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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did Kudoa say to its friend? You kudo a better job.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Kudoidae)

Kudoa
Kudoa septempunctata - spores
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Myxosporea
Order: Multivalvulida
Family: Kudoidae
Meglitsch, 1960
Genus: Kudoa
Meglitsch, 1947
Synonyms
  • Hexacapsula Arai & Matsumoto, 1953
  • Pentacapsula Naidenova & Zaika, 1970
  • Septemcapsula Hsieh & Chen, 1984

Kudoa is a genus of Myxozoa and the only genus recognized within the monotypic family Kudoidae. There are approximately 100 species of Kudoa all of which parasitize on marine and estuarine fish.[1] Kudoa are most commonly known and studied for the negative effects the genus has on commercial fishing and aquaculture industries.[2]

Description

[edit]

The genus Kudoa is identified by the possession of four or more shell valves composed of a fragile membrane and arranged in a quadrate or stellate pattern. The maximum number of shell valves in any described Kudoa species is 13.[1] Each of these valves has a polar capsule.[3] The genus Kudoa was originally part of the genus Chloromyxum because of the distribution of their polar capsules, however, it was later determined to be a separate genus.[2] Each Kudoa has two sporoplasm cells, one enclosed by the other.[3] Most Kudoa are histozoic parasites, with a few species being described as coelzoic. Some taxonomists question whether these coelzoic organisms belong to a separate genus.[2] There are approximately 100 described species of Kudoa which can be found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.[1]

Species

[edit]
Kudoa septempunctata in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) muscles.

The following species are recognized in the genus Kudoa:[4]

Development

[edit]

In Myxozoan development, the Myxosporean life-stage develops inside a fish host, while the Actinosporean life-stage develops in an annelid host.[43] Fully-developed Myxospores are consumed by annelids and reproduce asexually via schzogony in the gut epithelium of worms. Gametes are formed in the gut of the worm and these gametes fuse together to create eight zygotes.[44] The zygotes become spores with three valves, 3 polar capsules, and a sporoplasm that are released in the worm's feces and attach to the surface of a fish host.[44] Once attached to the fish, the gamete injects the sporoplasm cell into the fish. The sporoplast divides forming a fully-developed Myxosporean.[44]

Diet

[edit]

Kudoa parasitize on marine and estuarine fish.[45] Kudoa typically feed on the skeletal muscle tissue, although some may feed on other parts of the body such as the central nervous system, heart, intestines, ovaries, or gills.[1] Most Kudoa are histozoic parasites, however, a few species are coelozoic.[1] The genus Kudoa attack a wide range of hosts, however, individual species only feed on specific hosts. Kudoa feed via pinocytosis across the host-parasite membrane. One species of Kudoa, K. thyrsites, are distributed worldwide and are believed to have been reported in over 20 different species of fish but it is possible that the species described as K. thyrsites is actually multiple different species.[45]

Implications for the fishing industry

[edit]

Kudoa are most well known for the economic loss they cause for the commercial fishing and aquaculture industries.[1] When Kudoa attach to hosts, they leave unsightly cysts that lower the price fish can be sold for at market. Kudoa also release proteolytic enzymes that degenerate muscle in fish to aid in their own growth and development, further decreasing the fish's value.[46] Some species in the genus Kudoa with the most notable effects of the commercial fishing and aquaculture industries are: K. musculoliquefaciens in Broadbill Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), K. thyrsites in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), K. clupeidae in Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus), K. septempunctata in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), K. thunni in Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) and K. paniformis in Pacific Hake (Merluccius productus).[45][47][48]

Some studies have found evidence to suggest that some species of Kudoa are linked to food-borne illness in humans.[49]

References

[edit]

Encyclopedia of Life

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shin, Sang Phil; Shirakashi, Sho; Hamano, Shogo; Kato, Keitaro; Lasso, Lissette Trejos; Yokoyama, Hiroshi (May 2016). "Phylogenetic study of the genus Kudoa (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) with a description of Kudoa rayformis sp. nov. from the trunk muscle of Pacific sierra Scomberomorus sierra". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 98: 337–345. Bibcode:2016MolPE..98..337S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.019. PMID 26947709.
  2. 1 2 3 Moran, J.D.W; Whitaker, D.J; Kent, M.L (March 1999). "A review of the myxosporean genus Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947, and its impact on the international aquaculture industry and commercial fisheries". Aquaculture. 172 (1–2): 163–196. Bibcode:1999Aquac.172..163M. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00437-2.
  3. 1 2 Lom, Jiri; Dykova, Iva (2006-03-01). "Myxozoan genera: definition and notes on taxonomy, life-cycle terminology and pathogenic species". Folia Parasitologica. 53 (1): 1–36. doi:10.14411/fp.2006.001. PMID 16696428.
  4. ↑ Eiras, Jorge Costa; Saraiva, Aurélia; Cruz, Cristina (February 2014). "Synopsis of the species of Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Multivalvulida)". Systematic Parasitology. 87 (2): 153–180. doi:10.1007/s11230-013-9461-4. ISSN 0165-5752. PMID 24474038. S2CID 15664523.
  5. ↑ Neto, José Pompeu Araújo; Cardim, Joyce; DA Silva, Diehgo T.; Hamoy, Igor; Matos, Edilson; Abrunhosa, Fernando (2020-01-07). "Kudoa ajurutellus n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae), a parasite of the skeletal musculature of the Bressou sea catfish, Aspistor quadriscutis, in northeastern of the State of Pará". Zootaxa. 4718 (3). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.5. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 32230029.
  6. 1 2 Kasai, Akihiro; Setsuda, Aogu; Sato, Hiroshi (2017). "Morphological and genetic characterization of Kudoa whippsi (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from Cheilodactylus zonatus in the western Pacific Ocean off Japan, and two new Kudoa spp. (K. akihitoi n. sp. and K. empressmichikoae n. sp.) from Acanthogobius hasta in the Sea of Ariake, Japan". Parasitology Research. 116 (2): 647–659. doi:10.1007/s00436-016-5329-2. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 27928682.
  7. ↑ Velasco, Michele; Sindeaux Neto, José Ledamir; Videira, Marcela; de Cássia Silva do Nascimento, Luciana; Gonçalves, Evonnildo Costa; Matos, Edilson (2019). "Kudoa amazonica n. sp. (Myxozoa; Multivalvulida), a parasite of the esophageal musculature of the freshwater catfish, Hypophthalmus marginatus (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), from a river of the Amazon region". Microbial Pathogenesis. 130: 247–252. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.017. ISSN 1096-1208. PMID 30898656.
  8. ↑ Mansour, Lamjed; Thabet, Aouatef; Chourabi, Kalthoum; Harrath, Abdul Halim; Gtari, Mahr; Al Omar, Suliman Y.; Ben Hassine, Oum Kalthoum (2013). "Kudoa azevedoi n. sp. (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) from the oocytes of the Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus (Perciformes, Carangidae) in Tunisian coasts". Parasitology Research. 112 (4): 1737–1747. doi:10.1007/s00436-013-3332-4. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 23435961.
  9. ↑ Aseeva, N (2004). "NEW SPECIES OF MYXOSPOREA FROM GENUS KUDOA (MYXOSPOREA, MULTIVALVULIDA) FOUND IN MUSCLES OF SOME FISHES OF THE SEA OF JAPAN" (PDF). Vestnik Zoologii. 38 (2): 75–77.
  10. ↑ Abdel-Baki, Abdel-Azeem S.; Al-Quraishy, Saleh; Al Omar, Suliman Y.; Mansour, Lamjed (2016). "Ultrastructure and phylogeny of Kudoa barracudai sp. nov. infecting Sphyraena putnamae in the Red Sea". Parasitology Research. 115 (5): 1799–1805. doi:10.1007/s00436-016-4918-4. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 26786834.
  11. ↑ Kpatcha, T; Diebakate, C; Faye, N; Toguebaye, B (1999). "Light and electron microscopic observations on Kudoa boopsi sp. n. (Myxosporea: Kudoidae), a gill parasite of Boops boops (Pisces: Teleostei: Sparidae) from coasts of Senegal (West Africa)". Acta Protozoologica. 38: 317–321.
  12. 1 2 Yurakhno, Violetta Mikhailovna; Slynko, Elena Evgenievna; Chinh, Nguyen Ngoc; Ha, Vo Thi; Whipps, Christopher Michael (2022). "Multivalvulidan myxosporeans from marine fishes in Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, with descriptions of Kudoa igori n. sp. and Kudoa borimiri n. sp. from mullets". Parasitology Research. 121 (10): 2927–2943. doi:10.1007/s00436-022-07620-6. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 35972544.
  13. ↑ Joy, James E. (1972). "A New Species of Kudoa (Myxosporidea: Chloromyxidae) from the Spot, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacépède, in Clear Lake, Texas". The Journal of Protozoology. 19 (2): 264–265. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03455.x. ISSN 1550-7408. PMID 4624298.
  14. ↑ Gleeson, R. J.; Bennett, M. B.; Adlard, R. D. (2010). "First taxonomic description of multivalvulidan myxosporean parasites from elasmobranchs: Kudoa hemiscylli n.sp. and Kudoa carcharhini n.sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulidae)". Parasitology. 137 (13): 1885–1898. doi:10.1017/S0031182010000855. ISSN 1469-8161. PMID 20619061.
  15. 1 2 Burger, M. a. A.; Cribb, T. H.; Adlard, R. D. (2007). "Patterns of relatedness in the Kudoidae with descriptions of Kudoa chaetodoni n. sp. and K. lethrini n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida)". Parasitology. 134 (Pt 5): 669–681. doi:10.1017/S0031182006001995. ISSN 0031-1820. PMID 17234042.
  16. ↑ Tripathi, Yogendra R. (1952-01-01). "Studies on Parasites of Indian Fishes, I, Protozoa Myxosporidia Together with a Check List of Parasitic Protozoa Described from Indian Fishes". Records of the Zoological Survey of India: 63–88. doi:10.26515/rzsi/v50/i1/1952/162075. ISSN 2581-8686.
  17. ↑ Hahn, C. W. (1917). "On the Sporozoon Parasites of the Fishes of Woods Hole and Vicinity. III. On the Chloromyxum Clupeidae of Clupea harengus (Young), Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Young), and P. aestivalis (Young)". The Journal of Parasitology. 4 (1): 13–20. doi:10.2307/3271104. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3271104.
  18. 1 2 3 Li, Y; Inoue, K; Zhang, J; Sato, H (2022). "Descriptions of Three New Species and New Host or Distribution Records of Five Species of the Genus Kudoa (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) in Commercial Fishes Collected from South China Sea". Acta Parasitol. 67 (2): 976–996. doi:10.1007/s11686-022-00545-1. PMID 35429305.
  19. ↑ Abdel-Baki, Abdel-Azeem S.; Abdel-Haleem, Heba M.; Al-Quraishy, Saleh; Azevedo, Carlos; Mansour, Lamjed (2018-06-19). "Ultrastructural and molecular characteristics of Kudoa crenimugilis n. sp. infecting intestinal smooth muscle of fringelip mullet Crenimugil crenilabis in the Red Sea". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 129 (1): 53–62. doi:10.3354/dao03225. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 29916392.
  20. ↑ Dyková, Iva; Fajer Avila, Emma Josefina; Fiala, Ivan (2002). "Kudoa dianae sp. n. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), a new parasite of bullseye puffer, Sphoeroides annulatus (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae)". Folia Parasitologica. 49 (1): 17–23. doi:10.14411/fp.2002.006. PMID 11993546.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Burger, M. a. A.; Adlard, R. D. (2010). "Four new species of KudoaMeglitsch, 1947 (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from Australia with recommendations for species descriptions in the Kudoidae". Parasitology. 137 (5): 793–814. doi:10.1017/S0031182009991557. ISSN 1469-8161. PMID 20025820.
  22. ↑ Sarkar, N.K.; Ghosh, S. (1991). "Two new coelozoic myxosporida (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) from estuarine teleost fishes (Mugilidae) of West Bengal, India". Proc Zool Soc Calcutta. 44 (2): 131–135.
  23. ↑ Yokoyama, H; Suzuki, J; Shirakashi, S (2014). "Kudoa hexapunctata n. sp. (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) from the somatic muscle of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis and re-description of K. neothunni in yellowfin tuna T. albacares". Parasitol Int. 63 (4): 571–579. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2014.03.006. PMID 24709084.
  24. ↑ Kovaleva, A; Shulman, S; Yakovlev, V (1979). "Myxosporidia of the genus Kudoa (Myxosporidia, Multivalvulida from the basin of the Atlantic Ocean". Tr Zool Inst Akad Nauk SSSR. 87: 42–64.
  25. ↑ Kristmundsson, Arni; Freeman, Mark Andrew (2014). "Negative effects of Kudoa islandica n. sp. (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) on aquaculture and wild fisheries in Iceland". International Journal for Parasitology. Parasites and Wildlife. 3 (2): 135–146. Bibcode:2014IJPPW...3..135K. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.06.001. ISSN 2213-2244. PMC 4142268. PMID 25161912.
  26. ↑ Egusa, S; Shiomitsu, T (1983). "Studies on myxosporidian parasites of the genus Kudoa found in marine fish cultured in Japan". Fish Pathol. 18 (3): 163–171. doi:10.3147/jsfp.18.163.
  27. 1 2 Yunus, Muchammad; Yustinasari, Lita Rakhma; Natalia, Diana; Ghosh, Subarna; Sakuma, Kaishi; Inoue, Ken; Sato, Hiroshi (2021-03-01). "First report of three multivalvulid species (Cnidaria: Myxozoa: Myxosporea) in commercial fishes from Java Sea, Indonesia, with records of Unicapsula pyramidata and two new Kudoa spp". Parasitology Research. 120 (3): 861–876. doi:10.1007/s00436-020-07030-6. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 33511471.
  28. ↑ Lom, Jiří; Dyková, Iva; Lhotáková, Šárka (1983-01-01). "Kudoa lunata n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) and notes on the nature of muscular "cysts" of the genus Kudoa". Archiv für Protistenkunde. 127 (4): 387–397. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(83)80017-7. ISSN 0003-9365.
  29. ↑ Wang, Pei-Chi; Huang, Ju-ping; Tsai, Ming-An; Cheng, Shu-Yun; Tsai, Shin-Shyong; Chen, Shi-De; Chen, Shih-Ping; Chiu, Shih-Hau; Liaw, Li-Ling; Chang, Li-Teh; Chen, Shih-Chu (2005-11-09). "Systemic infection of Kudoa lutjanus n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) in red snapper Lutjanus erythropterus from Taiwan". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 67 (1–2): 115–124. doi:10.3354/dao067115. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 16385817.
  30. ↑ Whitaker, D; Kent, M; Sakanari, J (1996). "Kudoa miniauriculata n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from the musculature of bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) from California". J Parasitol. 82 (2): 312–315. doi:10.1017/S0031182024000684. PMC 11894024. PMID 39523639.
  31. ↑ Grossel, G W; Dykova, I; Handlinger, J; Munday, B L (2003). "Pentacapsula neurophila sp.n. (Multivalvulida) from the central nervous system of striped trumpeter, Latris lineata (Forster)". Journal of Fish Diseases. 26 (6): 315–320. Bibcode:2003JFDis..26..315G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00459.x. ISSN 1365-2761. PMID 12899406.
  32. ↑ Azevedo, Carlos; Rocha, Sónia; Matos, Edilson; Oliveira, Elsa; Matos, Patrícia; Al-Quraishy, Saleh; Casal, Graça (2016). "Ultrastructural and Phylogenetic Description of Kudoa orbicularis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida): A Parasite Infecting the Muscle of the Fish Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) in the Amazon Region". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 63 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1111/jeu.12244. ISSN 1550-7408. PMID 26095978.
  33. ↑ da Silva, Diehgo Tuloza; da Silva, Marcelo Francisco; Lima, Aline Medeiros; Matos, Patricia Santos; de Carvalho Sanches, Osimar; Matos, Edilson R.; Hamoy, Igor G. (2022). "Utrastructure and molecular phylogeny of the myxozoan Kudoa ocellatus n. sp. (Myxozoa: Kudoidae), a parasite of the Oscar, Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831; Teleostei: Cichlidae), a fish from northern Brazil". Parasitology International. 86 102472. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2021.102472. ISSN 1873-0329. PMID 34597759.
  34. ↑ Yokoyama, H.; Yanagida, T.; Shirakashi, S. (2012). "Kudoa ogawai n. sp. (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) from the trunk muscle of Pacific barrelfish Hyperoglyphe japonica (Teleostei: Centrolophidae) in Japan". Parasitology Research. 110 (6): 2247–2254. doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2756-y. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 22173453.
  35. ↑ Swearer, Stephen E.; Robertson, D. Ross (1999). "Life History, Pathology, and Description of Kudoa ovivora n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea): An Ovarian Parasite of Caribbean Labroid Fishes". The Journal of Parasitology. 85 (2): 337–353. doi:10.2307/3285645. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3285645. PMID 10219318.
  36. ↑ Kabata, Z.; Whitaker, D. J. (1981). "Two species of Kudoa (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) parasitic in the flesh of Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855) (Pisces: Teleostei) in the Canadian Pacific". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 59 (11): 2085–2091. Bibcode:1981CaJZ...59.2085K. doi:10.1139/z81-285. ISSN 0008-4301.
  37. ↑ Thélohan, P (1895). "Recherches sur les Myxosporidies". Bulletin Scientifique de France et Belgique. 26: 199–394.
  38. ↑ Gelormini, N (1944). "Un nuevo parásito de la merluza". Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. 10: 458–463.
  39. ↑ Mansour, Lamjed; Harrath, Abdel Halim; Abdel-Baki, Abdel-Azeem S.; Al-Quraishy, Saleh; Al, Suliman Y. Omar (2015-01-01). "Kudoa saudiensis sp. n. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) infecting oocytes of the Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta (Perciformes: Scombridae)". Folia Parasitologica. 62. doi:10.14411/fp.2015.010. PMID 25960554.
  40. 1 2 Matsukane, Yuuki; Sato, Hiroshi; Tanaka, Shuhei; Kamata, Yoichi; Sugita-Konishi, Yoshiko (2011). "Kudoa iwatai and two novel Kudoa spp., K. trachuri n. sp. and K. thunni n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), from daily consumed marine fish in western Japan". Parasitology Research. 108 (4): 913–926. doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2133-2. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 21053015.
  41. ↑ Cardim, Joyce; Araújo-Neto, José; da Silva, Diehgo T.; Hamoy, Igor; Matos, Edilson; Abrunhosa, Fernando (2020-06-01). "Kudoa yasai n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae) from the skeletal muscle of Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) on the northern Atlantic coast, Brazil". Parasitology Research. 119 (6): 1743–1752. doi:10.1007/s00436-020-06679-3. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 32318807.
  42. ↑ Hsieh, S; Chen, C (1984). "Septemcapsula yasunagai gen. et sp. nov., representative of a new family of the class Myxosporea". Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 9: 225–227.
  43. ↑ Takeuchi, Fumihiko; Sekizuka, Tsuyoshi; Ogasawara, Yumiko; Yokoyama, Hiroshi; Kamikawa, Ryoma; Inagaki, Yuji; Nozaki, Tomoyoshi; Sugita-Konishi, Yoshiko; Ohnishi, Takahiro; Kuroda, Makoto (2015-07-06). Sun, Genlou (ed.). "The Mitochondrial Genomes of a Myxozoan Genus Kudoa Are Extremely Divergent in Metazoa". PLOS ONE. 10 (7) e0132030. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1032030T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132030. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4492933. PMID 26148004.
  44. 1 2 3 Kent, Michael L.; Andree, Karl B.; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; El-Matbouli, Mansour; Desser, Sherwin S.; Devlin, Robert H.; Feist, Stephen W.; Hedrick, Ronald P.; Hoffmann, Rudolf W.; Khattra, Jaswinder; Hallett, Sascha L. (July 2001). "Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the Myxozoa". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 48 (4): 395–413. Bibcode:2001JEukM..48..395K. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00173.x. ISSN 1066-5234. PMID 11456316. S2CID 5518818.
  45. 1 2 3 Moran, J.D.W; Whitaker, D.J; Kent, M.L (March 1999). "A review of the myxosporean genus Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947, and its impact on the international aquaculture industry and commercial fisheries". Aquaculture. 172 (1–2): 163–196. Bibcode:1999Aquac.172..163M. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00437-2.
  46. ↑ Kristmundsson, Árni; Freeman, Mark Andrew (August 2014). "Negative effects of Kudoa islandica n. sp. (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) on aquaculture and wild fisheries in Iceland". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 3 (2): 135–146. Bibcode:2014IJPPW...3..135K. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.06.001. PMC 4142268. PMID 25161912.
  47. ↑ Jang, Yeoung-Hwan; Subramanian, Dharaneedharan; Won, Seung-Hwan; Heo, Moon-Soo (August 2017). "Immune response of olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) infected with the myxosporean parasite Kudoa septempunctata". Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 67: 172–178. Bibcode:2017FSI....67..172J. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.019. PMID 28602738. S2CID 926387.
  48. ↑ Bolin, Jessica A.; Cummins, Scott F.; Mitu, Shahida A.; Schoeman, David S.; Evans, Karen J.; Scales, Kylie L. (2021-06-11). "First report of Kudoa thunni and Kudoa musculoliquefaciens affecting the quality of commercially harvested yellowfin tuna and broadbill swordfish in Eastern Australia". Parasitology Research. 120 (7): 2493–2503. doi:10.1007/s00436-021-07206-8. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 34115215. S2CID 235404099.
  49. ↑ Kawai, T.; Sekizuka, T.; Yahata, Y.; Kuroda, M.; Kumeda, Y.; Iijima, Y.; Kamata, Y.; Sugita-Konishi, Y.; Ohnishi, T. (2012-04-15). "Identification of Kudoa septempunctata as the Causative Agent of Novel Food Poisoning Outbreaks in Japan by Consumption of Paralichthys olivaceus in Raw Fish". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 54 (8): 1046–1052. doi:10.1093/cid/cir1040. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 22281845.
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