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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhy Mahfiruz Hatun wear a hat? To have a head-turning marriage.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mahfiruz Hadice Sultan)

Mahfiruz Sultan
Detail from a painting depicting the enthronement of Osman II, Mahfiruz is wearing a gold crown and is surrounded by Şahincan Hatun and Hanzade Sultan. c. 1618[1]
Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
(Empress Mother), Disputed
Tenure26 February 1618 – 26/28 October 1620 or 20 May 1622
PredecessorHalime Sultan
SuccessorHalime Sultan
Haseki Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
(Chief Consort)
TenureJanuary 1604 – 1608/22 November 1617
PredecessorSafiye Sultan
SuccessorAyşe Sultan
Bornc. 1590
Died1608/1628
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Eyüp Cemetery, Constantinople, Turkey
Consort ofAhmed I
IssueOsman II
Gevherhan Sultan (?)
Şehzade Bayezid
Şehzade Hüseyn
Şehzade Süleyman (?)
Names
Turkish: Hatice Mahfiruz Sultan
Ottoman Turkish: خدیجه ماه فیروز سلطان
ReligionSunni Islam

Hatice Mahfiruz Sultan[2] (Ottoman Turkish: خدیجه ماه فیروز سلطان, romanized: Ḫadīce Māh-Fīrūz Sulṭān, "glorious moon", "daytime moon" or "turquoise moon"; also called Mahfiruze Sultan; c. 1590 – 1608/1628) was the chief consort of Ottoman sultan Ahmed I and mother of his firstborn son, Osman II.

Biography

Her origins are unknown,[3][4] although she has been described as being Greek, and that she taught Osman Greek. This hypothesis was eventually disproven by Turkish historian Baki Tezcan as based on the novel: Histoire d'Osman premier du nom, XIXe empereur des turcs, et de l'impératrice Aphendina Ashada by Madeleine-Angélique de Gomez published in 1743.[5][6][7]

Her Name

The Turkish historian Yılmaz Öztuna calls her "Hadîce Mâh-Fîrûz(e)" and the Turkish historian Necdet Sakaoğlu says she was variously called "Mahirûze, Hatice Mahfirûze, Mahfirûze, Mahfirûz, Mah-ı Feyrûz".[8] Her name was first recorded in The Chronicle of Naima (Tārīḫ-i Naʿīmā), written by Ottoman historian Mustafa Naima around 1700,[6] quoting Mahfiruz as a "noble and august" lady.[9]

Early life in the harem

Mahfiruz was presented by Servazad Hatun to Handan Sultan, mother of Sultan Ahmed I, who personally chose her for her son.[10]

Contemporary portrait of Ahmed I, now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art[11][12]

On 3 November 1604 Mahfiruz gave birth to his firstborn son, the future Osman II, making Ahmed I the youngest Ottoman sultan to have fathered a child.[13] According to Ahmet Refik Altınay[14], in the following years, she bore the Sultan other children, including Şehzade Bayezid in 1612, Şehzade Hüseyn in 1613, Şehzade Süleyman in 1615, an information reproduced by several authors;[15][16][17][18] foreign ambassadors report a daughter who reached adulthood and got married,[19][non-primary source needed] identified as Gevherhan Sultan[20] and born between 1605 and 1608. These children may contradict the theory of a premature death.

As Haseki Sultan (?)

According to some historians, she held the title of Haseki Sultan[21][22][23] from January 1604,[24][unreliable source?] an information mentioned also by the French historian and politician Alphonse de Lamartine.[25][full citation needed] The fact that Mahfiruz was the first one[citation needed] to be entitled Chief Haseki is also underlined and explained by Tektaş, who writes that Kösem wouldn't have allowed another woman to hold the title after herself.[26]

As Valide Sultan (?)

As Osman ascended the throne in February 1618, she was taken from the Old Palace to Topkapı Palace again.[27]

Regarding Osman's accession, she attended and partecipated in the February 1618 crowning procession. This can be seen, as the Austrian Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Hans Mollard von Reinek - invited to attend the ceremony with his entourage composed also of a painter - wanted the moment to be depicted in a portrait; this painting, titled "The rise of the young Osman" was later auctioned at Sotheby's and sold to the Turkish Ministry of Culture in 2016 and since then exposed at Topkapı Palace.[28][29][30]

The enthronement of Osman II (r.1618-22), by a European artist travelling with the Austrian Ambassador Baron Mollard.

During her alleged tenure as Valide Sultan, she and Kösem Sultan were not on bad terms, according to historian Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall,[31][32] and this can be seen as Sultan Osman visited the Old Palace in April 1619 where he stayed for some days, on the occasion of celebrations held for him by Kösem;[33][34] Kösem wanted probably to have a good relationship with Mahfiruze at the time.[35][36] Mahfiruz is largely remembered in Eyüp because of her charity work which is reported by the city itself during anniversaries or events: she had a cüzhane (Quran reading room) built in Eyüp Cemetery[37][38][39] between 1618 and 1622,[40][full citation needed] completed in the same year as recorded from one of Eyüp cemetery's guides. She ordered Quran to be read every day; she also staffed her Cüzhane and provided equipment for the same.[41] She is remembered as a fervent muslim woman.[42]

Her other contributions to the city of Eyüp are widely reported: she provided Quran copies to her cüzhane, and also rendered religious services at the tomb of Sultan Ahmed I. A devotee of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, because of her charitable works she got nicknamed as "Sâhibe-i Hayrât".[43][page needed][44] She had a bond with Eyüp and as often as she could and had the opportunity, she visited it.[45]

Death

The Turkish historian Baki Tezcan says that Mahfiruz died in 1610, if not earlier. His theory is supported by contemporary ambassadorial accounts throughout Ahmed I's reign, extending up to the accession of Osman II in 1618, such as the English ambassador George Sandys, who reported in 1610, or around this time: "this also hath married his concubine, the mother of his yonger sonne, (she being dead by whom he had the eldest) who with all the practices of a politicke stepdame endevours to settle the succession on her owne...”; the Venetian ambassador Cristoforo Valier reported between 1612 and 1615 (when he died) that Ahmed had four sons: "two from the sultana who died and two from the one alive"; the Italian author Pietro della Valle also said that Osman's mother had died when he wrote about Osman II's accession to the throne: "Osman, Sultan Ahmed's firstborn son, but not son of the living sultana Kösem". That Mahfiruz is dead is also stated in a relation on the life and death of Nasuh Pasha, written sometime after Nasuh’s execution in 1614 and sent by the French ambassador Achille de Harlay on March 5, 1616, he also reported in his letter to Louis XIII: "not the son of the living sultana but the eldest named Osman, who has been motherless for ten years"; the letter is dated on 26 February 1618, the day of Osman's enthronement.[46] Tezcan argues that the document (dated 28 October 1620) cited by Uluçay as evidence for the year of Mahfiruz's death does not in fact suggest that she died that year.[47] Günhan Börekçi quoted Tezcan's theory in his "A Queen-Mother at Work: On Handan Sultan and Her Regency During the Early Reign of Ahmed I".[48]

According to historian Leslie P. Peirce, Mahfiruz did not became Valide Sultan and instead died in exile in 1620, as evidenced by the absence of a Valide Sultan in the Privy purse during Osman's reign and the high stipend of the Daye Hatun (wet nurse of the sultan) from middle 1620 onwards, an indication that she served as de facto Valide Sultan.[49] But as per ibrahim pecevi she was alive and died 1620.

Death as Valide Sultan

According to modern accounts, Mahfiruz lived to become Valide Sultan,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56] and as such, died on 26 or 28 October 1620.[57][58][53]

According to the official website of Eyüp Cemetery, Mahfiruz Valide Sultan was sent to the Old Palace in 1623 upon the ascension of Sultan Murad IV to the throne. Her life there was spent weeping over the tragic fate of her son, and she passed away in 1037 (1628).[59]

As per Record of Ottoman Historian İbrahim Peçevi she lived 2 years as valide sultan.[60]

Burial

When she died, Mahfiruz was buried in Eyüp Cemetery,[49] an unusual place for a former consort of a sultan. According to some authors she decided to be buried there on her own wishes,[61] while others consider this as a sign of disfavor.[49] The chronogram on her mausoleum suggests it was built by Osman in 1618.[62]

Issue

Portrait of Osman II, c. 1710–20

Mahfiruz had at least three or four sons:[63][64][17][18]

She was also probably, but not certainly, the mother of:

  • Gevherhan Sultan[67] (c. 1605/06 or late 1608, Constantinople – 18 April 1631,[68] Constantinople; buried in the Ahmed I Mausoleum, Sultan Ahmed Mosque).
  • Şehzade Süleyman (c. 1613/1615 – 27 July 1635), executed upon the order of his elder half-brother Murad IV in 1635[17][18]

In popular, literary culture

  • Mahfiruz is one of the characters in the 1743 historical novel "Histoire d'Osman premier du nom, XIXe empereur des turcs, et de l'impératrice Aphendina Ashada" by French authoress Madeleine-Angélique de Gomez.
  • Mahfiruz is one of the characters in the 2001 historical novel "La sultana: Giacometta Beccarino da Manfredonia" [The sultana: Giacometta Beccarino from Manfredonia] by Italian essayist Vito Salierno.
  • In the 2010 film Mahpeyker: Kösem Sultan, Mahfiruz is played by Turkish actress Öykü Çelik.
  • In the 2015 Turkish TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem, (Raşah) Mahfiruz is played by Turkish actress Dilara Aksüyek, mother of Osman II.[69]

See also

Annotations

  1. ^
    Her name is also spelt Mahfiruz and Mâh-ı Feyrûz.[70]
  2. ^
    There was an earlier theory of her being Greek named Evdoksia,[71] but this has been refuted, as it was based on the 1743 historical novel "Histoire d'Osman premier du nom, XIXe empereur des turcs, et de l'impératrice Aphendina Ashada" by French authoress Madeleine-Angélique de Gomez.[6][72]

References

  1. ↑ "'Sultan 2. Osman'ın Cülus-ı Hümayun Tablosu' Topkapı Sarayı'nda". Anadolu Ajansı (in Turkish). Anadolu Ajansı. The enthronement of Sultan Osman II (r.1618-22), by a European artist travelling with the Austrian Ambassador Hans Mollard von Reinek.
  2. ↑ Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. OğlakPublications. p. 238. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.
  3. ↑ Tezcan 2007, pp. 349–350
  4. ↑ "Türkiye Halkının Ortaçağ Tarihi". Internet Archive. p. 253. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
  5. ↑ Necdet Sakaoğlu, Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları, 4. baskı, Sayfa: 223
  6. 1 2 3 Tezcan 2007, p. 350.
  7. ↑ Tezcan, Baki (2002). "The 1622 Military Rebellion in Istanbul: A Historiographical Journey". International Journal of Turkish Studies. University of Wisconsin: 40. Stanford Shaw, the author of an Ottoman history that has been widely used as a textbook and reference work, claims, on the basis of information from an eighteenth-century French novel,84 that the sultan was "[t]rained in Latin, Greek, and Italian by his Greek mother, as well as Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, and Persian."85
  8. ↑ Sakaoğlu; 2008; pag. 223
  9. ↑ Mustafa Naima (1832). Annals of the Turkish Empire from 1591 to 1659 of the Christian Era. Vol. I. p. 452.
  10. ↑ Talha Uğurluel (2016). Eyüp sultan'in manevi̇ i̇kli̇mi̇nde - Osmanlı'nın Kalbini Bekleyenler (in Turkish). p. 132. ISBN 978-6050821161.
  11. ↑ "Portrait of Sultan Ahmet I (r. 1603–17)". www.metmuseum.org. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  12. ↑ Grube, Ernst J (January 1968). "The Ottoman Empire". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 26 (5): Item 34. doi:10.2307/3258980. Portraits such as this one, probably of Sultan Ah-met I (1603-1617), the builder of the "Blue Mosque" in Istanbul.
  13. ↑ Baki Tezcan (13 September 2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-0-521-51949-6.
  14. ↑ Uluçay 2011, p. 78 citing Kadınlar Saltanatı I p. 146
  15. ↑ Thomas F. Madden (2016). Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World. Mahfiruz Sultan bore him four sons...
  16. ↑ Gabriele Mandel (1992). Storia dell'harem (in Italian). Rusconi. p. 150. ISBN 978-88-18-88032-8. Ahmed I ebbe solo tre donne: Hadice Mah-firuz, da cui ebbe quattro figli (Osman, Bayezid, Süleyman e Hü-seyn)...
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Güler Eren; Kemal Çiçek; Cem Oğuz (1999). Osmanlı: Kültür ve sanat. 10 (in Turkish). Yeni Türkiye Yayınları. ISBN 978-975-6782-03-3. ...başka Mehmed, Süleyman, Bayezid ve Hüseyni adlı 4 şehzade doğmuştur...
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Aylin Görgün-Baran (2016). Şefika Şule Erçetin (ed.). A woman leader in Ottoman History: Kösem Sultan (1589-1651). Vol. Women Leaders in Chaotic Environments. p. 77. He married with his Haseki Mahfiruz Kadın and had princes called Genç Osman (1604), Mehmed (1605), Süleyman (1611), Beyazid (1612) and Hüseyin (1613)
  19. ↑ Giorgio Giustinian (1627). Maria Pia Pedani (ed.). Relazioni di ambasciatori veneti al Senato (in Italian). p. 592.
  20. ↑ Tezcan, Baki (31 December 2008). "The Debut of Kösem Sultan's Political Career". Turcica. 40: 356. doi:10.2143/TURC.40.0.2037143.
  21. ↑ Necdet Sakaoğlu (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları (in Turkish). p. 223. ISBN 978-975-329-623-6.
  22. ↑ Yılmaz Öztuna (2017). Sultan Genç Osman ve Sultan IV. Murad (in Turkish). p. 18. ISBN 978-605-155-559-1.
  23. ↑ Yılmaz Öztuna (1965). Bașlangıcından zamanımıza kadar Türkiye tarihi (in Turkish). Vol. 5.
  24. ↑ Yılmaz Öztuna (2005). Devletler ve hanedanlar: Turkiye (1074-1990) (in Turkish). p. 179.
  25. ↑ Alphonse de Lamartine. Türkiye tarihi (in Turkish). Vol. 5. p. 11.
  26. ↑ Tektaş; 2004; pag. 184: "İki kadından biri Mahfiruz Sultan'dır, diğeri Mah-peyker Sultan. İkincisi birinciden az büyük görünüyor olsa da ilk evlenen birincidir. Bunun aksi olsaydı Kösem Sultan müsa-ade etmeyebilir, Sultan Ahmed böyle bir teşebbüse (belki) gir..."
  27. ↑ Nazım Tektaş (2004). Harem'den taşanlar (in Turkish). p. 185.
  28. ↑ "Londra'da Satılan Genç Osman Tablosunu Kültür Bakanlığı Satın Aldı". Arkeofili.com (in Turkish). 22 April 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
  29. ↑ "Türkiye, 'Genç Osman'ın Cülûsu'nu 2 milyon lira'ya satın aldı". T24.com. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
  30. ↑ "Genç Osman'ın Cülusu tablosu, açık artırmada Kaynak: Genç Osman'ın Cülusu tablosu, açık artırmada". risalehaber.com (in Turkish). 22 April 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
  31. ↑ Şule Erçetin; 2016; pag. 79
  32. ↑ Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1830). Storia Dell'Impero Osmano ... Illustrata Ed Arricchita Di Molte Aggiunte Dallo Stesso Autore E Recata In Italiano Per La Prima Volta Da Samuele Romanini (Epoca Quarta Dal 1574 Al 1623) (in Italian). Vol. XVI. p. 418.
  33. ↑ Şule Erçetin; 2016; pag. 79
  34. ↑ von Hammer-Purgstall; 1830; pag. 417
  35. ↑ Şule Erçetin; 2016; pag. 79
  36. ↑ von Hammer-Purgstall; 1830; pagg. 417-418
  37. ↑ Öztuna; 2005; pag.179
  38. ↑ Hafiz Hüseyin Al-Ayvansarayî (2000). The Garden of the Mosques: Guide to the Muslim Monuments of Ottoman Istanbul. p. 270.
  39. ↑ "EYÜP SULTAN KÜLLİYESİ". Islam ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). 13 March 2026.
  40. ↑ . Dördüncü Eyüpsultan Sempozyumu (in Turkish). Eyüp Belediyesi Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. 2000. p. 197. {{cite conference}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  41. ↑ Talha Uğurluel (2016). Eyüp sultan'in manevi̇ i̇kli̇mi̇nde - Osmanlı'nın Kalbini Bekleyenler (in Turkish). p. 141. ISBN 978-6050821161.
  42. ↑ Talha Uğurluel (2016). Eyüp sultan'in manevi̇ i̇kli̇mi̇nde - Osmanlı'nın Kalbini Bekleyenler (in Turkish). p. 139. ISBN 978-6050821161.
  43. ↑ Kamil Çakır (2019). Medeniyetimizin Mimarları (in Turkish). ISBN 978-625-8150-00-1.
  44. ↑ Mehmed Süreyya Bey (1969). Osmanlı devletinde kim kimdi (in Turkish). p. 204.
  45. ↑ Talha Uğurluel (2016). Eyüp sultan'in manevi̇ i̇kli̇mi̇nde - Osmanlı'nın Kalbini Bekleyenler (in Turkish). p. 139. ISBN 978-6050821161.
  46. ↑ Tezcan 2007, pp. 349–350
  47. ↑ Tezcan 2007, pp. 349 n.7.
  48. ↑ Günhan Börekçi-A Queen-Mother at Work: On Handan Sultan and Her Regency During the Early Reign of Ahmed I (2020)" page 51
  49. 1 2 3 Peirce 1993, p. 233.
  50. ↑ Öztuna; Devletler ve hanedanlar: Turkiye (1074-1990) ; 2005; pag. 179
  51. ↑ Sakaoğlu; Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları; 2008; pag.223
  52. ↑ Öztuna; Sultan Genç Osman ve Sultan IV. Murad; 2017; page. 20-21
  53. 1 2 3 4 Uluçay 2011, p. 78.
  54. ↑ Süreyya Bey; Osmanlı devletinde kim kimdi; 1969; pag. 204
  55. ↑ Nazım Tektaş (2004). Harem'den taşanlar (in Turkish). p. 185.
  56. ↑ "VÂLİDE SULTAN". Islam ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  57. ↑ Ekrem Çakıroğlu (1999). Yaşamları ve yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 2. p. 53.
  58. ↑ Sakaoğlu; 2008; pag. 223
  59. ↑ "Mahfiruz Valide Sultan". Official website of Eyüp city.
  60. ↑ "Peçevi, İbrahim". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Retrieved 10 May 2026.
  61. ↑ Erman Güven (2002). Eyüpsultan Türbesi Haziresinin Önemine Dair Bir İnceleme. Tarihi, Kültürü ve Sanatıyla Eyüpsultan Sempozyumu V: Tebliğler (in Turkish). KÜLTÜR VE TURİZM MÜDÜRLÜGÜ. p. 236. ISBN 975-93844-1-8.
  62. ↑ Tezcan 2007, p. 349.
  63. ↑ Thomas F. Madden (2016). Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World. Mahfiruz Sultan bore him four sons...
  64. ↑ Gabriele Mandel (1992). Storia dell'harem (in Italian). Rusconi. p. 150. ISBN 978-88-18-88032-8. Ahmed I ebbe solo tre donne: Hadice Mah-firuz, da cui ebbe quattro figli (Osman, Bayezid, Süleyman e Hü-seyn)...
  65. ↑ Şefika Şule Erçetin (28 November 2016). Women Leaders in Chaotic Environments:Examinations of Leadership Using Complexity Theory. Springer. p. 77. ISBN 978-3-319-44758-2.
  66. ↑ Şefika Şule Erçetin (28 November 2016). Women Leaders in Chaotic Environments:Examinations of Leadership Using Complexity Theory. Springer. p. 77. ISBN 978-3-319-44758-2.
  67. ↑ Giorgio Giustinian (1627). Maria Pia Pedani (ed.). Relazioni di ambasciatori veneti al Senato (in Italian). p. 592.
  68. ↑ De Cesy (1628–1631) – IV Minutes et quelques copies de dépêches. p. 477.
  69. ↑ Fındık, Nida (10 December 2015). "Muhteşem Yüzyıl Kösem". Noluyo.tv (in Turkish). Istanbul. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  70. ↑ Çakıroğlu, Ekrem (1999). Osmanlılar ansiklopedisi. Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. p. 53. ISBN 978-975-08-0071-9. Hatice Mâhferūza, Mâhferūz, Mâh-e Fay'rūz (Mâh-ı Fey'rûz in Persian means Mâh=Moon and Fay'rūz=daytime shadow.)
  71. ↑ İsmail Metin (2010). Osmanlı sarayında cinsel sapkınlıklar. Parşömen Yayınları. p. 179. ISBN 978-605-4452-20-0. Birinci Ahmet'in gözdelerinden ilki Evdoksia idi.
  72. ↑ Tezcan, Baki (2002). "The 1622 Military Rebellion in Istanbul: A Historiographical Journey". International Journal of Turkish Studies. University of Wisconsin: 40. Stanford Shaw, the author of an Ottoman history that has been widely used as a textbook and reference work, claims, on the basis of information from an eighteenth-century French novel,84 that the sultan was "[t]rained in Latin, Greek, and Italian by his Greek mother, as well as Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, and Persian."85

Sources

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