer. 2012. doi:10.1007/s13202-012-0036-8.
- ↑ Habibi, Hassan (26 July 2014) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Khuzestan province, centered in the city of Ahvaz. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Political and Defense Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82830/T126K. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2024 – via Islamic Parliament Research Center.
- ↑ "Masjed Soleymān". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
- 1 2 "Masjid-e Solaiman". Livius.org. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Salaris, Davide; Dan, Roberto (2023). "Exploring the archaeology and significance of Masjed-e Soleyman: a reassessment of the Elymaean Temple and its socio-cultural context in southwestern Iran". Isimu: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad. 26. ISSN 1575-3492.
- ↑ "Ghirshman, Roman". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
- 1 2 Schippmann, Klaus (15 December 1988). "Bard-e Nešānda". Encyclopædia Iranica. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6648. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
- ↑ "Bahrām (Vərəθraγna) ii. Representation in Iranian art". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
- ↑ Shahbazi, A. Shapur. "Persepolis". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
- ↑ "Takht-e Soleymān". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "History of MasjedSoleyman". Masjed Soleyman Municipality. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
- ↑ Rawlinson, Henry C. (1839). "Notes on a March from Zoháb, at the Foot of Zagros, along the Mountains to Khúzistán (Susiana), and from Thence Through the Province of Luristan to Kirmánsháh, in the Year 1836". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 9: 26–116. doi:10.2307/1797715.
- ↑ Layard, Austen Henry (1846). "A Description of the Province of Khúzistán". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 16: 62.
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- ↑ "The search for petroleum in the Sultanate of Oman – the first 120 years". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 550. doi:10.1144/SP550-2023-220.
- 1 2 "Louvre Museum Sb 7302".
- ↑ Jones, Geoffrey (1981). The State and the Emergence of the British Oil Industry. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 130.
- ↑ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures from 1209–2024 based on data from "Inflation calculator". Bank of England. London. 18 February 2026. Retrieved 1 April 2026.
- ↑ Cleveland, William L. (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 144. ISBN 0-8133-4048-9.
- ↑ "Bakhtiari Family". Bakhtiari Family. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ↑ "Constitution". Bakhtiari Family. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ↑ Lily Sardarian Bakhtiari. Bakhtiaris and the Constitutional Revolution (A Summary).
- 1 2 Donzel, Emeri “van” (1994). Islamic Desk Reference. ISBN 90-04-09738-4. p. 285-286
- 1 2 "Shapour Bakhtiar, Fariba Amini". The Iranian. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ↑ "M0003540: Iranian apprentice school". Wellcome Collection. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
- 1 2 Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 138–143. ISBN 9780671799328.
- ↑ Bakhtiyar, Golnar. "Bakhtiyari Family". www.bakhtiarifamily.com. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- 1 2 Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Khuzestan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- 1 2 Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Khuzestan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
- 1 2 Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Khuzestan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ↑ "Masjed Soleyman". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Retrieved 4 October 2026 – via Encyclopedia.com.
- ↑ "Living on the Margins in Iran: The Rise and Fall of Khuzestan". IranWire. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
- ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Masjed Soleyman-40812" (CSV). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ↑
- "Highest record temperature in Masjed Soleyman by Month 1985–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- "Lowest record temperature in Masjed Soleyman by Month 1985–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ↑ "40812: Masjed-Soleyman (Iran, Islamic Republic of)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 27 April 2025. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
- ↑ "40812: Masjed-Soleyman (Iran, Islamic Republic of)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 24 May 2025. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
- ↑ "Form 33: NO. OF DAYS WITH DUST STATION: MASJED SOLEYMAN(40812)". Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
- ↑ "Form 41: NO. OF DAYS WITH VISIBILITY LESS THAN OR EQUAL 2 KM STATION: MASJED SOLEYMAN(40812)". Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
- ↑ "Iran's NIOC dismisses head of National Iranian South Oil Company". businessweek. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ↑ Laleh Bakhtiar, "Muhammad", Diane Publishing (1994), 39 pages. ISBN 978-0-7567-7802-6.
- ↑ Badawy, Manuela (24 March 2007). "Woman re-interprets Qur'an with feminist view". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 March 2007.
- ↑ "Web Archive of imo" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2020.
- 1 2 "محمد خسروی رسماً شهردار مسجدسلیمان شد".
- ↑ "موج بازداشت اعضای شورای شهر به مسجدسلیمان رسید / اتهام: جعل اسناد و کلاهبرداری".
- ↑ "رییس شورای شهر مسجدسلیمان بازداشت شد".
- ↑ "سرپرست اسبق شهرداری مسجدسلیمان به اتهام ارتشا بازداشت شد".
- ↑ "دو عضو دیگر از اعضای شورای اسلامی شهر مسجدسلیمان هم بازداشت شدند".
- ↑ "5 عضو جدید شورای شهر مسجد سلیمان معرفی شدند".
- ↑ "Web Archive of masjedsoleyman municipality official website". Archived from the original on 8 May 2017.
- ↑ "شهردار مسجدسلیمان استعفاء داد / جواد احمدی سرپرست شهرداری مسجدسلیمان شد".
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