List of Mamluk sultans
(Redirected from Mamluk Sultan)
| Sultans of the Mamluk Sultanate | |
|---|---|
 The Cairo Citadel, the seat of power of the Mamluk sultans | |
| Details | |
| Last monarch | Tuman bay II |
| Formation | 1250 |
| Abolition | 1517 |
| Residence | Cairo |
The following is a list of Mamluk sultans. The Mamluk Sultanate was founded in 1250 by mamluks of the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub and it succeeded the Ayyubid state. It was based in Cairo and for much of its history, the territory of the sultanate spanned Egypt, Syria and parts of Anatolia, Upper Mesopotamia and the Hejaz. The sultanate ended with the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1517.
The Mamluk period is generally divided into two periods, the Bahri and Burji periods. The Bahri sultans were predominantly of Turkic origins, while the Burji sultans were predominantly Circassians. While the first three Mamluk sultans, Aybak, his son al-Mansur Ali, and Qutuz, are generally considered part of the Bahri dynasty, they were not part of the Bahriyya Mamluk regiment and actually opposed their political interests.[1] The first sultan to come from the Bahriyya's ranks was Baybars.[1] The Burji mamluks usurped the throne in 1382 with the accession of Barquq. al-Musta'in Billah was also the Abbasid caliph and was installed by the mamluk emirs as a neutral figurehead ruler.[2]
List of sultans
[edit]| No. | Coin | Name[a] | Reign | Ethnicity | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | Shajar al-Durr الملكة عصمة الدين أم خليل شجر الدر al-Malika ʿAṣmat ad-Dīn ʾUmm-Khalīl Shajar ad-Durr |
2 May 1250[3] – 30 July 1250[4] (~3 months) |
Turkic[5] or Armenian[6] |
| |
| 1 |  |
al-Mu'izz Aybak الملك المعز عز الدين أيبك al-Malik al-Muʿizz ʿIzz ad-Dīn Aybak |
31 July 1250[7] – 4 August 1250[8] (~5 days) |
Turkmen |
|
| Interregnum by al-Ashraf Musa (August 1250 – 1254) | |||||
| (1) | |
al-Mu'izz Aybak الملك المعز عز الدين أيبك al-Malik al-Muʿizz ʿIzz ad-Dīn Aybak |
1254[9] – 10 April 1257[10] (~3 years) |
Turkmen |
|
| 2 |  |
al-Mansur Ali I الملك المنصور نور الدين علي al-Malik al-Manṣūr Nūr ad-Dīn ʿAlī |
15 April 1257[11] – November 1259[11] (~3 years) |
Turkmen |
|
| 3 |  |
al-Muzaffar Qutuz الملك المظفر سيف الدين قطز al-Malik al-Muẓaffar Sayf ad-Dīn Quṭuz |
November 1259[11] – 24 October 1260[11] (~11 months) |
Khwarazmian[12] | |
| Bahri Mamluks | |||||
| 4 |  |
al-Zahir Baybars I الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Rukn ad-Dīn Baybars |
24 October 1260[11] – 1 July 1277[11] (~17 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| 5 |  |
al-Sa'id Barakah الملك السعيد ناصر الدين بركة al-Malik as-Saʿīd Nāṣir ad-Dīn Barakah |
3 July 1277[11] – August 1279[11] (~2 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| 6 | al-Adil Salamish الملك العادل بدر الدين سلاميش al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Badr ad-Dīn Salāmīsh |
August 1279[11] – November 1279[11] (~3 months) |
Kipchak Turk |
| |
| 7 |  |
al-Mansur Qalawun الملك المنصور سيف الدين قلاوون al-Malik al-Manṣūr Sayf ad-Dīn Qalāwūn |
November 1279[11] – 10 November 1290[11] (~11 years) |
Kipchak Turk[15] |
|
| 8 |  |
al-Ashraf Khalil الملك الأشرف صلاح الدين خليل al-Malik al-Ashraf Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Khalīl |
12 November 1290[11] – 12 December 1293[11] (~3 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| 9 |  |
al-Nasir Muhammad الملك الناصر ناصر الدين محمد al-Malik an-Nāṣir Nāṣir ad-Dīn Muḥammad |
14 December 1293[11] – December 1294[11] (~1 year) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| 10 |  |
al-Adil Kitbugha الملك العادل زين الدين كتبغا al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Zayn ad-Dīn Kitbughā |
December 1294[11] – 7 December 1296[11] (~2 years) |
Mongol[16] |
|
| 11 |  |
al-Mansur Lajin الملك المنصور حسام الدين لاجين al-Malik al-Manṣūr Ḥusām ad-Dīn Lājīn |
7 December 1296[11] – 16 January 1299[11] (~2 years) |
Possibly Circassian[17] |
|
| (9) | |
al-Nasir Muhammad الملك الناصر ناصر الدين محمد al-Malik an-Nāṣir Nāṣir ad-Dīn Muḥammad |
16 January 1299[11] – March 1309[11] (~10 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| 12 | al-Muzaffar Baybars II الملك المظفر ركن الدين بيبرس الجاشنكير al-Malik al-Muẓaffar Rukn ad-Dīn Baybars al-Jāshnakīr |
April 1309[11] – 5 March 1310[11] (~11 months) |
Circassian[17] |
| |
| (9) | |
al-Nasir Muhammad الملك الناصر ناصر الدين محمد al-Malik an-Nāṣir Nāṣir ad-Dīn Muḥammad |
5 March 1310[11] – 6 June 1341[11] (~31 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| 13 | al-Mansur Abu Bakr الملك المنصور سيف الدين أبو بكر al-Malik al-Manṣūr Sayf ad-Dīn Abū Bakr |
8 June 1341[11] – August 1341[19] (~2 months) |
Kipchak Turk | ||
| 14 | al-Ashraf Kujuk الملك الأشرف علاء الدين كجك al-Malik al-Ashraf ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Kujuk |
August 1341[21] – 21 January 1342[22] (~5 months) |
Kipchak Turk | ||
| 15 | al-Nasir Ahmad الملك الناصر شهاب الدين أحمد al-Malik an-Nāṣir Shihāb ad-Dīn Aḥmad |
21 January 1342[22] – 27 June 1342[23] (~5 months) |
Kipchak Turk |
| |
| 16 | al-Salih Isma'il الملك الصالح عماد الدين إسماعيل al-Malik aṣ-Ṣāliḥ ʿImād ad-Dīn Ismāʿīl |
27 June 1342[22] – 3 August 1345[2] (~3 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
| |
| 17 | al-Kamil Sha'ban I الملك الكامل سيف الدين شعبان al-Malik al-Kāmil Sayf ad-Dīn Shaʿbān |
3 August 1345[2] – 18 September 1346[2] (~1 year) |
Kipchak Turk |
| |
| 18 |  |
al-Muzaffar Hajji I الملك المظفر سيف الدين حاجي al-Malik al-Muẓaffar Sayf ad-Dīn Ḥājjī |
18 September 1346[2] – 10 December 1347[2] (~1 year) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| 19 |  |
al-Nasir Hasan الملك الناصر بدر الدين حسن al-Malik an-Nāṣir Badr ad-Dīn Ḥasan |
December 1347 – 21 August 1351[2] (~4 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| 20 |  |
al-Salih Salih الملك الصالح صلاح الدين صالح al-Malik aṣ-Ṣāliḥ Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Ṣāliḥ |
21 August 1351[2] – 20 October 1354[2] (~3 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| (19) | |
al-Nasir Hasan الملك الناصر بدر الدين حسن al-Malik an-Nāṣir Badr ad-Dīn Ḥasan |
20 October 1354[2] – 16 March 1361[2] (~6 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| 21 | .jpg) |
al-Mansur Muhammad الملك المنصور صلاح الدين محمد al-Malik al-Manṣūr Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Muḥammad |
17 March 1361[2] – 29 May 1363[2] (~2 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| 22 |  |
al-Ashraf Sha'ban II الملك الأشرف زين الدين شعبان al-Malik al-Ashraf Zayn ad-Dīn Shaʿbān |
29 May 1363[2] – 15 March 1377[2] (~14 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| 23 | al-Mansur Ali II الملك المنصور علاء الدين علي al-Malik al-Manṣūr ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn ʿAlī |
15 March 1377[2] – 19 May 1381[2] (~4 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
| |
| 24 |  |
al-Salih Hajji II الملك الصالح صلاح الدين حاجي al-Malik aṣ-Ṣāliḥ Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Ḥājjī |
19 May 1381[2] – 26 November 1382[2] (~2 years) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| Burji Mamluks | |||||
| 25 |  |
al-Zahir Barquq الملك الظاهر سيف الدين برقوق al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Sayf ad-Dīn Barqūq |
26 November 1382[2] – 1 June 1389[2] (~7 years) |
Circassian |
|
| Bahri Mamluks | |||||
| (24) | |
al-Salih Hajji II الملك الصالح صلاح الدين حاجي al-Malik aṣ-Ṣāliḥ Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Ḥājjī |
1 June 1389[2] – January 1390[2] (~7 months) |
Kipchak Turk |
|
| Burji Mamluks | |||||
| (25) | |
al-Zahir Barquq الملك الظاهر سيف الدين برقوق al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Sayf ad-Dīn Barqūq |
21 January 1390[2] – 20 June 1399[2] (~9 years) |
Circassian |
|
| 26 |  |
al-Nasir Faraj الملك الناصر ناصر الدين فرج al-Malik an-Nāṣir Nāṣir ad-Dīn Faraj |
20 June 1399[2] – 20 September 1405[2] (~6 years) |
Circassian |
|
| 27 | al-Mansur Abd al-Aziz الملك المنصور عز الدين عبد العزيز al-Malik al-Manṣūr ʿIzz ad-Dīn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz |
20 September 1405[2] – November 1405[2] (~2 months) |
Circassian |
| |
| (26) | |
al-Nasir Faraj الملك الناصر ناصر الدين فرج al-Malik an-Nāṣir Nāṣir ad-Dīn Faraj |
November 1405[2] – 23 May 1412[2] (~7 years) |
Circassian |
|
| Abbasid Dynasty | |||||
| 28 | al-Musta'in Billah الملك العادل المستعين بالله al-Malik al-ʿĀdil al-Mustaʿīn Billāh |
23 May 1412[2] – 6 November 1412[2] (~6 months) |
Arab |
| |
| Burji Mamluks | |||||
| 29 |  |
al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh الملك المؤيد سيف الدين الشيخ المحمودي al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Sayf ad-Dīn Shaykh al-Maḥmūdī |
6 November 1412[2] – 13 January 1421[2] (~8 years) |
Circassian |
|
| 30 | al-Muzaffar Ahmad الملك المظفر أحمد al-Malik al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad |
13 January 1421[2] – 29 August 1421[2] (~7 months) |
Circassian |
| |
| 31 | al-Zahir Tatar الملك الظاهر سيف الدين ططر al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Sayf ad-Dīn Ṭaṭar |
29 August 1421[2] – 30 November 1421[2] (~3 months) |
Circassian |
| |
| 32 | al-Salih Muhammad الملك الصالح الناصر الدين محمد al-Malik aṣ-Ṣāliḥ an-Nāṣir ad-Dīn Muḥammad |
30 November 1421[2] – 1 April 1422[2] (~4 months) |
Circassian |
| |
| 33 |  |
al-Ashraf Barsbay الملك الأشرف سيف الدين برسباي al-Malik al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Barsbāy |
1 April 1422[2] – 7 June 1438[2] (~16 years) |
Circassian |
|
| 34 | al-Aziz Yusuf الملك العزيز جمال الدين يوسف al-Malik al-ʿAzīz Jamāl ad-Dīn Yūsuf |
7 June 1438[2] – 9 September 1438[2] (~3 months) |
Circassian |
| |
| 35 |  |
al-Zahir Jaqmaq الملك الظاهر سيف الدين جقمق al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Sayf ad-Dīn Jaqmaq |
9 September 1438[2] – 1 February 1453[2] (~14 years) |
Circassian |
|
| 36 | al-Mansur Uthman الملك المنصور فخر الدين عثمان al-Malik al-Manṣūr Fakhr ad-Dīn ʿUthmān |
1 February 1453[2] – 15 March 1453[2] (~1 month) |
Circassian |
| |
| 37 |  |
al-Ashraf Inal الملك الأشرف سيف الدين إينال al-Malik al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Īnāl |
15 March 1453[2] – 26 February 1461[2] (~8 years) |
Circassian |
|
| 38 | al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad الملك المؤيد شهاب الدين أحمد al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shihāb ad-Dīn Aḥmad |
26 February 1461[2] – 28 June 1461[2] (~4 months) |
Circassian |
| |
| 39 |  |
al-Zahir Khushqadam الملك الظاهر سيف الدين خشقدم al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Sayf ad-Dīn Khushqadam |
28 June 1461[2] – 9 October 1467[2] (~6 years) |
Greek[2] or Turkish[26] |
|
| 40 | al-Zahir Bilbay الملك الظاهر سيف الدين بلباي al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Sayf ad-Dīn Bilbāy |
9 October 1467[2] – 4 December 1467[2] (~2 months) |
Circassian |
| |
| 41 | al-Zahir Timurbugha الملك الظاهر تمربغا al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Timurbughā |
4 December 1467[2] – 31 January 1468[2] (~2 months) |
Greek[28] |
| |
| 42 |  |
al-Ashraf Qaitbay الملك الأشرف سيف الدين قايتباي al-Malik al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Qāʾitbāy |
31 January 1468[2] – 7 August 1496[2] (~29 years) |
Circassian |
|
| 43 | al-Nasir Muhammad الملك الناصر محمد al-Malik an-Nāṣir Muḥammad |
7 August 1496[2] – 31 October 1498[2] (~2 years) |
Circassian |
| |
| 44 | al-Zahir Qansuh I الملك الظاهر قانصوه al-Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Qānṣūh |
31 October 1498[2] – 30 June 1500[2] (~2 years) |
Circassian |
| |
| 45 | al-Ashraf Janbalat الملك الأشرف جانبلاط al-Malik al-Ashraf Jānbalāṭ |
30 June 1500[2] – 25 January 1501[2] (~7 months) |
Circassian |
| |
| 46 | al-Adil Tumanbay I الملك العادل طومان باي al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Ṭūmān Bāy |
25 January 1501[2] – 20 April 1501[2] (~3 months) |
Circassian |
| |
| 47 | al-Ashraf Qansuh II الملك الأشرف قانصوه الغوري al-Malik al-Ashraf Qānṣūh al-Ghawrī |
20 April 1501[2] – 24 August 1516[2] (~15 years) |
Circassian |
| |
| 48 |  |
al-Ashraf Tumanbay II الملك الأشرف طومان باي al-Malik al-Ashraf Ṭūmān Bāy |
17 October 1516[2] – 15 April 1517[2] (~6 months) |
Circassian |
|
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Genealogy
[edit]| Relations between Mamluk Sultans. Solid lines indicate biological relation, dotted lines indicate marriage, and dashed lines indicate a master-mamluk relationship. Unless an year of death is given, the rulers ruled till death or died soon after their reign ended. |
|---|
Notes
[edit]- ↑ Mamluks continued the Ayyubid tradition of regnal names combining temporal and religious themes: al-Malik ("King") plus an attribute for the temporal element, and an attribute plus al-Din for the religious element, followed by the personal name. For example, al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars ("The Triumphant King, Pillar of the Faith, Baybars"). In historiography, they are generally referred to by the temporal attribute and personal name.
References
[edit]- 1 2 Northrup 1998, pp. 69–70.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Griffith, Francis Llewellyn; and several more (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 09 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–130, see pages 100 to 103.
Kalā'ūn....Malik al-Nāṣir....Mongol Wars....Decline of the Bahri power....Timur in Syria....Wars with European Powers....Early relations with Turkey....The Turkish conquest
- ↑ Al-Maqrizi, p.459/vo.1
- ↑ Al-Maqrizi, p.463/vol.1
- ↑ Talhami, Ghada (2012). "Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa". Google Books.
- ↑ Marsot, Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid (2007). A History of Egypt: From the Arab Conquest to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-139-46327-0.
- 1 2 3 Northrup 1998, p. 69.
- ↑ P. M. Holt (1986). The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517. A History of the Near East. London: Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 9780582493025. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ↑ Humphreys, R. Stephen, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260, p.326
- ↑ Northrup 1998, p. 70.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers. McFarland & Company. p. 86. ISBN 9780786425624.
- ↑ Hathaway, Jane (2003). Tale of Two Factions, A: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. State University of New York Press. pp. 50–52. ISBN 9780791486108.
- 1 2 Northrup, ed. Petry 1998, p. 250.
- ↑ Northrup 1998, p. 71.
- ↑ Yosef 2012b, p. 394.
- 1 2 3 Northrup, ed. Petry 1998, p. 252.
- 1 2 Yosef 2012b, p. 396.
- ↑ Tarikh, Volumes 5-6: Peoples and Kingdoms of West Africa in the Pre-Colonial Period. Longman. 1974. p. 9. ISBN 9780582608733.
- 1 2 3 Drory 2006, p. 20.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bauden 2009, p. 63.
- ↑ Levanoni 1995, p. 102.
- 1 2 3 Drory 2006, p. 24.
- ↑ Drory 2006, p. 28.
- ↑ Holt, eds. Vermeulen and De Smet, p. 319.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 293.
- ↑ Natho, Kadir I. (2010). Circassian History. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1441523884
- ↑ Levanoni, eds. Winter and Levanoni 2004, p. 82.
- ↑ Ali, Abdul (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Private Limited. p. 64. ISBN 9788175330085.
- ↑ Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 295.
- ↑ Dobrowolski, Jarosław (2001). The Living Stones of Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. p. 60. ISBN 9789774246326.
- ↑ Mayer, L. A. (1933). Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey. Clarendon Press. p. 127.
- ↑ Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 297.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bauden, Frédéric (2009). "The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?" (PDF). Mamluk Studies Review. 13 (1). Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago.
- Drory, Joseph (2006). "The Prince who Favored the Desert: Fragmentary Biography of al-Nasir Ahmad (d. 745/1344)". In Wasserstein, David J.; Ayalon, Ami (eds.). Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter. Routledge. ISBN 9781136579172.
- Garcin, Jean-Claude (1998). "The Regime of the Circassian Mamluks". In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521068857.
- Winter, Michael; Levanoni, Amalia, eds. (2004). The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society. Brill. ISBN 9789004132863.
- Northrup, Linda (1998). From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678-689 A.H./1279-1290 A.D.). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 9783515068611.
- Northrup, Linda S. (1998). "The Bahri Mamluk sultanate". In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. 1: Islamic Egypt 640-1517. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521068857.
- Petry, Carl F. (1994). Protectors or Praetorians?: The Last Mamluk Sultans and Egypt's Waning as a Great Power. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791421406.
- Yosef, Koby (2012b). "Dawlat al-atrāk or dawlat al-mamālīk? Ethnic origin or slave origin as the defining characteristic of the ruling élite in the Mamlūk sultanate". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 39. Hebrew University of Jerusalem: 387–410.
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