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The following is an incomplete, chronological list of people from Turkey murdered by assassins mainly on political and religious grounds. Many were critical public servants and intellectuals assassinated by far-right proponents of an army-controlled Turkish Republic.[1] Many of the victims have historically been intellectual proponents of laicism and the strict separation of religion and state in Turkey, as defined in the constitution, and diplomats who were victims of militant attacks outside of Turkey.[2]
Prior to 1970
[edit]- 28 January 1921: Mustafa Suphi was the founder of the Communist Party of Turkey. Suphi and his 14 comrades were assassinated while they were being sent to Erzurum for trial.[3]
- 2 April 1948: Sabahattin Ali was a writer and critical intellectual who was assassinated at the Bulgarian border while fleeing from Turkey. He had been imprisoned by the Turkish government.
1970s
[edit]- 27 January 1973: Mehmet Baydar was Turkey's consul general in Los Angeles, and Bahadır Demir his deputy, in 1973. Shot in a Santa Barbara hotel by Kourken Yanigian who had invited them there on the pretext of a donating a painting to the Turkish government. Yanigian, sentenced to life imprisonment, was amnestied in 1984 and died shortly afterwards. The event is considered to be the first in a decade-long chain of organized attacks against Turkish diplomats by Armenian militant groups.[4]
- 22 October 1975: Turkey's Ambassador to Austria, Daniş Tunalıgil was murdered by three Armenian gunmen raiding the Embassy in Vienna.[5]
- 24 October 1975: Turkey's Ambassador to France, Ismail Erez and his driver Talip Yener were murdered by Armenian militants in the vicinity of the Embassy in Paris by car bomb.[6][7]
- 9 June 1977: Turkey's Ambassador to the Holy See, Taha Carim was killed by the cross fire of two Armenian gunmen in front of the Embassy's residency in Rome.[citation needed]
- 11 March 1978: Bedrettin Cömert (tr) was an art historian, scholar, literary critic and translator. He was serving on a committee investigating right-wing terror squads at his university.[8] he was shot dead in his car with his wife severely wounded by Rıfat Yıldırım, Üzeyir Bayraklı and by another man nicknamed "Ahmet" who were ultra-nationalists and believed to have been directly funded by the Turkish state. A tribunal found Abdullah Çatlı responsible but nobody was punished as a result.
- 24 March 1978: Doğan Öz was a public prosecutor who wrote a report for Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit accusing clandestine groups (later named as Ergenekon) of creating chaos in order to lay the ground for a military takeover.[9] Haluk Kırcı, a Grey Wolves activist, was implicated in his assassination.
- 20 October 1978: Bedri Karafakıoğlu was a former rector of Istanbul Technical University.
- 1 February 1979: Abdi İpekçi was an editor of the major national newspaper Milliyet.[10] Killed in his car in the street, where he lived, by Mehmet Ali Ağca, a member of the ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves, who would later try to assassinate the Pope John Paul II in 1981.
- 23 March 1979: Metin Yüksel was an Islamist political and social activist. Shot to death outside of Istanbul's Fatih Mosque by nationalist gunmen while leaving Friday prayers.
- 28 September 1979: Cevat Yurdakul, prosecutor.
- 12 October 1979: Ahmet Benler, son of the Turkish ambassador to the Netherlands, Özdemir Benler, murderered by ASALA.[11]
- 19 November 1979: İlhan Egemen Darendelioğlu, a journalist and writer. Shot to death by unidentified left-wing militants.
- 7 December 1979: Cavit Orhan Tütengil, a professor of Sociology at Istanbul University, columnist of the newspaper Cumhuriyet. Shot dead at a city bus stop in Istanbul.[12]
1980s
[edit]- 11 April 1980: Ümit Kaftancıoğlu, a TV producer, writer and columnist of the newspaper Cumhuriyet. Gunned down in front of his home in Istanbul as he was about to get in his car.[13]
- 27 May 1980: Gün Sazak, briefly customs and tobacco minister of Turkey and a right wing politician. Murdered in front of his car while putting out baggage. Radical leftist militant group Dev Sol (Revolutionary Left) claimed responsibility for the attack.
- 19 July 1980: Nihat Erim, the Prime Minister of Turkey in 1971–1972, for almost 14 months. Shot to death by two gunmen in Istanbul. Radical leftist militant group Dev Sol (Revolutionary Left) claimed responsibility for the attack.
- 22 July 1980: Kemal Türkler, Socialist trade union leader and left-wing politician. Murdered in front of his home by ultra-right militants.
- 17 December 1980: Şarık Arıyak, Turkish chief consul in Sydney. Killed together with his bodyguard Engin Sever. The Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide claimed responsibility.
- 28 January 1982: Kemal Arıkan, Turkish diplomat Kemal Arıkan shot to death by two gunmen of Armenian origin in Los Angeles.
- 23 August 1982: Atilla Altıkat, Turkish military attaché in Canada. Assassinated in his car while driving in Ottawa by the Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide.
- 22 October 1988: Esat Oktay Yıldıran, Military officer and former internal security chief of Diyarbakır Prison. Shot dead in a public bus in Istanbul by a PKK militant.
1990s
[edit]- 31 January 1990: Muammer Aksoy, Professor of law at Ankara University, Faculty of Political science; author of books on Kemalism; elected head of the Ankara Bar Association 1969, columnist of the newspaper Cumhuriyet. Shot in the back of his head in front of his house.[14][15]
- 7 March 1990: Çetin Emeç, Journalist, editor-in-chief and chief columnist of the liberal rightist daily Hürriyet. Shot to death in front of his house. Case remains unresolved.
- 4 September 1990: Turan Dursun, Former member of Islamic clergy who became a critic of Islam and advocate of atheism. Shot to death in front of his house. Case remains unresolved.
- 6 October 1990: Bahriye Üçok, Female academic, pro-secular theologist, columnist of the newspaper Cumhuriyet. Killed by a parcel bomb.[16][17]
- 30 January 1991: Hulusi Sayın, Retired lieutenant general. Shot dead in front of his house. Claimed by Dev-Sol.
- 7 April 1991: Memduh Ünlütürk, Retired general. Shot dead at his house by Dev-Sol.
- 29 July 1992: Kemal Kayacan, Admiral (retired), former commander of the Turkish Navy. Shot dead in his house.
- 1992: Musa Anter, Kurdish writer, assassinated in Diyarbakır. European Court of Human Rights fined Turkey for this assassination, allegedly committed by JITEM illegal gendarmerie unit.
- 13 January 1993: Zübeyir Akkoç, Union member of Kurdish origin. His murder led to the European Court of Human Rights case Akkoç v. Turkey (2000).
- 24 January 1993: Uğur Mumcu, Research journalist, columnist of the major newspaper Cumhuriyet. Killed in front of his home in Ankara by a bomb installed in his car.[18]
- 4 November 1993: Cem Ersever, ex-JITEM commander who had begun speaking to the press.
- 11 January 1995: Onat Kutlar, prominent art critic, writer, poet, columnist for the daily Cumhuriyet and one of the founders of the Istanbul International Film Festival, died of injuries he suffered during a bomb attack perpetrated by the PKK at a hotel in Istanbul.[19]
- 8 January 1996: Metin Göktepe, a left wing journalist of Evrensel was beaten to death by Turkish police while covering civil unrest in the Gazi district of Istanbul. The first case in Turkey where the police were convicted of murder. Metin Goktepe
DOC
- 9 January 1996: Özdemir Sabancı, Businessman and a member of the Sabancı family in the second generation. Gunned down in his office in Sabancı Towers, Levent, Istanbul, by assassins hired by the leftist armed group DHKP-C. The general manager of ToyotaSA and a secretary was also killed. They had been given access to the building by Fehriye Erdal, a female member of DHKP-C, who was an employee at that time.
- 21 October 1999: Ahmet Taner Kışlalı, Academic, writer. politician, former Minister of Culture and columnist of the newspaper Cumhuriyet. Killed in Ankara by a bomb placed on the windshield of his car.[20][21]
2000s
[edit]- 24 January 2001: Gaffar Okkan, Diyarbakır Police Chief, his driver and four policemen escorting him were shot dead in an attack after they left Diyarbakır Police Department building. Radical Islamic group known as Kurdish Hezbollah was suspected.[22]
- 25 August 2001: Üzeyir Garih, A prominent Turkish Jewish businessman and a founding partner of the Alarko group of companies. He was stabbed to death in the cemetery of the historic Istanbul quarter of Eyüp.
- 18 December 2002: Necip Hablemitoğlu, A Kemalist historian from Ankara University who was killed in an armed attack near his home in Ankara.
- 5 February 2006: Andrea Santoro Father Andrea Santoro was a Roman Catholic priest, murdered in the Santa Maria Church in Trabzon where he served as a member of the Catholic Church's Fidei donum missionary program.
- 17 May 2006: Mustafa Yücel Özbilgin, Council of State member judge. Murdered during a session in the high court in Ankara.[23]
- 19 January 2007: Hrant Dink, Armenian-Turkish journalist and editor-in-chief of the weekly Armenian and Turkish language newspaper Agos in Istanbul. Shot dead in front of his newspaper's office.[24]
- 18 April 2007. Three Christian leaders, Necati Aydın, Uğur Yüksel and Tilman Geske, were assassinated, two Turkish Pastors and a German missionary.
- 16 November 2007. İhya Balak (tr), Director of Milli Piyango, the Turkish National Lottery, was assassinated in his office by an ex-inspector of his directorate.
- July 2008: Ahmet Yıldız, "the victim of what sociologists say is the first gay honor killing in Turkey to surface publicly".[25][26][27][28]
- 19 December 2009: Cihan Hayırsevener, founder and editor of the daily Güney Marmara’da Yaşam, was shot in a street in Bandırma, Balıkesir Province and died later that day at a hospital in Bursa. He had reported on corruption charges involving the owners of İlkhaber, another daily in the town.[29][30]
- 19 December 2016: Andrei Karlov, the Russian Ambassador to Turkey, was assassinated by Mevlüt Mert Altıntaş, an off-duty Turkish police officer, at an art exhibition in Ankara, Turkey[31][32][33]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Bawer Çakir, Families of Murdered Intellectuals Follow up Dink Murder Case Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Bia News, 8 February 2010
- ↑ "Armenian Terrorism against Turkish diplomatic and non-diplomatic institutions – A Chronological List, 1973 – 1986". Archived from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
- ↑ Shaw, Stanford J., History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 2. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 354.
- ↑ "Events". ASALA Online. 6 October 2001. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
- ↑ "Terrorist Organizations". Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ↑ "News Summary and Index; The Major Events of the Day International National Metropolitan". New York Times. 25 October 1975. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
Ismail Erez, Turkey's Ambassador to France, was fatally shot in Paris by assassins who also killed his chauffeur.
- ↑ "Adding Up to an Epidemic". TIME. 3 November 1975. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
Two days after the Vienna murder, gunmen in Paris opened fire on a car belonging to the Turkish ambassador to France, Ismail Erez, 56, who died along with his chauffeur.
- ↑ Ahmad, Feroz. The Making of Modern Turkey, (London: Routledge, 1993), 171.
- ↑ "Spirits of Doğan Öz and Uğur Mumcu ask about Baykal". 14 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ↑ Brief biography Archived 27 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/aanslagen-op-ambassades-vandaag-was-niet-de-eerste~a5633c36/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F Archived 15 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Dutch)
- ↑ "Başlarken..." Milliyet (in Turkish). 24 January 1999. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
- ↑ Aydemir, Kadir (14 July 2006). "Bir 'Garip' Kaftancıoğlu". Kitap. Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
11 Nisan 1980'de Mecidiyeköy'de, küçücük çocuğunu okula götürürken, gün ortasında, kızının gözleri önünde katledilen bu değerli aydınımız
- ↑ Gokcer Tahincioglu, Ersan Atar (22 May 2000). "Suspects told the murders". Milliyet. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
- ↑ "Murdered journalist Aksoy commemorated". Turkish Daily News. 1 February 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
- ↑ Zaman, Amberin (17 May 2000). "Turkish Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit has accused Iran of failing to respond to evidence of Iranian involvement in the murders of Turkish pro-secular writers and academics". Voice of America. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
- ↑ "Iran accused of aiding Islamist violence in Turkey: report". Agence France Presse. Iran Focus. 18 December 2005. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
- ↑ Public outrage over Mumcu's murder unabated four years later; Foundation carries on Ugur Mumcu's work Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Yazar Onat KUTLAR, 11 Ocak 1995 de Yaşamını Yitirdi". BirGün (in Turkish). 6 January 2008. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
- ↑ "A tragic loss for the nation". Turkish Daily News. 22 September 1999. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
- ↑ Hocaoglu, Selcan. Prominent secularist academic and writer slain in Ankara Archived 8 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, 23 October 1999.
- ↑ "BBC News – EUROPE – Crowds mourn slain Turkish officers". 25 January 2001. Archived from the original on 26 January 2003. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ↑ "BBC NEWS – Europe – Judge dies in Turkey court attack". 17 May 2006. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ↑ Paul de Bendern and Thomas Grove (19 January 2007). "Turkish-Armenian editor shot dead in Istanbul". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
- ↑ Birch, Nicholas (19 July 2008). "Was Ahmet Yildiz the victim of Turkey's first gay honour killing?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ↑ Bilefsky, Dan (25 November 2009). "Soul-Searching in Turkey After a Gay Man Is Killed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ↑ Gençkal, Elif (9 September 2009). "Ahmet Yıldız Murder Case Started. Fugitive Defendant: Yıldız's Father". Bianet.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ↑ "The killing of Ahmet Yıldız (2008)". Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ↑ "Cihan Hayırsevener". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ↑ Wolfe, Lauren (21 December 2009). "Editor killed by unknown gunmen in Turkey". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ↑ "Chilling Video Shows Assassin Shoot, Kill Russian Ambassador in Ankara". NBC News. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
- ↑ Arango, Tim; Gladstone, Rick (19 December 2016). "Russian Ambassador to Turkey Is Assassinated in Ankara". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
- ↑ "What drove assassin to gun down Russian ambassador?". cbsnews.com. 20 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2022.